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Muro BB, Carnevale RF, Leal DF, Almond GW, Monteiro MS, Poor AP, Schinckel AP, Garbossa CA. The importance of optimal body condition to maximise reproductive health and perinatal outcomes in pigs. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:351-371. [PMID: 35748154 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition or undernutrition during all or part of the reproductive cycle predisposes sows to metabolic consequences and poor reproductive health which contributes to a decrease in sow longevity and an increase in perinatal mortality. This represents not only an economic problem for the pig industry but also results in poor animal welfare. To maximise profitability and increase sustainability in pig production, it is pivotal to provide researchers and practitioners with synthesised information about the repercussions of maternal obesity or malnutrition on reproductive health and perinatal outcomes, and to pinpoint currently available nutritional managements to keep sows' body condition in an optimal range. Thus, the present review summarises recent work on the consequences of maternal malnutrition and highlights new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bd Muro
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella F Carnevale
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matheus S Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André P Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Cesar Ap Garbossa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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2
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Zhao XM, Jiang XR, Xia T, Arévalo Sureda E, Schroyen M, Everaert N, Li XL. Effect of dietary protein and energy intake on embryonic survival and gene expression in the uterine endometrium of early pregnant gilts. Animal 2022; 16:100540. [PMID: 35594693 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine embryonic loss during early gestation is a serious problem in swine production. Improving embryonic survival can be achieved by maternal manipulation. Protein and energy are two major components of the diet, which play decisive roles in embryonic survival. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of enhancing maternal protein or energy intake on embryonic survival during early gestation in gilts and to explore the underlying mechanism. From day (d) 0 to 30 of gestation, 40 gilts (Landrace × York) were randomly allocated to 5 diets according to daily intake of low (L, National Research Council (NRC) recommendation for gestation gilts), medium (M, 20% higher than NRC) or high (H, 40% higher than NRC) CP or metabolisable energy (ME) (LCPLME, MCPLME, HCPLME, LCPHME, HCPHME). Gilts were sacrificed on d 30 of gestation, and number of foetuses and corpora lutea, embryonic survival rate, uterine weight, and total volume of allantoic fluid were recorded or calculated. Gene expression was determined by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR), western blot or immunohistochemistry. Results showed that increasing protein or ME intake significantly increased embryonic survival rate. Compared with diet LCPLME, plasma progesterone (P4) concentration in diet LCPHME increased at d 14 and d 30 of gestation. Progesterone receptor (PGR) was found not to be expressed in the epithelia but was strongly expressed in the stroma of the endometrium. Increasing protein or ME intake did not alter PGR expression in the endometrium. There was also no change in the amount of P4, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor-7 in the endometrium. The mRNA abundance of cationic amino acid transporter 1 in the endometrium in diet LCPHME and HCPHME was significantly lower than in diet LCPLME. Diet HCPLME showed a tendency to increase neutral amino acid transporter 1 mRNA expression in the endometrium compared to diet LCPLME (P = 0.087). In conclusion, increasing maternal protein or ME intake had a positive effect on the embryonic survival. Increased protein intake by 20 or 40% did not alter plasma P4 level, but increasing ME intake by 40% improved plasma P4 concentration at d 14 and 30 of gestation. Increasing maternal protein or ME intake did not induce PGR expression in the endometrium. Maternal protein and energy intake likely mediate transportation of cationic and neutral amino acids from mother to foetus to affect embryonic survival and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - X R Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - T Xia
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - E Arévalo Sureda
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - M Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - X L Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Chakurkar EB, Sahu AR, Naik S, H B CK, P P G. Genetic evaluation of growth and reproductive performances of crossbred pigs reared under intensive system in tropical humid coastal climate. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:243. [PMID: 33813647 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pig farming is one of the most economically viable options for the rural backward and resource-poor farmers in Asian countries. Growth rate and litter size are the most important traits based on which the crossbreeding programs are typically planned in commercial pig farming. The modern system of farming with high yielding improved pig germplasm helps in economic growth in piggery enterprises. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of various genetic and non-genetic factors on growth and reproductive performances of 75% crossbred progenies of Large White Yorkshire and indigenous Agonda Goan pigs. Body weights were recorded at birth, weaning, and at monthly intervals up to 10 months of age. Reproductive performances were also recorded for litter size and weights at birth and weaning stages, age at first farrowing, number of services per conception, farrowing interval, and pre-weaning mortality. The general linear model was used to estimate overall least square means of body weights at different ages considering the effects of different factors at certain levels viz., generation (i = first, second, third, fourth), sex (j = male, female), litter size at birth (k = 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, ≥10), parity (l = 1, 2, ≥3), season (m = summer, rainy, spring), and period of birth (n = 2012-2015, 2016-2019). The heritability and genetic correlations for different traits were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method using WOMBAT software. The re(production) parameters were analyzed to assess the genetic improvement in successive generations. There was significant difference (p < 0.01) in body weights among different generations where animals belonging to latest generation showed maximum body weights indicating ideal selective breeding in the herd. Other fixed effects also had significant effects on growth performance which clearly signifies to the crucial influence of rearing environment and animal factors like parity of dams as well as litter size at birth. The overall birth weight, weaning weight, and weight at 10 months of age were 1.00 ± 0.01 kg, 7.57 ± 0.07 kg, and 81.58 ± 1.96 kg, respectively. Nevertheless, weaning weight and weight at marketing age (8 months) were 8.04 ± 0.27 kg and 75.48 ± 1.40 kg, respectively, in fourth generation, indicating higher post-weaning growth rate of 337.20 g/day. During this fourth generation, mean litter size at birth was 8.35 ± 0.43 and litter size at weaning was 7.79 ± 0.39 with lowest percentage of pre-weaning mortality (4.11 ± 1.51). The average age at first farrowing and farrowing interval was 293 ± 17.24 and 195 ± 4.78 days, respectively. There was apparently greater genetic gain in each generation except for the second generation which might be due to the environment and managemental issues that hindered reproductive performance traits and body growth. The heritability estimate for weaning weight was 0.45 and higher heritability values were observed for all the body weights except weight at third month. Genetic as well as phenotypic correlations were moderate to high among the growth traits. The heritability and genetic correlations at birth and weaning indicate the reliability of selection at an early age. The findings indicated that there is scope for improvement through genetic selection in later generations and the 75% crossbred pigs thrived well in the prevailing hot and humid tropical coastal climate. The improved germplasm could satisfy the farmers' need in a commercial venture with high economic return.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amiya Ranjan Sahu
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa Velha, Goa, India.
| | - Sajan Naik
- AICRP on Pig, ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa Velha, Goa, India
| | - Chethan Kumar H B
- Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gokuldas P P
- Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa Velha, Goa, India
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Mallmann AL, Oliveira GS, Ulguim RR, Mellagi APG, Bernardi ML, Orlando UAD, Gonçalves MAD, Cogo RJ, Bortolozzo FP. Impact of feed intake in early gestation on maternal growth and litter size according to body reserves at weaning of young parity sows. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa075. [PMID: 32150274 PMCID: PMC7098703 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of increasing the feed level (1.8, 2.5, and 3.2 kg/d) during early gestation in parity 1 (PO1) and parity 2 (PO2) sows on maternal growth and litter size was evaluated. A total of 361 sows were group-housed and fed a diet based on a corn-soybean meal (3.15 Mcal Metabolizable Energy (ME) per kg and 0.68% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 6 of gestation until day 30. Sows were weighed at weaning and on day 30 of gestation. Farrowing rate, number of total piglets born, piglets born alive, stillborn piglets, and mummified fetuses were recorded at farrowing. The effect of feed level on the total number of piglets born was also evaluated according to classes of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), backfat (BF), and caliper unit at weaning for each parity order. There was no evidence for significant effect of the interaction between feed level × parity on the variables related to maternal growth and reproductive performance (P ≥ 0.128). Greater feed levels linearly increased the gains in body condition (i.e., BW, BCS, BF, and caliper unit) between weaning and day 30 of gestation (P < 0.001). Farrowing rate was not influenced by the feed level (P ≥ 0.200) and parity (P ≥ 0.209). The number of total piglets born decreased linearly as the feed level increased (P = 0.041), whereas no evidences for differences were observed on piglets born alive among treatments (P ≥ 0.317), neither between parities (P ≥ 0.904). For PO1 sows, the total piglets born on BW classes (≤183 vs. >183 kg) and on classes of BF (≤11.5 vs. > 11.5 mm) were quadratically affected by the feed levels (P ≤ 0.041). In contrast, the number of total piglets born was marginally affected (linear; P ≤ 0.094) by the feed level in the different classes of BW, BCS, and caliper unit in PO2 sows. There was no evidence for differences for the interaction of feed level and classes of body condition (P ≥ 0.199) for PO2 sows. Similarly, no interactions between feed level and classes of BW, BCS, and BF at weaning were observed (P ≥ 0.233) for PO1 sows; however, the total piglets born were affected by an interaction between feed level and caliper unit class (P = 0.042). In conclusion, increased feed intake from day 6 of gestation until day 30 resulted in increased maternal BW gain but reduced the number of total piglets born. Furthermore, lighter and in a poor BCS PO1 sows at weaning produced fewer total born piglets with no benefits from greater amounts of feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Mallmann
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Ulguim
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Mellagi
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mari L Bernardi
- Departamento de Zootecnia/Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo J Cogo
- Frísia Cooperativa Agroindustrial, Carambeí, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Bortolozzo
- Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Leal DF, Muro BBD, Nichi M, Almond GW, Viana CHC, Vioti G, Carnevale RF, Garbossa CAP. Effects of post-insemination energy content of feed on embryonic survival in pigs: A systematic review. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 205:70-77. [PMID: 31010717 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The feeding of diets with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance following mating is believed to reduce embryonic survival in pigs. In swine operations, therefore, feed intake is often restricted during the first and second week of pregnancy to reduce embryo mortality. There is thought to be a relationship between feeding diets that result in energy intake that is greater than that needed for body maintenance and embryonic death. This relationship is associated with lesser than typical progesterone (P4) concentrations when feeding diets with greater energy content due to increased hepatic clearance. There is no consensus, however, as to whether feeding should be restricted during early pregnancy to avert this possible detrimental effect. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to assess the effect in sows and gilts of feeding diets with different energy contents post-mating on embryonic survival, evaluating when possible, the relationship of a greater energy intake and P4 concentrations on embryonic survival. An electronic search was conducted of the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of science, and Scielo databases during June 2018. A total of 109 articles were retrieved, and of these, only 16 articles were selected after applying the selection criteria. There was no negative effect of a greater feed intake than that needed for body maintenance after breeding in 75% of the experiments. Results from 35% of the experiments indicated feeding early pregnant sows a diet with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance resulted in augmented embryonic death. In 66.7% of the experiments, in which there was assessment of P4 concentration, there was no negative effect of feeding after farrowing a diet with greater energy than that needed for body maintenance. In conclusion, it appears that restricted feed intake in early pregnancy is no longer relevant when there are modern prolific dam lines utilized in swine production enterprises because dietary energy of as great as 54 MJ ME/day had no detrimental effect on embryo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno B D Muro
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geovanna Vioti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar A P Garbossa
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, FMVZ-USP Campus, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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The effects of breed, season and parity on the reproductive performance of pigs reared under hot and humid environments. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:411-418. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hoving LL, Haen SM, Laurenssen BFA, Peltoniemi OAT, Kemp B, Soede NM. Caudal vena cava progesterone and LH release patterns on Day 14 of gestation in primiparous sows. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:476-481. [PMID: 28442059 DOI: 10.1071/rd15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between systemic and local progesterone secretion and LH pulsatility during implantation in the pig. Differences in progesterone concentrations measured locally in the caudal vena cava and systemically in the jugular vein were studied in eight primiparous sows on Day 14 of pregnancy. LH pulsatility was analysed for its effects on the local progesterone-releasing pattern. Mean (±s.d.) progesterone concentrations in the vena cava (65.5±19.8ngmL-1) were approximately double basal concentrations (33.6±13.1ngmL-1). Basal concentrations of progesterone and LH were calculated as the average of the lowest six values. Basal caudal vena cava and mean jugular (27.6±1.5ngmL-1) progesterone concentrations did not differ significantly. Pre- and postprandial jugular progesterone concentrations were significantly different in the morning and afternoon (P=0.025 and 0.023). Mean LH ranged from 0.24 to 0.43ngmL-1 and was approximately double as high as basal LH in individual sows. In 60.8% of cases, LH pulses were followed by a progesterone pulse within 1h. In conclusion, the present study showed that corpus luteum function appears to respond to LH pulsatility on Day 14 of pregnancy. However, the response varies at the level of individual sows. In addition, systemic postprandial decreases in progesterone were confirmed on Day 14 of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Hoving
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S M Haen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - B F A Laurenssen
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - O A T Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - N M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hoving LL, Soede NM, Feitsma H, Kemp B. Lactation Weight Loss in Primiparous Sows: Consequences for Embryo Survival and Progesterone and Relations with Metabolic Profiles. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47:1009-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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