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Abdel Halim El-Harairy M, Mohamed Shamiah SM, Hai Ali Attia KA, Mohamed Yehia Mehrez S. Impact of Some Ions Administration on Sex Ratio and Ovarian Structures in Rabbits. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:500-506. [PMID: 34486309 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.500.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The sex pre-selection for offspring before conception is desirable demand especially for the breeding program of farm animals. This study aimed to evaluate the preconception treatment of monovalent and divalent ions on the primary sex ratio, ovarian structures and serum minerals levels in New Zealand white rabbit does. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Nine New Zealand white rabbits doe<i> </i>(5.4±0.61 months of age and 2.4±0.35 kg of body weight) were used. Rabbits in the 1<sup>st</sup> group were given drinking water only (control). While the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> groups were given 1% of (calcium and magnesium) and (sodium and potassium) in daily drinking water, respectively for 15 days before mating. The embryos of each group were individually collected after three days of mating for primary sex detection using SRY (Sex Determining Region Y) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. Mineral analyses for all studied animals were weekly detected in serum before and after mating. <b>Results:</b> The primary sex ratio for embryos of rabbits does receive (Na+K) produced more males (69.7%) while (Ca+Mg) administrated rabbits does produce more females (72.2%). The mineral treatment leads to a significant increase in the number of corpus luteum, total embryos, follicles bleeding and a significant decline in the count of large follicles. Also, there was no significant change in serum Na and Ca levels in the treated groups compared to the control. <b>Conclusion:</b> The preconception administration of Ca+Mg could produce more females while Na+K could produce more males without adverse side effects on serum minerals concentration.
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Cedeño Y, Miranda M, Orjales I, Herrero-Latorre C, Suárez M, Luna D, López-Alonso M. Serum Concentrations of Essential Trace and Toxic Elements in Healthy and Disease-Affected Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061052. [PMID: 32570865 PMCID: PMC7341321 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Establishing reference ranges for essential and toxic trace elements in dogs is important to assess health status and to enable assessments of the background levels of toxic element exposure. On the other hand, establishing whether trace element concentrations vary in relation to different pathologies is also important. Serum concentrations of trace elements may be effective diagnostic markers and may help in understanding the pathogenesis of different diseases (and the associated causal relationships). Abstract This study was designed (i) to establish reference ranges for the essential trace element and background levels of toxic element exposure in the healthy/normal dog population, and (ii) to evaluate whether trace element concentrations vary in dogs suffering from different pathologies. Blood serum samples were collected from 187 healthy and diseased dogs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela (northwest Spain). The samples were acid digested, and the concentrations of trace elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn) and toxic elements (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This enabled us to establish reference ranges for the essential trace elements and the level of toxic element exposure in dogs, and to identify several clinical situations associated with variations in trace elements in serum. Relative to concentrations in healthy control dogs, statistically significant differences were observed in the concentrations of Cu (significantly higher in hepatic, inflammatory/infectious and oncological categories), Mo (significantly higher in renal category), Se (significantly lower in gastrointestinal category) and Zn (significantly lower in gastrointestinal, inflammatory/infectious and renal categories). Trace element concentrations can be a cause or consequence of disease, and the study findings indicate that trace element determination in serum provides useful information on the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Further research on the serum concentrations of trace elements, particularly in relation to other biochemical parameters and diagnostic tools, may provide valuable information for the diagnosis of diseases in dogs and the disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Cedeño
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (Y.C.); (D.L.); (M.L.-A.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito EC170521, Ecuador
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (I.O.); (M.S.)
- Rof-Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Inmaculada Orjales
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (I.O.); (M.S.)
- Rof-Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos Herrero-Latorre
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Maruska Suárez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (I.O.); (M.S.)
- Rof-Codina Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Diego Luna
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (Y.C.); (D.L.); (M.L.-A.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito EC170521, Ecuador
| | - Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (Y.C.); (D.L.); (M.L.-A.)
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Qasim M, Jin JX, Lee S, Taweechaipaisankul A, Setyawan EMN, Kim GA, Lee BC. Effects of manganese on maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro and their subsequent embryo development after parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:259-265. [PMID: 30905887 PMCID: PMC6584182 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the effects of manganese (Mn) on the developmental competence of porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) after
parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Upon treatment of porcine oocytes with different concentrations (0, 3, 6, and 12 ng/ml) of Mn during IVM, PA was
performed to determine the optimum concentration. Following PA, the rate of blastocyst formation was higher significantly in treated porcine oocytes at 6 ng/ml of Mn than in other groups (P
< 0.05). However, there was no substantial difference in the cleavage rate and total blastocyst cell numbers among all groups. SCNT was performed using the optimal concentration of Mn
from PA, which showed an improved blastocyst formation rate in treated oocytes compared to that in control group (P < 0.05). However, the cleavage rate and total cell numbers per
blastocyst were not different between the control and the Mn treated groups after SCNT. Additionally, oocyte nuclear maturation, intracellular glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) levels were assessed. There was no significant difference observed in nuclear maturation among all the groups. However, enhanced intracellular GSH levels while lower levels of ROS were
seen in the Mn treated group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Thus, these results indicate that Mn supplementation can improve the developmental competence of porcine PA and SCNT
embryos by increasing GSH and decreasing ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Xue Jin
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Anukul Taweechaipaisankul
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Erif Maha Nugraha Setyawan
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon A Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kim MJ, Oh HJ, Hwang SY, Hur TY, Lee BC. Health and temperaments of cloned working dogs. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:585-591. [PMID: 29929355 PMCID: PMC6167335 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs serve human society in various ways by working at tasks that are based on their superior olfactory sensitivity. However, it has been reported that only about half of all trained dogs may qualify as working dogs through conventional breeding management because proper temperament and health are needed in addition to their innate scent detection ability. To overcome this low efficiency of breeding qualified working dogs, and to reduce the enormous costs of maintaining unqualified dogs, somatic cell nuclear transfer has been applied in the propagation of working dogs. Herein, we review the history of cloning working dogs and evaluate the health development, temperaments, and behavioral similarities among the cloned dogs. We also discuss concerns about dog cloning including those related to birth defects, lifespan, and cloning efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sun Young Hwang
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital and Small Animal Clinical Research Institute, Seongnam 13590, Korea
| | - Tai Young Hur
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Kim MJ, Oh HJ, Choi YB, Lee S, Setyawan EMN, Lee SH, Lee SH, Hur TY, Lee BC. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid during in vitro culture improves development of dog-pig interspecies cloned embryos but not dog cloned embryos. J Reprod Dev 2018; 64:277-282. [PMID: 29695650 PMCID: PMC6021613 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate whether the treatment of dog to pig interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) embryos with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, to improve nuclear reprogramming, can be applied to dog SCNT embryos. The dog to pig iSCNT embryos were cultured in fresh porcine zygote medium-5 (PZM-5) with 0, 1, or 10 µM suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 6 h, then transferred to PZM-5 without SAHA. Although there were no significant differences in cleavage rates, the rates of 5-8-cell stage embryo development were significantly higher in the 10 µM group (19.5 ± 0.8%) compared to the 0 µM groups (13.4 ± 0.8%). Acetylation of H3K9 was also significantly higher in embryos beyond the 4-cell stage in the 10 µM group compared to the 0 or 1 µM groups. Treatment with 10 µM SAHA for 6 h was chosen for application to dog SCNT. Dog cloned embryos with 0 or 10 µM SAHA were transferred to recipients. However, there were no significant differences in pregnancy and delivery rates between the two groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that although porcine oocytes support nuclear reprogramming of dog fibroblasts, treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor that supports nuclear reprogramming in dog to pig iSCNT embryos was not sufficient for reprogramming in dog SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Bin Choi
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Erif Maha Nugraha Setyawan
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hee Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Young Hur
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Zhao M, Lee S, Kim DH, No J, Nam Y, Ock SA, Ko YG, Hur TY. Dog cloning with in vivo matured oocytes obtaining using serum estradiol levels for predicting time of ovulation. Theriogenology 2017; 107:109-114. [PMID: 29145064 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dog cloning using in vivo-matured oocytes has been carried out for a decade. To obtain mature oocytes, serum progesterone (P4) levels are used to evaluate ovulation. However, the accuracy of these methods is not sufficient. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the feasibility of serum estradiol (E2) on canine ovulation determination as assessed by the percentage of dogs yielding mature oocytes. In vivo-matured oocytes were utilized for canine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and serum P4 and E2 levels were assessed to determine ovulation and oocyte maturation. Canine serum P4 and E2 concentrations during both pro-estrus and estrus were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The percentage of dogs yielding mature oocytes using each of the two ovulation prediction methods were compared, and correlations between the percentage of each method and temperature were analyzed. Following evaluation, oocytes were collected surgically, and a significantly higher percentage (P < 0.05) of dogs yielding mature oocytes was observed using E2 (56.43%) for ovulation detection as compared with that using P4 (39.60%). The percentage of dogs yielding mature oocytes using P4 significantly lower (P < 0.05) than E2 in autumn (P4, 37.50% vs. E2, 52.00%) and winter (P4, 29.17% vs. E2, 59.09%). Using E2, the percentage was maintained at about 52.00-66.67% regardless of the season and temperature. Correlation analysis showed that the dynamic of percentage of dogs yielding mature oocyte using P4 was highly correlated with environmental temperature (RP4 = 0.862), whereas E2 was not affected by temperature (RE2 = 0.199). To determine whether serum E2 could be used for ovulation prediction for canine cloning, ovulation of 25 and 19 dogs (P < 0.05) were predicted using P4 or E2 methods, respectively and two puppies, one from each ovulation prediction method, were obtained after SCNT and embryo transfer. Thus, compared with the P4 method, E2 was an accurate and reliable method for canine cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhao
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingu No
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseok Nam
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun A Ock
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Gyu Ko
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SH, Oh HJ, Kim MJ, Kim GA, Choi YB, Jo YK, Setyawan EMN, Lee BC. Effect of co-culture canine cumulus and oviduct cells with porcine oocytes during maturation and subsequent embryo development of parthenotes in vitro. Theriogenology 2017; 106:108-116. [PMID: 29049922 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the estrus stage, canine oocytes are surrounded by cumulus cells and undergo maturation in the oviduct for 2-3 days after ovulation. We hypothesized that canine oviduct cells (cOC) and canine cumulus cells (cCC) during this stage might affect the maturation of oocytes and thereby improve subsequent embryo development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of a cOC and cCC co-culture on oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and subsequent embryo development, and to analyze the gene expressions in a molecular fashion what co-culture actually gives the specific pathways in which the co-culture cells act to improve maturation and embryo development. The effect of co-culture using cOC and cCC on porcine oocyte IVM was investigated. Thereafter, oocytes were activated using electrical stimulation and embryo developmental competence was estimated. The expression of the genes related to oocyte maturation, embryo development and apoptosis were analyzed. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels after IVM was analyzed. The IVM rate and embryo development including cleavage, blastocyst formation rates, and total blastocyst cell numbers from cOC group were significantly higher than other groups (P < 0.05). The expression of SMAD2/3 and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) was significantly increased in cOC and oocytes from the cOC group compared with other groups. Moreover, the levels of GDF9, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), WNT3A and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) were significantly up-regulated in blastocysts from the cOC group. The concentration of ROS was significantly lower in the supernatant of cOC groups compared with other groups. Also, the expression of BCL2 was significantly increased in porcine cumulus cells and oocytes from cOC group. The present study demonstrated that co-culture with cOC improved in vitro porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development competence. Also, co-culture with cOC during IVM induces a suitable environment for oocyte maturation by enhancing the mRNA level of SMAD2/3 and GDF9, and for embryo development by elevating the expression level of PTGS2, WNT3A and MMP2. In addition, the decreased ROS level in cOC co-culture could have a beneficial influence on oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon A Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Bin Choi
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kwang Jo
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Erif Maha Nugraha Setyawan
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Altering histone acetylation status in donor cells with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid does not affect dog cloning efficiency. Theriogenology 2015; 84:1256-61. [PMID: 26259535 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although dog cloning technology has been applied to conservation of endangered canids, propagation of elite dogs, and production of transgenic dogs, the efficiency of cloning is still very low. To help overcome this problem, we evaluated the effect of treating donor cells with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on dog cloning efficiency. Relative messenger RNA expressions of the bax1/bcl2 ratio and Dnmt1 in fibroblasts treated with different concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50 μM) of SAHA and durations (0, 20, 44 hours) were compared. Treatment with 1 μM for 20 hours showed significantly lower bax1/bcl2 and Dnmt1 transcript abundance. Acetylation of H3K9 was significantly increased after SAHA treatment, but H4K5, H4K8 and H4K16 were not changed. After SCNT using control or donor cells treated with SAHA, a total of 76 and 64 cloned embryos were transferred to seven and five recipients, respectively. Three fetuses were diagnosed in both control and SAHA-treated groups by ultrasonography 29 days after the embryo transfer, but there was no significant difference in the pregnancy rate (4.2% vs. 4.3%). In conclusion, although SAHA treatment as used in this study significantly decreased bax1/bcl2 and Dnmt1 transcripts of donor nuclei, as well as increased H3 acetylation, it was not enough to increase in vivo developmental competence of cloned dog embryos.
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