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Canine and Feline Testicular Preservation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12010124. [PMID: 35011230 PMCID: PMC8749737 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Testicular cryopreservation enables the maintenance of reproductive potential, the creation of germplasm banks and the transport of genetic material between different regions. This biotechnology represents the only possibility of preserving the fertility of prepubertal animals that have already died or that need to undergo gonadotoxic treatments. Despite advances in the use of cryopreserved testicular fragments, protocols that can be used in the clinical routine of dogs and cats have not yet been established. Due to the great importance of the topic, the objective of this review is to provide an overview of the subject, approaching the main works on testicular cryopreservation in dogs and cats. Abstract The increased interest in breeding dogs and cats and their use as models for other canids and felids demand research to improve reproductive techniques. Among them, testicular cryopreservation stands out. Testicular cryopreservation enables the maintenance of reproductive capacity and allows the establishment of germplasm banks for several species of commercial value or at risk of extinction. Furthermore, it enables the transport of genetic material among different regions. It is noteworthy that this biotechnology represents the only possibility of preserving the fertility of prepubertal animals that have died, so it has great importance in the propagation of the genetic material of animals. The spermatogonia present in the testes can be cultivated in vitro and the sperm obtained can be used in artificial reproduction programs. Although advances have been achieved with the use of testicular fragments to obtain viable and functional germ cells, the establishment of protocols that can be used in clinical routine have not been concluded yet. The testicular cryopreservation process can be carried out through techniques such as slow freezing, fast freezing and vitrification. However, the protocols used for the canine and feline species are still in the experimental phase. Given the importance of the topic, the aim of this review is to draw a profile of the subject approaching the main works on testicular cryopreservation in dogs and cats.
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Amelkina O, Silva AMD, Silva AR, Comizzoli P. Transcriptome dynamics in developing testes of domestic cats and impact of age on tissue resilience to cryopreservation. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:847. [PMID: 34814833 PMCID: PMC8611880 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundamental knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms in developing testicular tissues is critical to better understand gonadal biology and responses to non-physiological conditions. The objective of our study was to (1) analyze transcriptome dynamics in developing testis of the domestic cat and (2) characterize age effects on the initial response of the tissue to vitrification. Tissues from adult and juvenile cats were processed for histology, DNA integrity, and RNA sequencing analyses before and after vitrification. RESULTS Transcriptomic findings enabled to further characterize juvenile period, distinguishing between early and late juvenile tissues. Changes in gene expression and functional pathways were extensive from early to late juvenile to adult development stages. Additionally, tissues from juvenile animals were more resilient to vitrification compared to adult counterparts, with early juvenile sample responding the least to vitrification and late juvenile sample response being closest to adult tissues. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting comprehensive datasets on transcriptomic dynamic coupled with structural analysis of the cat testis according to the age and exposure to cryopreservation. It provides a comprehensive network of functional terms and pathways that are affected by age in the domestic cat and are either enriched in adult or juvenile testicular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amelkina
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andreia M da Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid - UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid - UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.
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Fernandes JDS, Tabosa BEDA, Brito BF, Silva HVR, Lima DBC, Silva LDMD. Influence of different warming temperatures on the vitrified testicular fragments from pre-pubertal cat. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1342-1348. [PMID: 34333798 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Testicular vitrification is an alternative to preserve the genetic material of pre-pubertal animals. However, there are few studies on post-vitrification warming. Hence, the aim was to compare the influence of different warming temperatures on vitrified testicular fragments from pre-pubertal cats. The testicles were fragmented and divided into a control group (non-vitrified) and vitrified, using an association between dimethylsulphoxide and glycerol. The vitrified fragments were warmed at 50, 55 and 60°C/5 s. Morphological and morphometric evaluations were carried out using classical histology. Afterwards, the mitochondrial activity was evaluated using Rhodamine 123. The data were expressed in mean and standard error. The differences were considered significant when p < .05. In the histomorphological analysis, the testicular fragment presented seminiferous tubules with poorly developed germinal epithelium, compatible with pre-pubertal animals. The group warmed at 50°C presented similar to the control regarding the maintenance of the integrity of the tubules and cells, without stromal rupture and lamina propria alteration, as well as regarding the maintenance of the junctions between the cells. The group warmed at 55°C showed reduction of the cell junctions, and the one warmed at 60°C had increased detachment of the basement membrane (p < .05). The warming caused a reduction in the tubular diameter inversely proportional and progressive to the increase in temperature, with the highest diameter in the control group and the lowest in the 60°C group. The control group showed a lower incidence of Rhodamine 123, followed in ascending order of the warmings at 55 and 60°C. The higher mitochondrial activity was obtained with 50°C, showing an increase of the metabolic cell function at this temperature. It was concluded that the testicular fragment of pre-pubertal cats presents a better preserved morphology, morphometry and viability when warmed at 50°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Souza Fernandes
- Laboratory of Carnivore Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Farias Brito
- Laboratory of Goat and Sheep Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Wyns C, Kanbar M, Giudice MG, Poels J. Fertility preservation for prepubertal boys: lessons learned from the past and update on remaining challenges towards clinical translation. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:433-459. [PMID: 33326572 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer incidence and survivorship are both on the rise. However, many lifesaving treatments threaten the prepubertal testis. Cryopreservation of immature testicular tissue (ITT), containing spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), as a fertility preservation (FP) option for this population is increasingly proposed worldwide. Recent achievements notably the birth of non-human primate (NHP) progeny using sperm developed in frozen-thawed ITT autografts has given proof of principle of the reproductive potential of banked ITT. Outlining the current state of the art on FP for prepubertal boys is crucial as some of the boys who have cryopreserved ITT since the early 2000s are now in their reproductive age and are already seeking answers with regards to their fertility. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In the light of past decade achievements and observations, this review aims to provide insight into relevant questions for clinicians involved in FP programmes. Have the indications for FP for prepubertal boys changed over time? What is key for patient counselling and ITT sampling based on the latest achievements in animals and research performed with human ITT? How far are we from clinical application of methods to restore reproductive capacity with cryostored ITT? SEARCH METHODS An extensive search for articles published in English or French since January 2010 to June 2020 using keywords relevant to the topic of FP for prepubertal boys was made in the MEDLINE database through PubMed. Original articles on fertility preservation with emphasis on those involving prepubertal testicular tissue, as well as comprehensive and systematic reviews were included. Papers with redundancy of information or with an absence of a relevant link for future clinical application were excluded. Papers on alternative sources of stem cells besides SSCs were excluded. OUTCOMES Preliminary follow-up data indicate that around 27% of boys who have undergone testicular sampling as an FP measure have proved azoospermic and must therefore solely rely on their cryostored ITT to ensure biologic parenthood. Auto-transplantation of ITT appears to be the first technique that could enter pilot clinical trials but should be restricted to tissue free of malignant cells. While in vitro spermatogenesis circumvents the risk linked to cancer cell contamination and has led to offspring in mice, complete spermatogenesis has not been achieved with human ITT. However, generation of haploid germ cells paves the way to further studies aimed at completing the final maturation of germ cells and increasing the efficiency of the processes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Despite all the research done to date, FP for prepubertal boys remains a relatively young field and is often challenging to healthcare providers, patients and parents. As cryopreservation of ITT is now likely to expand further, it is important not only to acknowledge some of the research questions raised on the topic, e.g. the epigenetic and genetic integrity of gametes derived from strategies to restore fertility with banked ITT but also to provide healthcare professionals worldwide with updated knowledge to launch proper multicollaborative care pathways in the field and address clinical issues that will come-up when aiming for the child's best interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wyns
- Andrology lab, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Kanbar
- Andrology lab, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Grazia Giudice
- Andrology lab, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Poels
- Andrology lab, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Salian SR, Pandya RK, Laxminarayana SLK, Krishnamurthy H, Cheredath A, Tholeti P, Uppangala S, Kalthur G, Majumdar S, Schlatt S, Adiga SK. Impact of Temperature and Time Interval Prior to Immature Testicular-Tissue Organotypic Culture on Cellular Niche. Reprod Sci 2020; 28:2161-2173. [PMID: 33319342 PMCID: PMC8289760 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of immature-testicular-tissue (ITT) prior to gonadotoxic treatment, while experimental, is the only recommended option for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. The handling and manipulation of ITT before cryopreservation could influence the functionality of cells during fertility restoration, which this study explored by evaluating cellular niche and quality of mouse ITT subjected to various temperatures and time durations in vitro. ITT from 6-day-old mice were handled at ultraprofound-hypothermic, profound-hypothermic, and mild-warm-ischemic temperatures for varying time periods prior to 14-day organotypic culture. Viability, functionality, synaptonemal complex and chromatin remodeling markers were assessed. Results have shown that cell viability, testosterone level, and in vitro proliferation ability did not change when ITT were held at ultraprofound-hypothermic-temperature up to 24 h, whereas cell viability was significantly reduced (P < 0.01), when held at profound-hypothermic-temperature for 24 h before culture. Further, cell viability and testosterone levels in cultured cells from profound-hypothermic group were comparable to corresponding ultraprofound-hypothermic group but with moderate reduction in postmeiotic cells (P < 0.01). In conclusion, holding ITT at ultraprofound-hypothermic-temperature is most suitable for organotypic culture, whereas short-term exposure at profound-hypothermic-temperature may compromise postmeiotic germ cell yield post in vitro culture. This data, albeit in mouse model, will have immense value in human prepubertal fertility restoration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Raj Salian
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Riddhi Kirit Pandya
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | | | | | - Aswathi Cheredath
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Prathima Tholeti
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Shubhashree Uppangala
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Subeer Majumdar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Stefan Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Satish Kumar Adiga
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Silva HVR, da Silva AM, Lee PC, Brito BF, Silva AR, da Silva LDM, Comizzoli P. Influence of Microwave-Assisted Drying on Structural Integrity and Viability of Testicular Tissues from Adult and Prepubertal Domestic Cats. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 18:415-424. [PMID: 32780644 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhydrous preservation is a promising approach for storage of living biomaterials at nonfreezing temperatures. Using the domestic cat model, the objectives of this study were to characterize changes in histology, DNA integrity, and viability of testicular tissues from adult versus prepubertal individuals during microwave-assisted drying. Testes from each age group were cut into small pieces before reversible membrane permeabilization, exposure to trehalose, and microwave-assisted drying during different time periods. In Experiment 1, water content was monitored for up to 40 minutes of drying. Tissues from adult or prepubertal cats experienced similar decreases of water content during the first 10 minutes. Desiccation progressed slowly between 10 and 20 minutes and then remained stable. In Experiment 2, structural properties were explored at 5, 10, and 20 minutes of desiccation. Percentages of normal seminiferous tubules were lower after 20 minutes drying in adult (43%) than in prepubertal tissues (61%). At the same time point, the proportion of cell degeneration was higher in adult (53%) than prepubertal tissues (28%). Percentages of intact DNA in tissues remained above 85% regardless of the microwave time in both age groups. Lastly, adult and prepubertal tissues only lost 33% of viability in both age groups. Collective results demonstrated for the first time that normal morphology, incidence of degeneration, DNA integrity, and viability of testicular tissues remained at acceptable levels during microwave-assisted drying for 20 minutes. Overall, prepubertal testicular tissues appeared to be more resilient to microwave-assisted desiccations than adult tissues. Importantly, water loss in the presence of trehalose after 20 minutes of desiccation already is compatible with long-term storage of testicular tissues at temperatures above -20°C, which is one step closer to future storage at supra-zero temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andréia Maria da Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Pei-Chih Lee
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bruna Farias Brito
- Laboratory of Carnivores Reproduction, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Luvoni GC, Colombo M. Cold case: Small animal gametes cryobanking. Theriogenology 2020; 150:445-451. [PMID: 32164990 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm preservation of animals, whether they are valuable domestic breeds or rare species, is the main goal of gamete cryobanking. Dogs and cats act as models for this purpose thanks to the wide availability of biological material which can be employed to experiment protocols that can then be applied to wild animals. This review is focused on spermatozoa, oocytes and gonadal tissues cryobanking in small domestic animals, which is still an unsolved case. Like in a courtroom, evidences of cryoinjuries affecting cellular structures will be presented, penalties as loss of functionality due to cellular alterations will be described, and appeal as strategies to protect gametes from damages or rescue their functionality will be discussed. Differences and similarities between single cell or tissue cryopreservation will be highlighted, together with the rationale for the choice of one type of preservation or another and the fundamental principles which they are based on. The deep analysis of different aspects that still hamper the success of cryopreservation in small animals can help clarify where research is most needed. Therefore, as in a cold case, investigation should remain open in order to hopefully find the solution and make these procedures more and more efficient in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cecilia Luvoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare "Carlo Cantoni", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare "Carlo Cantoni", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Qu N, Ogawa Y, Kuramasu M, Nagahori K, Sakabe K, Itoh M. Immunological microenvironment in the testis. Reprod Med Biol 2020; 19:24-31. [PMID: 31956282 PMCID: PMC6955586 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The testis is specific in that it produces haploid germ cells of which autoantigens newly appear long after the neonatal immune tolerance. Under normal condition, these autoantigens are protected by the blood-testis barrier formed by Sertoli cells. Thus, the testis is an immunologically privileged site where haploid cells are protected from autoimmune attack. METHODS The immunological microenvironment in the testis was experimentally investigated using mice and rats. MAIN FINDINGS Not only the blood-testis barrier but also various immuno-suppressive factors are involved in the immune-privileged testis. Indeed, germ cells transplanted into the xenogeneic seminiferous tubules could proliferate and differentiate with no aid of artificial immunosuppression. On the other hand, autoimmune orchitis could be experimentally produced by various methods of immunization with syngeneic or xenogeneic germ cell antigens. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the testis is immunologically privileged but also immunologically fragile organ. Therefore, the dual nature is critical for immunoregulation of testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qu
- Department of AnatomyTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of AnatomyTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | | | - Kou Sakabe
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical ScienceTokai University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of AnatomyTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
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Lima DBC, da Silva LDM, Comizzoli P. Influence of warming and reanimation conditions on seminiferous tubule morphology, mitochondrial activity, and cell composition of vitrified testicular tissues in the domestic cat model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207317. [PMID: 30408126 PMCID: PMC6224116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding critical roles of warming and reanimation is critical to improve the survival of vitrified testicular tissue in domestic cats. The objective was to study structural and functional properties of testicular tissues from prepubertal domestic cats after standard vitrification followed by two warming protocols (directly at 37°C or with a 5-second pre-exposure to 50°C) and three reanimation time points (immediately, 24 h and 5 days post-warming). In Experiment 1, tissues were evaluated for histo-morphology and mitochondrial activity immediately or 24 h after warming protocols. In Experiment 2, cell viability, DNA fragmentation, and germ cell composition were assessed immediately, 24 h, or 5 days after optimal warming. Preservation of seminiferous tubule structure was better using warming at 50°C for five seconds, and survival of somatic as well as germinal cells was higher compared to direct warming at 37°C for one minute. Short term in vitro culture (for reanimation) also proved that cellular composition and functionality were better preserved when warmed for a short time at 50°C. Collective data showed that short warming at 50°C led to better quality of seminiferous tubule structure and cell composition after vitrification and short-term culture. In addition, data suggest clear directions to further understand and optimize testicular tissue survival after fertility preservation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baruc Cruvinel Lima
- Laboratory of Carnivore Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará (Universidade Estadual do Ceará, UECE), CEP, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Daniel Machado da Silva
- Laboratory of Carnivore Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará (Universidade Estadual do Ceará, UECE), CEP, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Silva AF, Escada-Rebelo S, Amaral S, Tavares RS, Schlatt S, Ramalho-Santos J, Mota PC. Can we induce spermatogenesis in the domestic cat using an in vitro tissue culture approach? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191912. [PMID: 29414992 PMCID: PMC5802888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduced number of animals in most wild felid populations implies a loss of genetic diversity. The death of juveniles, prior to the production of mature sperm, represents a loss of potential genetic contribution to future populations. Since 2011 mouse testicular organ culture has introduced an alternative mechanism to produce sperm in vitro from immature tissue. However, extension of this technology to other species has remained limited. We have used the domestic cat (Felis catus) as a model for wild felids to investigate spermatogenesis initiation and regulation, with the mouse serving as a control species. Testicular tissue fragments were cultured in control medium or medium supplemented with knockout serum replacement (KSR), AlbuMax, beta-estradiol or AlbuMax plus beta-estradiol. Contrary to expectations, and unlike results obtained in mouse controls, no germ cell differentiation could be detected. The only germ cells observed after six weeks of culture were spermatogonia regardless of the initial stage of tubule development in the donor tissue. Moreover, the number of spermatogonia decreased with time in culture in all media tested, especially in the medium supplemented with KSR, while AlbuMax had a slight protective effect. The combination of AlbuMax and beta-estradiol led to an increase in the area occupied by seminiferous tubules, and thus to an increase in total number of spermatogonial cells. Considering all the media combinations tested the stimulus for felid germ cell differentiation in this type of system seems to be different from the mouse. Studies using other triggers of differentiation and tissue survival factors should be performed to pursue this technology for the genetic diversity preservation in wild felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F. Silva
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Escada-Rebelo
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Amaral
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renata S. Tavares
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Stefan Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - João Ramalho-Santos
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula C. Mota
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Faes K, Goossens E. Short-term storage of human testicular tissue: effect of storage temperature and tissue size. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:180-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tavares RS, Portela JMD, Sousa MI, Mota PC, Ramalho-Santos J, Amaral S. High glucose levels affect spermatogenesis: an in vitro approach. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:1369-1378. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides known factors that may cause male infertility, systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus may further exacerbate a decline in male fertility. This metabolic disease, clinically characterised by a hyperglycaemic phenotype, has devastating consequences in terms of human health, with reproductive dysfunction being one of the associated clinical complications. Nonetheless, the mechanisms responsible for such alterations are still poorly understood due to the multiplicity of factors involved in the induced pathophysiological changes. With this in mind, we focused on the main mediator of diabetes-associated alterations and performed an in vitro approach to address the effects of high glucose conditions on spermatogenesis, avoiding other confounding in vivo factors. Mouse (5 days post partum) testis fragments were cultured on agar gel stands at a gas–liquid interface with either 5, 25 or 50 mM D-glucose for 3 weeks. Stereological analysis revealed that high D-glucose levels increased Sertoli cell number (P < 0.05) and decreased tubular luminal area (P < 0.01), suggesting an impairment of this somatic cell type. Moreover, higher proliferative activity in a TM4 Sertoli cell line exposed to high D-glucose was found (P < 0.05) without compromising cell viability (P > 0.05), further suggesting altered Sertoli cell maturation. Overall, high D-glucose concentrations may lead to impairment of Sertoli cell function, which, given their significant role in spermatogenic control, may compromise male fertility.
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Devi L, Goel S. Fertility preservation through gonadal cryopreservation. Reprod Med Biol 2016; 15:235-251. [PMID: 29259441 PMCID: PMC5715865 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-016-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility preservation is an area of immense interest in today's society. The most effective and established means of fertility preservation is cryopreservation of gametes (sperm and oocytes) and embryos. Gonadal cryopreservation is yet another means for fertility preservation, especially if the gonadal function is threatened by premature menopause, gonadotoxic cancer treatment, surgical castration, or diseases. It can also aid in the preservation of germplasm of animals that die before attaining sexual maturity. This is especially of significance for valuable, rare, and endangered animals whose population is affected by high neonatal/juvenile mortality because of diseases, poor management practices, or inbreeding depression. Establishing genome resource banks to conserve the genetic status of wild animals will provide a critical interface between ex-situ and in-situ conservation strategies. Cryopreservation of gonads effectively lengthens the genetic lifespan of individuals in a breeding program even after their death and contributes towards germplasm conservation of prized animals. Although the studies on domestic animals are quite promising, there are limitations for developing cryopreservation strategies in wild animals. In this review, we discuss different options for gonadal tissue cryopreservation with respect to humans and to laboratory, domestic, and wild animals. This review also covers recent developments in gonadal tissue cryopreservation and transplantation, providing a systematic view and the advances in the field with the possibility for its application in fertility preservation and for the conservation of germplasm in domestic and wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Devi
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchUppal Road500 007HyderabadIndia
| | - Sandeep Goel
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchUppal Road500 007HyderabadIndia
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Pothana L, Devi L, Venna NK, Pentakota N, Varma VP, Jose J, Goel S. Replacement of serum with ocular fluid for cryopreservation of immature testes. Cryobiology 2016; 73:356-366. [PMID: 27693391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of immature testis is a feasible approach for germplasm preservation of male animals. Combinations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) are used for testis cryopreservation. However, an alternative to FBS is needed, because FBS is expensive. Buffalo ocular fluid (BuOF), a slaughter house by-product, could be an economical option. The objective of the present study was to assess whether BuOF can replace FBS for cryopreservation of immature mouse (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testes. Results showed that rodent and buffalo testes frozen in DMSO (10% for rodents and 20% for buffalo) with 20% FBS or BuOF had similar numbers of viable and DNA-damaged cells (P > 0.05). The expression of cell proliferation- (PCNA) and apoptosis-specific proteins (Annexin V and BAX/BCL2 ratio) were also comparable in mouse and buffalo testes frozen in DMSO with FBS or BuOF (P > 0.05). Interestingly, rat testis frozen in DMSO with BuOF had lower expression of Annexin V protein than testis frozen in DMSO with FBS (P < 0.05). The percentage of meiotic germ cells (pachytene-stage spermatocytes) in xenografts from testis frozen either in DMSO with BuOF or FBS did not significantly differ in rats or buffalo (P > 0.05). These findings provide evidence that BuOF has potential to replace FBS for cryopreservation of immature rodent and buffalo testis. Further investigation is needed to explore whether BuOF can replace FBS for testis cryopreservation of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Pothana
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Lalitha Devi
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Venna
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Niharika Pentakota
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Vivek Phani Varma
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Jedy Jose
- Animal House, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sandeep Goel
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
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15
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Escada‐Rebelo S, Silva AF, Amaral S, Tavares RS, Paiva C, Schlatt S, Ramalho‐Santos J, Mota PC. Spermatogonial stem cell organization in felid testis as revealed by
Dolichos biflorus
lectin. Andrology 2016; 4:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Escada‐Rebelo
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - A. F. Silva
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - S. Amaral
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - R. S. Tavares
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - C. Paiva
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB) Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - S. Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - J. Ramalho‐Santos
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - P. C. Mota
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC)University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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16
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Arregui L, Dobrinski I, Roldan ERS. Germ cell survival and differentiation after xenotransplantation of testis tissue from three endangered species: Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), Cuvier's gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) and Mohor gazelle (G. dama mhorr). Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 26:817-26. [PMID: 23763851 DOI: 10.1071/rd12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of assisted reproductive techniques for endangered species is a major goal for conservation. One of these techniques, testis tissue xenografting, allows for the development of spermatozoa from animals that die before reaching sexual maturity. To assess the potential use of this technique with endangered species, testis tissue from six Iberian lynxes (one fetus, two perinatal cubs, two 6-month-old and one 2-year-old lynx), two Cuvier's gazelle fetuses and one 8-month-old Mohor gazelle were transplanted ectopically into nude mice. Tissue from the lynx fetus, perinatal cubs and 2-year-old donors degenerated, whereas spermatogonia were present in 15% of seminiferous tubules more than 70 weeks after grafting in transplanted testis tissue from 6-month-old donors. Seminal vesicle weights (indicative of testosterone production) increased over time in mice transplanted with tissue from 6-month-old lynxes. Progression of spermatogenesis was observed in xenografts from gazelles and was donor age dependent. Tissue from Cuvier's gazelle fetuses contained spermatocytes 40 weeks after grafting. Finally, round spermatids were found 28 weeks after transplantation in grafts from the 8-month-old Mohor gazelle. This is the first time that xenotransplantation of testicular tissue has been performed with an endangered felid and the first successful xenotransplantation in an endangered species. Our results open important options for the preservation of biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Arregui
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ina Dobrinski
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Eduardo R S Roldan
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Pukazhenthi BS, Nagashima J, Travis AJ, Costa GM, Escobar EN, França LR, Wildt DE. Slow freezing, but not vitrification supports complete spermatogenesis in cryopreserved, neonatal sheep testicular xenografts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123957. [PMID: 25923660 PMCID: PMC4414479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to spur growth of early stage gametic cells recovered from neonates could lead to significant advances in rescuing the genomes of rare genotypes or endangered species that die unexpectedly. The purpose of this study was to determine, for the first time, the ability of two substantially different cryopreservation approaches, slow freezing versus vitrification, to preserve testicular tissue of the neonatal sheep and subsequently allow initiation of spermatogenesis post-xenografting. Testis tissue from four lambs (3-5 wk old) was processed and then untreated or subjected to slow freezing or vitrification. Tissue pieces (fresh, n = 214; slow freezing, then thawing, n = 196; vitrification, then warming, n = 139) were placed subcutaneously under the dorsal skin of SCID mice and then grafts recovered and evaluated 17 wk later. Grafts from fresh and slow frozen tissue contained the most advanced stages of spermatogenesis, including normal tubule architecture with elongating spermatids in ~1% (fresh) and ~10% (slow frozen) of tubules. Fewer than 2% of seminiferous tubules advanced to the primary spermatocyte stage in xenografts derived from vitrified tissue. Results demonstrate that slow freezing of neonatal lamb testes was far superior to vitrification in preserving cellular integrity and function after xenografting, including allowing ~10% of tubules to retain the capacity to resume spermatogenesis and yield mature spermatozoa. Although a first for any ruminant species, findings also illustrate the importance of preemptive studies that examine cryo-sensitivity of testicular tissue before attempting this type of male fertility preservation on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhan S. Pukazhenthi
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Nagashima
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- The Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Travis
- The Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Guilherme M. Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Enrique N. Escobar
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences School of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luiz R. França
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David E. Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
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18
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Pothana L, Makala H, Devi L, Varma VP, Goel S. Germ cell differentiation in cryopreserved, immature, Indian spotted mouse deer (Moschiola indica) testes xenografted onto mice. Theriogenology 2014; 83:625-33. [PMID: 25467768 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Death of immature animals is one of the reasons for the loss of genetic diversity of rare and endangered species. Because sperm cannot be collected from immature males, cryobanking of testicular tissue combined with testis xenografting is a potential option for conservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the establishment of spermatogenesis in cryopreserved immature testicular tissues from Indian spotted mouse deer (Moschiola indica) after ectopic xenografting onto immunodeficient nude mice. Results showed that testis tissues that were frozen in cryomedia containing either 10% DMSO with 80% fetal bovine serum (D10S80) or 20% DMSO with 20% fetal bovine serum (D20S20) had significantly more (P < 0.01) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeled positive interstitial cells when compared with fresh testis tissues (46.3 ± 3.4 and 51.9 ± 4.0 vs. 22.8 ± 2.0). Xenografted testicular tissues showed degenerated seminiferous tubules 24 weeks after grafting in testes that had been cryopreserved in D20S20; alternatively, pachytene spermatocytes were the most advanced germ cells in testes that were cryopreserved in D10S80. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining confirmed the proliferative status of spermatocytes, and the increases in tubular and lumen diameters indicated testicular maturation in xenografts. However, persistent anti-Müllerian hormone staining in Sertoli cells of xenografts revealed incomplete testicular maturation. This study reports that cryopreserved testis tissue that had been xenografted from endangered animals onto mice resulted in the establishment of spermatogenesis with initiation of meiosis. These findings are encouraging for cryobanking of testicular tissues from immature endangered animals to conserve their germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Pothana
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Himesh Makala
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Lalitha Devi
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek Phani Varma
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandeep Goel
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad, India.
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19
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Arregui L, Dobrinski I. Xenografting of testicular tissue pieces: 12 years of an in vivo spermatogenesis system. Reproduction 2014; 148:R71-84. [PMID: 25150043 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a dynamic and complex process that involves endocrine and testicular factors. During xenotransplantation of testicular tissue fragments into immunodecifient mice, a functional communication between host brain and donor testis is established. This interaction allows for the progression of spermatogenesis and recovery of fertilisation-competent spermatozoa from a broad range of mammalian species. In the last few years, significant progress has been achieved in testis tissue xenografting that improves our knowledge about the factors determining the success of grafting. The goal of this review is to provide up to date information about the role of factors such as donor age, donor species, testis tissue preservation or type of recipient mouse on the efficiency of this technique. Applications are described and compared with other techniques with similar purposes. Recent work has demonstrated that testicular tissue xenografting is used as a model to study gonadotoxicity of drugs and to obtain sperm from valuable young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Arregui
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, SpainDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ina Dobrinski
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, SpainDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Does early cell death cause germ cell loss after intratesticular tissue grafting? Fertil Steril 2013; 99:1264-1272.e1. [PMID: 23312508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cell death in intratesticular grafts. DESIGN Experimental animal study. SETTING University. ANIMAL(S) F1-hybrids from SV129 X C57BL. INTERVENTION(S) Intratesticular tissue transplantation was performed and cell death in the grafts was evaluated at different time points after transplantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Apoptotic cell death in spermatogonia was evaluated by flow cytometry with the use of the annexin V assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate graft development and the global occurrence of cell death. RESULT(S) The highest level of spermatogonia-specific cell death was found on days 4 and 10, although no statistical difference was observed compared with control tissue. Statistically significant reductions in tubule integrity were observed 1 day and 2 months after transplantation. More degenerated tubules were observed in the center of the grafts 1 and 4 days after transplantation, and higher numbers of apoptotic tubules were found 1 day after transplantation. No difference in overall cell death was observed between grafts and controls for any time point except for the frozen grafts 1 day after transplantation. CONCLUSION(S) Spermatogonia-specific apoptosis does not explain the stem cell loss observed after intratesticular tissue grafting; it probably results from degeneration of tubules in the center of the graft owing to hypoxia during the first days after transplantation.
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