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de Jesus L, de Oliveira MC, Lopes DJ, da Silva Mello FP, de Faria Valle S, Pöppl ÁG. Applying children's enuresis treatment with amitriptyline for canine post-spaying urinary incontinence: A pilot estriol-controlled randomized clinical trial. Res Vet Sci 2024; 167:105118. [PMID: 38150943 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) affects up to 20% of bitches that undergo spaying surgery. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant whose urinary retention is a reported side effect. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of amitriptyline when compared to estriol orally. Fifteen bitches with a clinical diagnosis of post-spaying UI were evaluated during 60 days in a non-blinded randomized clinical trial. All patients were enrolled after clinical evaluation consisting of anamnesis, physical examination, and complementary exams (complete blood count, biochemical parameters, urinalysis, and abdominal ultrasound). The amitriptyline (AMT) group consisted of 8 bitches, which received the initial dose of 1 mg/kg every 12 h, whereas the estriol (EST) group consisted of 7 bitches which were initially treated with 1 mg/animal every 24 h. Patients underwent clinical evaluation at 7 days, and then at 21 and 60 days of treatment to assess safety and efficacy, as well as adjustments of dose when necessary. A urinary incontinence scale was used to assess the level of incontinence and therapeutic response to treatment. During the period of the study, estriol was fully effective in 71% of cases and amitriptyline in 62%. Both drugs proved safe in the medical treatment of USMI, with adverse effects such as somnolence (AMT, n = 5/8) and male attraction (EST, n = 1/7). The results support the amitriptyline recommendation as a substitute for estriol in USMI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Jesus
- Veterinary Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Bento Gonçalves Av., Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Milena Cleff de Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Bento Gonçalves Av., Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Jardim Lopes
- Veterinary Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Bento Gonçalves Av., Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Peixoto da Silva Mello
- Veterinary Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Bento Gonçalves Av., Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Stella de Faria Valle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Bento Gonçalves Av., Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Álan Gomes Pöppl
- Veterinary Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 9090 Bento Gonçalves Av., Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 9090 Bento Gonçalves Av., Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
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Nasry WHS, Martin CK. Intersecting Mechanisms of Hypoxia and Prostaglandin E2-Mediated Inflammation in the Comparative Biology of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:539361. [PMID: 34094895 PMCID: PMC8175905 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.539361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of cancer was first proposed by Rudolph Virchow over 150 years ago, and our understanding of its significance has grown over decades of biomedical research. The arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation, including cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, PGE2 synthase enzymes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGE2 receptors has been extensively studied and has been associated with different diseases and different types of cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In addition to inflammation in the tumour microenvironment, low oxygen levels (hypoxia) within tumours have also been shown to contribute to tumour progression. Understandably, most of our OSCC knowledge comes from study of this aggressive cancer in human patients and in experimental rodent models. However, domestic animals develop OSCC spontaneously and this is an important, and difficult to treat, form of cancer in veterinary medicine. The primary goal of this review article is to explore the available evidence regarding interaction between hypoxia and the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation during malignant behaviour of OSCC. Overlapping mechanisms in hypoxia and inflammation can contribute to tumour growth, angiogenesis, and, importantly, resistance to therapy. The benefits and controversies of anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic therapies for human and animal OSCC patients will be discussed, including conventional pharmaceutical agents as well as natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Hamed Shaker Nasry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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Stromberga Z, Chess-Williams R, Moro C. Prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha Modulate Urinary Bladder Urothelium, Lamina Propria and Detrusor Contractility via the FP Receptor. Front Physiol 2020; 11:705. [PMID: 32714206 PMCID: PMC7344237 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatment options for many bladder contractile dysfunctions are not suitable for all patients, thereby bringing interest to the investigation of therapies that target a combination of receptors. This study aimed to compare responses of PGE2 on the urinary bladder urothelium with lamina propria (U&LP, also called the bladder mucosa) or detrusor smooth muscle and attempt to identify the receptor subtypes mediating PGE2 contractile responses in these tissues. In the presence of selective EP1 – 4 receptor antagonists, varying concentrations of PGE2 were applied to isolated strips of porcine U&LP and detrusor that were mounted in organ baths filled with Krebs-bicarbonate solution and gassed with carbogen. The addition of PGE2 (1 and 10 μM) and PGF2α (10 μM) to U&LP preparations caused significant increases in the baseline tension and in the spontaneous phasic contractile frequency. In detrusor preparations, significant increases in the baseline tension were observed in response to PGE2 (1 and 10 μM) and PGFα (10 μM), and spontaneous phasic contractions were initiated in 83% of preparations. None of the selective PGE2 receptor antagonists inhibited the increases in baseline tension in both U&LP and detrusor. However, the antagonism of PGF2α receptor showed significantly inhibited contractile responses in both layers of the bladder. This study presents prostaglandin receptor systems as a potential regulator of urinary bladder contractility. The main contractile effects of PGE2 in both U&LP and detrusor are mediated via the FP receptor with no observed contribution from any of the four EP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Stromberga
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Christian Moro
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Lutz KM, Hartnack S, Reichler IM. Do prevalence rates and severity of acquired urinary incontinence differ between dogs spayed by laparoscopy or laparotomy? Comparing apples with apples with a matched-pair cohort study. Vet Surg 2019; 49 Suppl 1:O112-O119. [PMID: 31680282 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence rates and severity of acquired urinary incontinence (AUI) between dogs spayed with laparoscopic and open laparotomy approaches. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective matched-pair cohort study. ANIMALS In total, 1285 privately owned dogs spayed >5 years previously were included in the study. METHODS Laparoscopically spayed dogs were matched with dogs spayed by traditional laparotomy. Matching variables were breed, bodyweight, age at spaying, time of spaying in relation to the onset of puberty, time interval since spaying, and age. In 400 matched-paired dogs, the outcome of AUI was assessed by using an owner questionnaire. A conditional logistic regression for matched pairs was performed on the data of 308 dogs. RESULTS Among 308 dogs, 30 and 29 dogs spayed by laparotomy and laparoscopy, respectively, were affected by AUI. The identified risk factors for AUI were age and time interval since spaying. The surgical approach (laparoscopy or laparotomy) was neither revealed as a risk factor nor did it influence the severity of AUI. CONCLUSION The risk of AUI after spaying is not influenced by the surgical approach, (laparoscopy or laparotomy). Nearly every fifth dog spayed by laparotomy or by laparoscopy was affected by AUI. A relatively longer time interval since spaying and increased age of the dog increased the risk for AUI. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Owners of dogs with a predisposition for AUI must be counseled about this risk when they present their dogs for spaying, regardless of surgical approach chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina-M Lutz
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iris M Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Aizawa N, Ohshiro H, Watanabe S, Kume H, Homma Y, Igawa Y. RQ-00434739, a novel TRPM8 antagonist, inhibits prostaglandin E2-induced hyperactivity of the primary bladder afferent nerves in rats. Life Sci 2019; 218:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wehrend A, Reichler IM, Arlt S. Kastration der Hündin – neue und alte Erkenntnisse zu Vor- und Nachteilen. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2018; 45:253-263. [DOI: 10.15654/tpk-170322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Beratung von Hundehaltern bezüglich der Vorteile und Nachteile sowie des optimalen Zeitpunktes der Kastration einer Hündin ist komplex und sollte sich auf verlässliche Daten aus der Wissenschaft stützen sowie individuelle Belange berücksichtigen. Bei genauerer Betrachtung der aktuellen Publikationen zu diesem Thema fällt auf, dass einige lange für robust gehaltene Informationen etwas angepasst oder aktualisiert werden müssen. Ein offensichtlicher Vorteil der elektiven Kastration ist, dass Erkrankungen der Ovarien und sexualsteroidabhängige Erkrankungen wie Metropathien nicht auftreten. Weiterhin ist ein gewisser protektiver Effekt einer frühzeitigen Kastration auf die Entstehung von Mammatumoren anzunehmen, wenngleich dafür derzeit eine schwache wissenschaftliche Evidenz besteht und der Effekt vermutlich geringer ausfällt, als in einigen älteren Publikationen angegeben wurde. Die Kastration hat jedoch auch Nachteile. Als häufigste negative Folge wird seit Jahrzehnten die Harninkontinenz beschrieben. Aussagen zur Inzidenz sowie zu weiteren Einflussfaktoren, wie Kastrationszeitpunkt in Bezug zur Pubertät, sind jedoch uneinheitlich. Aktuell werden vor allem das gehäufte Auftreten verschiedener Tumorerkrankungen, die nicht direkt mit dem Reproduktionstrakt in Verbindung stehen, sowie ein höheres Risiko für Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparats bei kastrierten Tieren diskutiert. Weitere Einflussfaktoren wie der Ernährungszustand des Hundes, Alter und/oder Haltung wurden jedoch häufig nicht erfasst. Die Datenlage zur Auswirkung der Kastration auf den Stoffwechsel und das Immunsystem der Hündin ist derzeit ungenügend. Wünscht der Tierbesitzer eine Kastration, bedarf es in jedem Fall einer eingehenden Beratung, die individuelle, rasse- und haltungsbezogene Aspekte einschließt. Derzeit ist eine Kastration am ehesten zwischen der ersten und zweiten Läufigkeit zu empfehlen, da ein gewisser protektiver Effekt auf die Entstehung von Mammatumoren anzunehmen ist und das Risiko unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen nach heutigem Wissensstand moderat ausfällt.
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Guan NN, Gustafsson LE, Svennersten K. Inhibitory Effects of Urothelium-related Factors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:220-224. [PMID: 28371382 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The urothelium of the bladder has long been recognized as a protective barrier between detrusor and urine. In recent years, it has become more evident that the urothelium plays a role as an active source of mediators. The urothelium can release neurotransmitters and modulators such as acetylcholine, ATP, nitric oxide, prostaglandins and neuropeptides. They exert both excitatory and inhibitory effects in modulating urinary tract motility. In addition, several studies have reported the existence of an urothelium-derived unknown inhibitory factor in the urinary bladder. By the use of a new serial cascade superfusion bioassay on guinea pig ureter, recent studies confirm that the guinea pig bladder urothelium releases a substance with inhibitory bioactivity, which was resistant to treatment with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and cyclooxygenase inhibitor and to adenosine A1/A2 receptor blockade. Lately, a marked and quickly inactivated novel release of PGD2 from the bladder urothelium was discovered, together with localization of prostaglandin D synthase therein. PGD2 was found to have an inhibitory influence on nerve-induced contractions in guinea pig urinary bladder and on spontaneous contractions in the out-flow region. An altered release of excitatory and inhibitory factors is likely to play an important part in bladder motility disturbances, of which the prostanoids are a notable group. Due to the fact that the bladder is relaxed 99% of the time, not only excitatory mechanisms in the bladder are necessary to study, but also inhibitory mechanisms need considerable attention, which will contribute to the discovery of new targets to treat bladder motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na N Guan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars E Gustafsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Svennersten
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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EP3 activation facilitates bladder excitability via HCN channels on ICCs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:535-541. [PMID: 28131828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EP3 is a receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and although its effect on bladder excitability has attracted considerable attention, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate whether the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) of the bladder are involved in the effect of EP3 activation on bladder excitability, wild-type mice, HCN1 knockout (HCN1-/-) mice and rats were used in our study. Double immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the interaction between EP3 and the HCN channels. Sulprostone is a selective agonist of EP3. The current density of HCN channels was enhanced by sulprostone or PGE2 using whole-cell patch clamping. Western blot analyses showed that the expression levels of HCN1 and HCN4 were higher in bladders that had undergone intravesical instillation with sulprostone than in bladders treated with normal saline (NS). Both PGE2 and sulprostone increased the calcium concentration of the ICCs, and their effects were inhibited by ZD7288 (antagonist of HCN channels) treatment. In bladder detrusor strip testing, both PGE2 and sulprostone enhanced the amplitude of the bladder detrusor in HCN1-/- mice; however, these effects were less than those in the wild-type mice. Furthermore, the effects of PGE2 and sulprostone were inhibited by ZD7288. Taken together, our results indicate that EP3 is expressed in bladder ICCs and facilitates bladder excitability via HCN channels. This study provides more comprehensive insights into the mechanism between inflammation and bladder excitability and highlights methods that can resolve bladder hyperactivity.
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Aizawa N, Gandaglia G, Hedlund P, Fujimura T, Fukuhara H, Montorsi F, Homma Y, Igawa Y. URB937, a peripherally restricted inhibitor for fatty acid amide hydrolase, reduces prostaglandin E2 -induced bladder overactivity and hyperactivity of bladder mechano-afferent nerve fibres in rats. BJU Int 2015; 117:821-8. [PMID: 26189783 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if inhibition of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) can counteract the changes in urodynamic variables and bladder afferent activities induced by intravesical prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) instillation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In female Sprague-Dawley rats we studied the effects of URB937, a peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, on single-unit afferent activity (SAA) during PGE2 -induced bladder overactivity (BO). SAA measurements were made in urethane-anaesthetised rats and Aδ- and C-fibres were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by bladder distention. Cystometry (CMG) in conscious animals and during SAA measurements was performed during intravesical instillation of PGE2 (50 or 100 μm) after intravenous administration of URB937 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. In separate experiments, the comparative expressions of FAAH and cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2 , in microsurgically removed L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were studied by immunofluorescence. RESULTS During CMG, 1 mg/kg URB937, but not vehicle or 0.1 mg/kg URB937, counteracted the PGE2 -induced changes in urodynamic variables. PGE2 increased the SAAs of C-fibres, but not Aδ-fibres. URB937 (1 mg/kg) depressed Aδ-fibre SAA and abolished the facilitated C-fibre SAA induced by PGE2 . The DRG nerve cells showed strong staining for FAAH, CB1 and CB2 , with a mean (sem) of 77 (2)% and 87 (3)% of FAAH-positive nerve cell bodies co-expressing CB1 or CB2 immunofluorescence, respectively. CONCLUSION The present results show that URB937, a peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, reduces BO and C-fibre hyperactivity in the rat bladder provoked by PGE2 , suggesting an important role of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in BO and hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Aizawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Giorgio Gandaglia
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Hedlund
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Igawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Reichler IM, Hubler M. Urinary incontinence in the bitch: an update. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 49 Suppl 2:75-80. [PMID: 24947864 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Urinary incontinence (UI), defined as the involuntary loss of urine during the filling phase of the bladder (Abrams et al. 2002), is a commonly seen problem in veterinary practice. Urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) after spaying is the most common micturition disorder, and its medical treatment is normally successful, even though the underlying pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood. Hormonal changes inducing structural and functional alterations in the bladder, as well as in the urethra composition, are discussed. To manage incontinent patients successfully, possible underlying abnormalities besides USMI should be ruled out. In the majority of cases, history, physical examination and simple tests including urinalysis and urine bacterial culture lead to a presumed aetiology. If USMI is the most likely cause, then the advantage of further diagnostic tests should be discussed with the owner before starting a trial therapy with alpha-adrenergic drugs. Potential side effects of this therapy have to be mentioned even though they rarely occur. It is important to thoroughly evaluate the success of the initial treatment. Its failure should lead to further diagnostic testing. Specialized clinical assessments may provide an aetiological diagnosis, and this could serve as a basis for discussing further treatment options. Surgical procedures, which may in rare cases cause irreversible side effects, may be instituted. If incontinence reoccurs after initial treatment was successfully performed, the diagnostic work-up including urinalysis should always be repeated. As results of urinalysis did not correlate well with results of bacterial culture, a urine culture is recommended (Comer and Ling 1981). Cystocentesis is the preferred method of urine collection (Bartges 2004). Equivocal results of quantitative cultures of urine samples obtained during midstream voiding or by catheterization require repeat collection by cystocentesis (Comer and Ling 1981).
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Reichler
- Small Animal Reproduction, Clinic for Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kurihara R, Ishizu K, Takamatsu H, Yoshino T, Masuda N. Study on Physiological Roles of Stimulation of Prostaglandin E2 Receptor Subtype EP2 in Urethral Function in Rats. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2014; 8:125-9. [PMID: 27111625 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the relaxant effect of stimulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) receptor subtype EP2 as well as the involvement of a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent pathway related to stimulation of EP2 receptors in urethral function in rats by evaluating effects of PGE2 and selective EP2 receptor agonist CP-533,536. METHODS Effects of PGE2 and CP-533,536 on cAMP accumulation were assessed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells expressing rat EP2 or EP4 receptors. Relaxant responses to PGE2 and CP-533,536 (0.01-10 µmol/L) in rat urethral tissue pre-contracted with 10 µmol/L phenylephrine were evaluated, and cAMP levels in isolated rat urethral tissue treated with these compounds were determined as well. The effects of PGE2 and CP-533,536 (0.003-0.3 mg/kg intravenously) on urethral perfusion pressure (UPP) in anesthetized rats were also evaluated. RESULTS PGE2 concentration-dependently increased the accumulation of cAMP in cells expressing rat EP2 (EC50 value = 1.3 nmol/L) and EP4 receptors (EC50 value = 17 nmol/L). While CP-533,536 similarly increased the accumulation of cAMP in cells expressing rat EP2 receptors (EC50 value = 3.0 nmol/L), no such effects were noted in cells expressing rat EP4 receptors up to 10 µmol/L. Both PGE2 and CP-533,536 produced relaxation and increased cAMP levels in urethral tissues in a concentration-dependent manner. PGE2 and CP-533,536 both dose-dependently decreased UPP in anesthetized rats. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that stimulation of EP2 receptors induces relaxation likely via activation of cAMP-dependent mechanisms in rat urethral tissue, leading to a reduction of UPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Kurihara
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ishizu
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hajime Takamatsu
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taiji Yoshino
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Masuda
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
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Linharattanaruksa P, Srisuwatanasagul S, Ponglowhapan S, Khalid M, Chatdarong K. Collagen and glycosaminoglycan profiles in the canine cervix during different stages of the estrous cycle and in open- and closed-cervix pyometra. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:197-203. [PMID: 24152876 PMCID: PMC3982811 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the cervix that comprises collagen, elastin, proteoglycans
and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is thought to have an essential role in cervical relaxation.
This study investigated the proportion of collagen and smooth muscle as well as the GAGs
in cervices obtained from healthy bitches at different stages of the estrous cycle and
bitches with open- and closed-cervix pyometra. Cervices were collected after
ovariohysterectomy. The proportion of collagen to smooth muscle was determined using
Masson’s trichrome staining. Alcian blue staining was used to evaluate the relative
distribution of cervical GAGs. The proportion of cervical collagen relative to smooth
muscle was higher at estrus compared to anestrus (P≤0.05). It was also
higher (P≤0.05) in bitches with open- compared to those with
closed-cervix pyometra. Overall, hyaluronan (HA) was the predominant GAG in the canine
cervix. In the luminal epithelium, the staining intensity for HA was stronger in estrus
than in anestrus (P≤0.05), but not in diestrus
(P>0.05). On the contrary, the intensity for the combined keratan
sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) was stronger in anestrus than in estrus and diestrus
(P≤0.05). In bitches with pyometra, the staining intensity of the
stroma for KS and HS was weaker in open- compared to closed-cervix pyometra
(P≤0.05). Collectively, the different profiles of collagen and GAG
suggest that the metabolism of both collagen and GAGs in the canine cervix is associated
with hormonal statuses during the estrous cycle and cervical patency of bitches with
pathological uterine conditions, such as pyometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichanun Linharattanaruksa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Forsee KM, Davis GJ, Mouat EE, Salmeri KR, Bastian RP. Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:959-62. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.7.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The distribution of the prostaglandin E receptor type 2 (EP2) in the detrusor of the guinea pig. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 99:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Expression of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in the dog prostate. Theriogenology 2012; 78:777-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Chotimanukul S, Sirivaidyapong S. Differential expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in healthy and infected canine endometrium. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1152-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Ponglowhapan S, Church DB, Khalid M. Effect of the gonadal status and the gender on glycosaminoglycans profile in the lower urinary tract of dogs. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1284-92. [PMID: 21777968 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) form a functional component of connective tissues that affect the structural and functional integrity of the lower urinary tract (LUT). The specific GAGs of physiological relevance are both nonsulfated (hyaluronan) and sulfated GAGs (chondroitin sulphate [CS], dermatan sulphate [DS], keratan sulphate [KS], and heparan sulphate [HS]). As GAG composition in the LUT is hormonally regulated, we postulated that gonadectomy-induced endocrine imbalance alters the profile of GAGs in the canine LUT. Four regions of the LUT (body and neck of the bladder as well as the proximal and distal urethra) from 20 clinically healthy dogs (5 intact males, 5 intact anoestrus females, 4 castrated males, and 6 spayed females) were collected, wax-embedded and sectioned. Alcian blue staining at critical electrolyte concentrations was performed on the sections to determine total GAGs, hyaluronan, total sulfated GAGs, combined components of CS and DS, as well as KS and HS. The amount of staining was evaluated in 3 tissue layers, i.e., epithelium, subepithelial stroma and muscle within a region. Overall, hyaluronan (67.1%) was the predominant GAG in the LUT. Among sulfated GAGs, a combined component of KS and HS was found to be 61.8% and 38.2% for CS and DS. Gonadal status significantly affected GAG profiles in the LUT (P < 0.01). All GAG components were lower (P < 0.05) in body of the bladder of gonadectomized dogs. Total sulfated GAGs and a combined component of KS and HS were lower (P < 0.05) in all 4 regions of gonadectomized dogs. Except for a combined component of CS and DS, decreases in all GAGs were found more consistently in the muscle compared to other tissue layers. Differences between genders became obvious only when considered along with the effect of gonadal status. In gonadectomized dogs, changes in GAG components in the LUT were more consistent in females compared to males; this may partly explain different levels of risk in the development of urinary incontinence between genders. Quantitative differences in GAG profiles found between intact and gonadectomized dogs indicate a potential role of gonadectomy-induced endocrine imbalance in modifying GAG composition in the canine LUT. Profound alteration in the pattern of GAGs in gonadectomized dogs may compromise structural and functional integrity of the LUT and is possibly involved in the underlying mechanism of urinary incontinence post neutering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ponglowhapan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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