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Handmade cloning: recent advances, potential and pitfalls. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:43. [PMID: 26473031 PMCID: PMC4606838 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Handmade cloning (HMC) is the most awaited, simple and micromanipulator-free version of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The requirement of expensive micromanipulators and skilled expertise is eliminated in this technique, proving it as a major revolution in the field of embryology. During the past years, many modifications have been incorporated in this technique to boost its efficiency. This alternative approach to micromanipulator based traditional cloning (TC) works wonder in generating comparable or even higher birth rates in addition to declining costs drastically and enabling cryopreservation. This technique is not only applicable to intraspecies nuclear transfer but also to interspecies nuclear transfer (iSCNT) thus permitting conservation of endangered species. It also offers unique possibilities for automation of SCNT which aims at production of transgenic animals that can cure certain human diseases by producing therapeutics hence, providing a healthier future for the wellbeing of humans. The present review aims at highlighting certain aspects of HMC including recent advancements in procedure and factors involved in elevating its efficiency besides covering the potentials and pitfalls of this technique.
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Romli F, Alitheen NB, Hamid M, Ismail R, Abd Rahman NMAN. Current techniques in reprogramming cell potency. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:1230-7. [PMID: 23239017 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first successful attempt to reprogram somatic cell into embryonic-like stem cell was achieved on 2006. Since then, it had sparked a race against time to bring this wonderful invention from bench to bedside but it is not easily achieved due to severe problems in term of epigenetic and genomic. With each problem arise, new technique and protocol will be constructed to try to overcome it. This review addresses the various techniques made available to create iPSC with problems hogging down the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus Romli
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li S, Kang JD, Jin JX, Hong Y, Zhu HY, Jin L, Gao QS, Yan CG, Cui CD, Li WX, Yin XJ. Effect of demecolcine-assisted enucleation on the MPF level and cyclin B1 distribution in porcine oocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91483. [PMID: 24626152 PMCID: PMC3953396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Demecolcine (DEM) treatment of oocytes induces formation of a membrane protrusion containing a mass of condensed maternal chromosomes, which can be removed with minimal damage prior to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, the effect of this method on the distribution of maturation-promoting factor (MPF) in porcine oocytes has not been reported. Here, the level of MPF and the distribution of cyclin B1 were assessed in porcine oocytes following DEM treatment. In addition, the efficiencies of DEM-assisted and mechanical enucleation were compared, as were the development (in vitro and in vivo) of these oocytes following SCNT. MPF was uniformly distributed in oocytes that had been treated with 0.4 μg/ml DEM for 1 h. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that in untreated oocytes, cyclin B1, the regulatory subunit of MPF, accumulated around the spindle, and was lowly detected in the cytoplasm. DEM treatment disrupted spindle microtubules, induced chromosome condensation, and reduced the level of cyclin B1 in the nuclear region. Cyclin B1 was uniformly distributed in DEM-treated oocytes and the level of MPF was increased. The potential of embryos generated from DEM-treated oocytes to develop in vivo was significantly greater than that of embryos generated from mechanically enucleated oocytes. This is the first study to report the effects of DEM-assisted enucleation of porcine oocytes on the distribution of cyclin B1. MPF in mature oocytes is important for the development of reconstructed embryos and for efficient SCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jin-Dan Kang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jun-Xue Jin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Long Jin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Qing-Shan Gao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Chang-Guo Yan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Cheng-Du Cui
- Department of veterinary medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Wen-Xue Li
- Department of veterinary medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xi-Jun Yin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- * E-mail:
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Park SK, Roh S, Park JI. A simplified one-step nuclear transfer procedure alters the gene expression patterns and developmental potential of cloned porcine embryos. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:73-80. [PMID: 23820223 PMCID: PMC3973768 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) techniques for mammalian species have been developed to adjust species-specific procedures to oocyte-associated differences among species. Species-specific SCNT protocols may result in different expression levels of developmentally important genes that may affect embryonic development and pregnancy. In the present study, porcine oocytes were treated with demecolcine that facilitated enucleation with protruding genetic material. Enucleation and donor cell injection were performed either simultaneously with a single pipette (simplified one-step SCNT; SONT) or separately with different pipettes (conventional two-step SCNT; CTNT) as the control procedure. After blastocysts from both groups were cultured in vitro, the expression levels of developmentally important genes (OCT4, NANOG, EOMES, CDX2, GLUT-1, PolyA, and HSP70) were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Both the developmental rate according to blastocyst stage as well as the expression levels CDX2, EOMES, and HSP70 were elevated with SONT compared to CTNT. The genes with elevated expression are known to influence trophectoderm formation and heat stress-induced arrest. These results showed that our SONT technique improved the development of SCNT porcine embryos, and increased the expression of genes that are important for placental formation and stress-induced arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyu Park
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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Costa-Borges N, Gonzalez S, Santaló J, Ibáñez E. Effect of the enucleation procedure on the reprogramming potential and developmental capacity of mouse cloned embryos treated with valproic acid. Reproduction 2011; 141:789-800. [PMID: 21444624 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mouse recipient cytoplasts for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) are routinely prepared by mechanical enucleation (ME), an invasive procedure that requires expensive equipment and considerable micromanipulation skills. Alternatively, oocytes can be enucleated using chemically assisted (AE) or chemically induced (IE) enucleation methods that are technically simple. In this study, we compared the reprogramming potential and developmental capacity of cloned embryos generated by ME, AE, and IE procedures and treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid. A rapid and almost complete deacetylation of histone H3 lysine 14 in the somatic nucleus followed by an equally rapid and complete re-acetylation after activation was observed after the injection of a cumulus cell nucleus into ME and AE cytoplasts. In contrast, histone deacetylation occurred at a much lower level in IE cytoplasts. Despite these differences, the cloned embryos generated from the three types of cytoplasts developed into blastocysts of equivalent total and inner cell mass mean cell numbers, and the rates of blastocyst formation and embryonic stem cell derivation were similar among the three groups. The cloned embryos produced from ME and AE cytoplasts showed an equivalent rate of full-term development, but no offspring could be obtained from the IE group, suggesting a lower reprogramming capacity of IE cytoplasts. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of AE in mouse SCNT procedures, as an alternative to ME. AE can facilitate oocyte enucleation and avoid the need for expensive microscope optics, or for potentially damaging Hoechst staining and u.v. irradiation, normally required in ME procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Costa-Borges
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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