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Hamed MA, Amin YA, Mohamed RH, El-Adl M, Bazeed SM, Elnegiry AA, Shawki HH, Al-Lethie ALA. Evaluation of chemical castration using intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate into the testis of the male donkey versus surgical castration: antimullerian hormone as an endpoint marker. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:140. [PMID: 37660034 PMCID: PMC10474774 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical castration of male animals is an alternative to surgical castration for inducing azoospermia, consequent sterility. Intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate has been used for chemical castration in several animal species. However, its application to equine species, such as donkeys, has yet to be reported. This study aimed to evaluate the use of zinc gluconate for the chemical castration of male donkeys and to compare its effectiveness relative to routine surgical castration. For this purpose, investigations of serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone levels, testicular ultrasonographic echogenicity, and histopathological findings were performed. METHODS Fourteen clinically healthy adult male donkeys were randomly and equally divided into two groups. The donkeys in group I (n = 7) underwent surgical castration. The donkeys in group II (n = 7) received intra-testicular zinc gluconate injections. The donkeys were kept under close clinical observation for 60 days. Abnormalities in donkey behavior and gross alterations in the external genitalia were recorded daily. Serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured 15 days before the start of the treatment and 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after treatment. The testicles of group II donkeys were evaluated ultrasonographically. At the end of the study, the testes were removed and histologically examined. RESULTS Serum testosterone levels significantly declined compared to pre-castration levels in surgically castrated donkeys (group I), but donkeys exposed to chemical castration (group II) showed a non-significant reduction in testosterone levels. Donkeys in the surgical group had considerably lower serum AMH levels. In contrast, there was a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in AMH levels in the chemical group compared with the pre-sterilization level. In addition, ultrasonographic examination revealed that the testicular echo-density had changed, as observed by a few scattered hyperechoic regions throughout the entire testis parenchyma. The histopathological investigation confirmed the presence of necrosis of the spermatogenic epithelium, increased thickness of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules, marked interstitial fibrosis, and shrinkage of the seminiferous tubules. Furthermore, syncytial giant cells were present in the lumen of seminiferous tubules and were associated with Sertoli cell vacuolation. Donkeys subjected to chemical castration (group II) had orchitis, as confirmed histopathologically. CONCLUSION Intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate resulted in histopathological and ultrasonographic testicular changes in adult male donkeys, which may affect their reproductive potential. However, it did not significantly alter serum testosterone or AMH levels, indicating that it cannot be used as a substitute for surgical castration in male donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hamed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Yahia A Amin
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
| | - Ragab Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Shefaa M Bazeed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr university, Badr, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdou Elnegiry
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Al-Lethie A Al-Lethie
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Paranzini CS, Sousa AK, Cardoso GS, Perencin FM, Trautwein LGC, Bracarense APFRL, Martins MIM. Effects of chemical castration using 20% CaCl 2 with 0.5% DMSO in tomcats: Evaluation of inflammatory reaction by infrared thermography and effectiveness of treatment. Theriogenology 2018; 106:253-258. [PMID: 29096273 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study used infrared thermography to monitor the immediate inflammatory reaction to an intratesticular injection of 20% (calcium chloride) CaCl2 with 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for chemical castration and to provide evidence of the treatment's clinical viability. Six animals received a 0.25 mL intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl2 with 0.5% DMSO in each testis. Thermographic imaging, testicular measurement, penile spine evaluation, electroejaculation, and sperm analysis were performed before the injection. Eighty days post-injection, the cats were evaluated again, then received an orchiectomy followed by histological analysis. Infrared thermography of the testicular area was performed before (M0) and after anesthesia (M0A); after electroejaculation (M0E); 10 min (M1), 1 h, (M2) and 6 h (M3) after the injection for seven consecutive days (M4-10); after 15 (M11) and 30 days (M12); and after 80 days, before and after anesthesia and after electroejaculation (M13, M13A and M13E). No cats had a significant increase in testicular temperature or behavioral changes. All animals were azoospermic and had a 50% reduction in total testicular volume after 80 days. Histologically, the testes showed different degrees of degeneration, necrosis, calcification and replaced connective tissue, as well as Leydig cell hyperplasia in 7/12 of the testes. Infrared thermography efficiently diagnosed and monitored scrotal inflammation caused by intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl2 solution with 0.5% DMSO, and it is suggested that a single injection of this compound can cause azoospermia after 80 days. We concluded by infrared thermography with a clinical exam, that the adverse reactions were minimal and did not interfere with animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Sella Paranzini
- Animal Reproductio Laboratory (REPROA), Veterinary Clinics Department, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP: 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anne Kemmer Sousa
- Animal Reproductio Laboratory (REPROA), Veterinary Clinics Department, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP: 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Schiess Cardoso
- Animal Reproductio Laboratory (REPROA), Veterinary Clinics Department, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP: 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe Montanheiro Perencin
- Animal Reproductio Laboratory (REPROA), Veterinary Clinics Department, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP: 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Corsi Trautwein
- Animal Reproductio Laboratory (REPROA), Veterinary Clinics Department, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP: 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro Bracarense
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP: 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Mello Martins
- Animal Reproductio Laboratory (REPROA), Veterinary Clinics Department, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 10.011, CEP: 86.057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Cavalieri J. Chemical sterilisation of animals: A review of the use of zinc- and CaCl 2 based solutions in male and female animals and factors likely to improve responses to treatment. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 181:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Biosterilant effects of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-73 extract on male Wistar albino rats. Theriogenology 2017; 88:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gabrielsen JS, Tanrikut C. Chronic exposures and male fertility: the impacts of environment, diet, and drug use on spermatogenesis. Andrology 2016; 4:648-61. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Gabrielsen
- Department of Urology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - C. Tanrikut
- Department of Urology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
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Hampton JO, Hyndman TH, Barnes A, Collins T. Is Wildlife Fertility Control Always Humane? Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:1047-71. [PMID: 26506395 PMCID: PMC4693202 DOI: 10.3390/ani5040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of fertility control techniques to reduce reproductive rates in wildlife populations has been the source of much research. Techniques targeting wildlife fertility have been diverse. Most research into fertility control methods has focused upon efficacy, with few studies rigorously assessing animal welfare beyond opportunistic anecdote. However, fertility control techniques represent several very different mechanisms of action (modalities), each with their own different animal welfare risks. We provide a review of the mechanisms of action for fertility control methods, and consider the role of manipulation of reproductive hormones ("endocrine suppression") for the long-term ability of animals to behave normally. We consider the potential welfare costs of animal manipulation techniques that are required to administer fertility treatments, including capture, restraint, surgery and drug delivery, and the requirement for repeated administration within the lifetime of an animal. We challenge the assumption that fertility control modalities generate similar and desirable animal welfare outcomes, and we argue that knowledge of reproductive physiology and behaviour should be more adeptly applied to wild animal management decisions. We encourage wildlife managers to carefully assess long-term behavioural risks, associated animal handling techniques, and the importance of positive welfare states when selecting fertility control methods as a means of population control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan O Hampton
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
| | - Anne Barnes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
| | - Teresa Collins
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
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Chemical sterilisation of Bos indicus bull calves following intratesticular injection of zinc acetate: Effects on growth and concentrations of testosterone. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 159:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chemical sterilisation of Bos indicus bull calves following intratesticular injection of zinc acetate: Effects on semen quality and testicular changes. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 156:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kwak BK, Lee SH. Intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline : non-invasive alternative method for animal castration model. Dev Reprod 2013; 17:435-40. [PMID: 25949160 PMCID: PMC4382956 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that the intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline (20%) decreased serum testosterone level which was similar to the surgical castration in the rat, showing the state of chemical castration. In the present study, we further verify the efficacy of this less invasive method as an alternative of surgical orchidectomy in the andevrepological field. Sterilized 20% saline was directly injected into the adult male rats (750 μl per testis). The tested rats were divided into 3 groups including intact group (intact), orchidectomy group (ORX) and saline injection group (SAL) after bilateral orchidectomy was performed at the same day of injection. All rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after injection. The reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostates) were collected and used for DNA and protein pattern analyses. Also, patho-histological studies on the testes were performed. In contrast to the intact group, similar DNA damages of testis and seminal vesicle were appeared in ORX group and SAL group. The DNA degradations seemed to be the results of necrosis rather than apoptosis. In the protein pattern analysis, all the testing tissues exerted similar patterns in the ORX group and the SAL group compared to the those of intact group. Patho-histological studies revealed that severe degenerative changes in testicular seminiferous tubules and massive infiltration of immune cells in SAL group. The present study confirmed that direct injection of hypertonic saline into the testis caused the equivalent biochemical changes in the accessory sex organs as shown in the orchidectomized animals. These results suggest that hypertonic saline injection model could be a useful castration model which can substitute for surgical castration when its safety is secured through further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kuk Kwak
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
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Kastelic JP, Brito LFC. Ultrasonography for monitoring reproductive function in the bull. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 3:45-51. [PMID: 22681298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic ultrasonography has been widely used for examination of the reproductive tract of female cattle, but more sparingly in bulls. Typical clinical ultrasonographic examinations of bull testes are unlikely to affect semen quality or sperm production. The ultrasonographic anatomy of bull testes and accessory sex glands has been reported. Although testicular echogenicity increased (i.e. the parenchyma appeared more white) as a bull approached puberty, echogenicity was not superior to scrotal circumference as a predictor of puberty. Ultrasonography can be used to detect and characterize testicular pathology. It is noteworthy that areas of increased echogenicity (testicular fibrosis) are common, especially in young bulls, but are not associated with decreased semen quality (e.g. percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm). Neither visual evaluation nor computerized pixel analysis of testicular ultrasonic echotexture was consistently predictive of semen quality in bulls. Therefore, we concluded that the primary clinical use of ultrasonography in assessment of reproductive function in the bull is characterization of grossly detectable lesions in the testes and scrotum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kastelic
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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