1
|
Althouse GC. Contaminant toxicity of concern for boars and semen used in assisted reproduction programs. Anim Reprod Sci 2024:107519. [PMID: 38897823 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The commercial swine industry utilizes artificial insemination (AI) in their breeding programs. With this assisted reproductive technology, the process starts by obtaining fresh ejaculates from desirable boars who are housed in a dedicated facility (i.e., stud) that also contains a clean-room laboratory where semen quality is assessed and then ejaculates processed into AI doses. In concert with AI adoption, disruptions in sow herd reproductive performance have been traced back to contributions made from the boar stud. Through field investigations and research, several extrinsic contaminants have been identified that impact semen quality either at the boar or AI-dose level. These contaminants can be categorized as either biological or chemical in origin, eliciting reprotoxic outcomes at the boar level and/or spermatotoxicity at the AI-dose level. Biological contaminants include multiple genera of primarily opportunistic microbes (i.e., bacteria, fungi), along with their secondary metabolites (e.g., endotoxins, exotoxins, mycotoxins). Chemical contaminants appear to originate from products used at the stud, and include cleaning agent/disinfectant residues, leachates from gloves and plastics, semen extender impurities, purified and drinking water impurities, and pesticides (i.e., biocides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, wood preservatives). In conclusion, contaminants are a real and constant threat to the health and productivity of a stud, and have caused significant reproductive and economic losses in the swine industry. The knowledge gained in recognizing the types and sources of contaminants provides a solid foundation for the development and implementation of pro-active strategies that mitigate risk to the industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Althouse
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luther AM, Nguyen TQ, Verspohl J, Waberski D. Update of the cooling protocol for antibiotic-free storage of boar semen at 5°C improves sperm quality and maintains low bacterial counts. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305280. [PMID: 38865384 PMCID: PMC11168697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Preserving boar semen at 5°C instead of the conventional storage temperature of 17°C would enable a reduction of antibiotic use in pig insemination. To protect the chilling-sensitive boar spermatozoa, holding the extended semen at a higher temperature before cooling could be beneficial and facilitate the implementation of the innovative preservation concept in practice, provided that bacterial growth is kept at a low level. The aim of this study was to introduce a holding time (HT) at 17°C before cooling and to examine the effect on sperm quality and bacterial growth compared to the original cooling protocol for antibiotic-free 5°C semen storage. A series of experiments with semen doses from eight boars extended in Androstar® Premium without conventional antibiotics revealed that sperm kinematics and the integrity of sperm plasma membranes and acrosomes were improved with HT between 16 and 24 h followed by delayed cooling with 0.04°C/min when compared to the original protocol for semen preservation at 5°C (p < 0.05). Both a shorter HT of 6 h and a faster cooling rate of 0.07°C/min reduced sperm quality (p < 0.05). The HT for 24 h did not compromise the inhibitory effect on bacterial growth during long-term semen storage at 5°C, not even in semen doses spiked with Serratia marcescens. In conclusion, semen storage at 5°C with the modified cooling protocol improved sperm quality and is antimicrobially efficient. It thus presents a ready-to-use tool for a reduction or replacement of antibiotics in pig insemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Luther
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thu Quynh Nguyen
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Waberski
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bortolozzo FP, Zanin GP, Christ TS, Rech RD, da Rosa Ulguim R, Mellagi APG. Artificial insemination and optimization of the use of seminal doses in swine. Anim Reprod Sci 2024:107501. [PMID: 38782677 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The optimization of processes associated with artificial insemination (AI) is of great importance for the success of the pig industry. Over the last two decades, great reproductive performance has been achieved, making further significant progress limited. Optimizing the AI program, however, is essential to the pig industry's sustainability. Thus, the aim is not only to reduce the number of sperm cells used per estrous sow but also to improve some practical management in sow farms and boar studs to transform the high reproductive performance to a more efficient program. As productivity is mainly influenced by the number of inseminated sows, guaranteeing a constant breeding group and with healthy animals is paramount. In the AI studs, all management must ensure conditions to the health of the boars. Some strategies have been proposed and discussed to achieve these targets. A constant flow of high-quality and well-managed breeding groups, quality control of semen doses produced, more reliable technology in the laboratory routine, removal of less fertile boars, the use of intrauterine AI, the use of a single AI with control of estrus and ovulation (fixed-time AI), estrus detection based on artificial intelligence technologies, and optimization regarding the use of semen doses from high genetic-indexed boars are some strategies in which improvement is sought. In addition to these new approaches, we must revisit the processes used in boar studs, semen delivery network, and sow farm management for a more efficient AI program. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities in adopting some technologies to achieve satisfactory reproductive performance and efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Piovesan Zanin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Thaís Spohr Christ
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dalmina Rech
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Waberski D, Luther AM. Boar semen storage at 5 °C for the reduction of antibiotic use in pig insemination: Pathways from science into practice. Anim Reprod Sci 2024:107486. [PMID: 38704330 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Storage of boar semen at 5 °C instead of the conventional temperature of 17 °C is an innovative preservation concept. It enhances protection against the growth of bacteria normally occurring in the ejaculates and potential drug-resistant contaminants from the environment. Thereby it allows the reduction or even elimination of antibiotics in porcine semen extenders. The present article reviews the current state of the low-temperature preservation approach of boar semen, with a special focus on antimicrobial efficiency and fertility in field insemination trials. Particularly the role of semen extenders and temperature management for the achievement of high fertility and biosecurity are elucidated. Insemination data of 1,841 sows in there different countries revealed equally high farrowing rates and litter sizes of semen stored at 5 °C compared to the controls stored at 17 °C. Microbiology data obtained from semen doses spiked with multi-drug resistant bacteria showed the efficiency of the cold semen storage for inhibiting the growth of Serratia marcescens, a bacterial species with high sperm-toxicity. Evolving concepts on the physiological role of the male reproductive microbiome for female fertility provides a further argument against the complete eradication of bacteria in the semen dose by antibiotic additives to the extenders. Finally, motivation and practical considerations for the use of the novel preservation tool in artificial insemination of pigs are revealed, which might encourage the transformation towards a sustainable production of boar semen doses following the One Health approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Waberski
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine/Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, Hannover D-30559, Germany.
| | - Anne-Marie Luther
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine/Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, Hannover D-30559, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gonzalez-Castro RA, Peña FJ, Herickhoff LA. Spermatozoa cooled to 5°C one day after collection from porcine commercial semen doses retain sperm functionality with reduced bacterial load. Andrology 2024; 12:186-197. [PMID: 37058577 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial porcine semen is stored at 17°C, leading to a reduction of sperm quality and increase of bacterial growth. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of 5°C storage on porcine sperm functionality cooled one day after collection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semen doses (n = 40) were transported at 17°C and cooled at 5°C one day after collection. Spermatozoa were evaluated at Days 1, 4, and 7 for motility, viability, acrosome integrity, membrane stability, intracellular zinc, oxidative stress, and bacterial growth. RESULTS Contaminated semen doses predominantly exhibited Serratia marcescens, with increasing bacterial load during 17°C storage. Under hypothermal storage, negative doses for bacteria growth at Day 1 remained negative, and bacterial load did not increase in bacterial contaminated samples. Motility was significantly reduced through 17°C storage, but at 5°C, motility was only reduced at Day 4. Samples with bacterial growth (35.0%, 14/40) had significantly reduced motility at 17°C, but motility was unaltered at 5°C. Plasma membrane and acrosome integrity without bacterial contamination were unaffected at 17°C, but were significantly reduced at 5°C on Day 7. Plasma membrane and acrosome integrity significantly decreased with bacterial contamination regardless of temperature. High mitochondrial activity in viable spermatozoa without bacteria was not altered by temperature, but was significantly reduced by bacterial contamination at 17°C. Membrane stability was significantly reduced at Day 4, but tended (p = 0.07) to be higher in samples without bacterial growth. Viable spermatozoa exhibiting high zinc were significantly reduced throughout storage regardless of temperature. Oxidative stress levels were not altered, but significantly increased with bacterial contamination at 17°C. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Porcine spermatozoa cooled to 5°C one day after collection retain functional attributes similar to spermatozoa stored at 17°C, but have a reduced bacterial load. Cooling extended boar semen to 5°C is feasible after transport to avoid modifying semen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Gonzalez-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Fernando J Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schulze M, Jung M, Hensel B. Science-based quality control in boar semen production. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:612-620. [PMID: 35355365 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing understanding of sperm physiology, combined with innovative technical advances, continuously furthers the development of boar semen production management. These improvements pave the way for the future implementation of modified quality assurance concepts. This review provides an overview of current trends and new approaches in boar semen production, focusing on: the improvement of hygienic standards, alternatives to the use of antibiotics including the application of cold temperature storage and the utilization of antimicrobial additives, as well as the implementation of new quality control tools. Furthermore, the influence of dilution and temperature management, as well as new possibilities for an improvement of boar semen shipping and storage conditions are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Markus Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - Britta Hensel
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ngo C, Suwimonteerabutr J, Prapasarakul N, Morrell JM, Tummaruk P. Bacteriospermia and its antimicrobial resistance in relation to boar sperm quality during short-term storage with or without antibiotics in a tropical environment. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 37198655 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In tropical environments, boar semen is prepared either from a boar on the same farm as the sow herd or collected in semen collection centers and then transported to other farms. Thus, the semen doses can be used for artificial insemination either immediately or preserved for 2-3 days. The present study investigated the bacteriospermia and its antimicrobial resistance in relation to boar sperm quality during short-term storage in semen extender with or without antibiotics in Thailand. M&M: In total, 20 Duroc ejaculates were collected. Each ejaculate was diluted in Beltsville Thawing Solution extender either with 0.25 g of gentamicin per liter (ANTIBIOTIC) or without gentamicin (NO-ANITIBIOTIC) to create semen doses containing 3,000 × 106 sperm/100 mL. These were stored at 17 °C for 4 days. Semen characteristics and total bacterial count (CFU per mL, log10) were measured after collection and during storage. RESULTS Sperm viability was decreased by 6.4% for every 1.0 log10 increase in total bacterial count (p = 0.026) and Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated across ejaculates. Throughout the 4 days of storage, sperm motility, viability and acrosome integrity in the ANTIBIOTIC group were higher than those in the NO-ANTIBIOTIC group (p < 0.05), while the total bacterial count was lower (1.9 ± 0.1 versus 3.9 ± 0.1 log10, respectively; p < 0.001). Without antibiotic supplementation, the total numbers of bacteria counted on days 2 and 3 of storage were higher than those determined on days 0 and 1 (p < 0.001). Differences in semen quality were detected on days 2 and 3 between the NO-ANTIBIOTIC and ANTIBIOTIC groups in high-viability semen (p < 0.05). However, no differences in sperm quality between the NO-ANTIBIOTIC and ANTIBIOTIC groups were detected in the low-viability semen on each storage day (p > 0.05). On the last day of preservation, Globicatella sanguinis (57.2%), Delftia acidovorans (18.9%) and Micrococcus spp. (5.9%) remained as the top three most abundant contaminants in the semen with antibiotic. CONCLUSION Our findings contribute new insights toward reducing antibiotics as well as rational antibiotic use in the boar AI industry. The growth of bacteria was significantly greater only after 2 days of preservation in the semen without antibiotic. For semen doses diluted from highly viable ejaculates, it is possible to store for 2 days without any antibiotic supplementation. Moreover, bacterial counts increased at the end of storage in the presence of gentamycin, suggesting the loss of bacteriostatic properties of gentamicin to the growth of bacteria during storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CongBang Ngo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Junpen Suwimonteerabutr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Diagnosis and Monitoring for Animal Pathogens, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lacalle E, Fernández-Alegre E, Soriano-Úbeda C, Martínez-Martínez S, Domínguez JC, González-Montaña JR, Morrell JM, Martínez-Pastor F. Single layer centrifugation (SLC) for bacterial removal with Porcicoll positively modifies chromatin structure in boar spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2023; 201:95-105. [PMID: 36857978 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The storage of boar semen samples at 17 °C for artificial insemination (AI) doses enables the proliferation of the bacteria, making antibiotics necessary. This can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study tested bacterial presence and sperm chromatin structure after using a low-density colloid (Porcicoll) as an antibiotic alternative to eliminate bacteria. Ejaculates (8 boars, 3 ejaculates each) were split as control and low-density colloid centrifugation (single layer centrifugation, SLC, 20%, and 30% Porcicoll) into 500 ml tubes. Analyses were carried out at days 0, 3, and 7 (17 °C) for microbial presence and sperm chromatin structure analysis: %DFI (DNA fragmentation) and %HDS (chromatin immaturity), monobromobimane (mBBr; free thiols and disulfide bridges), and chromomycin A3 (CMA3; chromatin compaction). Besides comparing bacterial presence (7 species identified) and chromatin variables between treatments, the associations between these sets of variables were described by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Results showed a significant decrease of some bacteria or a complete removal after SLC (especially for P30). SLC also caused a decrease of %HDS and an increase of disulfide bridges and low and medium mBBr populations, suggesting the removal of immature sperm (poor chromatin compaction). CCA showed an association pattern compatible with the degradation of sperm chromatin parameters with bacterial contamination, especially Enterobacteria, P. aeuriginosa, and K. variicola. In conclusion, bacterial contamination affects sperm chromatin beyond DNA fragmentation; SLC with low-density colloid not only removes bacteria from boar semen, but also chromatin structure is enhanced after selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Lacalle
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Bianor Biotech SL, León, Spain
| | - Estela Fernández-Alegre
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Bianor Biotech SL, León, Spain
| | - Cristina Soriano-Úbeda
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Domínguez
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - J Ramiro González-Montaña
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-75057, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Felipe Martínez-Pastor
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology (Cell Biology), Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lacalle E, Martínez-Martínez S, Fernández-Alegre E, Soriano-Úbeda C, Morrell J, Martínez-Pastor F. Low-density colloid centrifugation removes bacteria from boar semen doses after spiking with selected species. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:215-225. [PMID: 37031470 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-layer centrifugation (SLC) with a low-density colloid is an efficient method for removing contaminating microorganisms from boar semen while recovering most spermatozoa from the original sample. This study tested the performance of this technique, using 50-ml tubes, by spiking commercial semen doses prepared without antibiotics with selected bacterial species followed by storage at 17 °C. The doses were spiked up to 102/ml CFU (colony forming units) of the bacteria Burkholderia ambifaria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus simulans. The semen was processed by SLC (15 ml of sample and 15 ml of colloid) with the colloid Porcicoll at 20% (P20) and 30% (P30), with a spiked control (CTL) and an unspiked control (CTL0), analyzing microbiology and sperm quality on days 0, 3 and 7. SLC completely removed B. ambifaria and S. simulans, considerably reducing P. aeruginosa and overall contamination (especially P30, ∼104 CFU/ml of total contamination on day 7, median). Sperm viability was lower in P20 and P30 samples at day 0, with higher cytoplasmic ROS. Still, results were similar in all groups on day 3 and reversed on day 7, indicating a protective effect of SLC (possibly directly by removal of damaged sperm and indirectly because of lower bacterial contamination). Sperm chromatin was affected by the treatment (lower DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation) and storage (higher overall condensation on day 7 as per chromomycin A3 and monobromobimane staining). In conclusion, SLC with low-density colloids can remove most bacteria in a controlled contamination design while potentially improving sperm quality and long-term storage at practical temperatures.
Collapse
|
10
|
Growth Dynamic and Threshold Values for Spermicidal Effects of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Extended Boar Semen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030788. [PMID: 36985361 PMCID: PMC10058892 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was first to examine the prevalence of bacteria-associated loss of sperm quality in samples from insemination centers during a seven-year semen monitoring program and, second, to investigate the growth dynamic of four different multidrug-resistant bacterial species and their impact on sperm quality during semen storage. A reduced sperm quality associated with bacterial contamination was found in 0.5% of 3219 of the samples from insemination centers. In samples spiked with Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella oxytoca, bacterial growth by six log levels was seen during storage at 17 °C, causing loss of sperm motility, membrane integrity, membrane fluidity, and mitochondrial membrane potential at >107 CFU/mL (p < 0.05). Storage at 5 °C in the Androstar Premium extender efficiently inhibited their growth. Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Burkholderia cepacia showed limited growth up to two log levels at 17 °C and did not impair sperm quality. In conclusion, spermatozoa tolerate moderate loads of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and hypothermic, antibiotic-free semen storage effectively limits bacterial growth. The constant use of antibiotics in semen extenders should be reconsidered.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu Q. Effects of zinc chloride on boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17°C. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1217-1225. [PMID: 36757104 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) at 20, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL on the quality of seminal plasma-free boar sperm stored at 17°C for 7 days and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Boar sperm were collected and incubated in non-capacitation/capacitation medium to analyze sperm quality. RESULTS In the non-capacitated state, the addition of ZnCl2 at 20 and 50 μg/mL improved the survival rate and plasma membrane integrity of boar sperm (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the addition of ZnCl2 significantly increased total antioxidative capacity and CuZn superoxide dismutase activity, while reducing the malondialdehyde content (p < 0.05). ZnCl2 at 100 and 200 μg/mL significantly decreased sperm motility, protein kinase A (PKA) substrate phosphorylation, and tyrosine phosphorylation. These proteins were mainly located on the mid-pieces of the flagellum. The addition of ZnCl2 at 20 and 50 μg/mL conveyed a protective effect to boar sperm stored at 17°C. Furthermore, ZnCl2 at 100 and 200 μg/mL inhibited sperm motility via tyrosine phosphorylation, thus preventing the 'capacitation-like' state. In the capacitated state, there was no change in PKA substrate phosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of the mid-pieces of the flagellum compared to the control groups, indicating that the addition of Zn2+ did not negatively affect capacitation of preserved sperm. CONCLUSIONS ZnCl2 showed protective capacity to the preservation extender used for boar sperm during the process of 17°C storage, and the optimal concentration of ZnCl2 for the preservation extender was 100 μg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Contreras MJ, Núñez-Montero K, Bruna P, Zárate A, Pezo F, García M, Leal K, Barrientos L. Mammals' sperm microbiome: current knowledge, challenges, and perspectives on metagenomics of seminal samples. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167763. [PMID: 37138598 PMCID: PMC10149849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial growth is highly detrimental to sperm quality and functionality. However, during the last few years, using sequencing techniques with a metagenomic approach, it has been possible to deepen the study of bacteria-sperm relationships and describe non-culturable species and synergistic and antagonistic relationships between the different species in mammalian animals. We compile the recent metagenomics studies performed on mammalian semen samples and provide updated evidence to understand the importance of the microbial communities in the results of sperm quality and sperm functionality of males, looking for future perspectives on how these technologies can collaborate in the development of andrological knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Contreras
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Kattia Núñez-Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo Bruna
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ana Zárate
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Pezo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías García
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Karla Leal
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leticia Barrientos
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- *Correspondence: Leticia Barrientos,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pena Jr S, Pagente MA, Ymas BP, Janier MB. Bacteriospermia among smallholder artificial insemination boars in the Philippines and potential associated factors. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.365230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
14
|
Contreras MJ, Núñez-Montero K, Bruna P, García M, Leal K, Barrientos L, Weber H. Bacteria and Boar Semen Storage: Progress and Challenges. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121796. [PMID: 36551453 PMCID: PMC9774694 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine breeding today is based on artificial insemination with chilled semen. This is stored at 5 °C with antibiotic supplementation to avoid bacteriospermia. There are many negative consequences on sperm quality and functionality as a result of bacterial contamination, as well as on the health of the sow. Nowadays, various techniques are being developed to reduce the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and thus avoid the generation of antibiotic resistance genes. This review aims to inform about the bacterial contamination consequences of storing liquid semen from boar and to provide an update on current methods and alternatives to antibiotic use in cold storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Contreras
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Kattia Núñez-Montero
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Pablo Bruna
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Matías García
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Karla Leal
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Leticia Barrientos
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (H.W.)
| | - Helga Weber
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Center of Excellence in Traslational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (H.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Candida Genus Maximum Incidence in Boar Semen Even after Preservation, Is It Not a Risk for AI though? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217539. [PMID: 36364363 PMCID: PMC9656137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information in the literature about the fungal contamination of boar semen and its persistence during storage. The challenge of this study was to perform a mycological screening to identify the yeast in the raw semen at 12/24 h after dilution. The research was done in pig farms in the N-E area of Romania, with maximum biosecurity and state-of-the-art technology. All the examined ejaculates (101) were considered to be normal for each spermogram parameter, with microbiological determinations in T0 at the time of ejaculate collection, T1 at the time of dilution, and T2 at 24 h of storage. Microbiological determinations (mycological spermogram) were performed for quantitative (LogCFU/mL) and qualitative (typification of fungal genera) identification. Bacterial burden (×103 LogCFU/mL) after dilution (T1) decreased drastically (p < 0.0001) compared to the one in the raw semen (T0). After 24 h of storage at 17 °C, the mean value of the bacteriospermia remained constant at an average value of 0.44. Mycospermia had a constant trend at T0 (raw) and T1 (0.149 vs. 0.140) and was slightly higher at T2 (0.236). The difference between T1 vs. T2 (p = 0.0419) was close to the statistical reference value (p = 0.05). Of the total genera identified (24), the fungi had a proportion of 37.4% (9/15) and a ratio of 1:1.6. Regarding the total species (34), the fungi had a frequency of 29.42% (10/24) with a ratio between the fungi and bacteria of 1:2.4. A fertility rate of 86% was observed in the L1 group (50 AI sows with doses and mycospermia from T1), and an 82% rate was observed in the L2 group (50 AI sows with doses and mycospermia from T2). The litter size of L1 was 9.63 piglets and 9.56 for L2. Regarding the total number of piglets obtained between the two groups, there was a slight decrease of 22 piglets in group L2, without statistical differences (p > 0.05). The predominant genera persisted after dilution during a 12 h storage at 17 °C, where yeasts, such as Candida parapsilosis and C. sake were identified in more than 92% of AI doses.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wiebke M, Hensel B, Nitsche-Melkus E, Jung M, Schulze M. Cooled storage of semen from livestock animals (part I): boar, bull, and stallion. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106822. [PMID: 34400028 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review is part of the Festschrift in honor of Dr. Duane Garner and provides an overview of current techniques for cooled storage of semen from livestock animals. The first part describes the current state of the art of liquid semen preservation in boars, bulls, and stallions, including the diluents, use of additives, processing, temperature, and cooling of semen. The species-specific physiology and varying extents of cold shock sensitivity are taken into consideration. In addition, factors influencing the quality of cooled-stored semen are discussed. Methods, trends, and the most recent advances for improving sperm quality during cold-temperature storage are highlighted and their respective advantages and disadvantages are contrasted. There has been much progress in recent years regarding cold-temperature storage of boar sperm and there is great potential for a large-scale use to replace the current 17 °C temperature storage regime and the associated use of antibiotics in the future. For stallion sperm, there is an opposite trend away from previous low-temperature storage towards storage at higher temperatures to increase sperm viability and longevity. In bulls, liquid storage of sperm is mostly used in the seasonal dairy production systems of New Zealand and Ireland, but with further research focusing on shelf-live elongation of liquid preserved sperm, there is potential for an application in breeding programs worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wiebke
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - B Hensel
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - E Nitsche-Melkus
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - M Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - M Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gonzalez‐Castro R, Porflidt C, Patton T, Goins D, Herickhoff L. Effect of season, genetic line and temperature during transport on sperm motility of commercial insemination doses of pooled boar semen: a retrospective study. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1363-1374. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Gonzalez‐Castro
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins Colorado US
| | | | - Toni Patton
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
| | - Donna Goins
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
| | - Lisa Herickhoff
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kou Z, Wang C, Gao L, Chu G, Yang G, Pang W. Icariin improves pig sperm quality through antioxidant and antibacterial effects during liquid storage at 17 °C. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
19
|
Boar Semen Contamination: Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010043. [PMID: 35011149 PMCID: PMC8749634 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Boar semen can contain many bacterial species, some of which can have a negative impact upon the quality of the semen, as well as on the sows’ reproductive capacity. Semen contamination may occur at time of collection or during semen processing. The aim of this study was to identify gram-negative bacteria that appear in boar semen and to establish models of antimicrobial resistance of isolated gram-negative bacteria. Semen doses examined contained bacterial species with a known negative effect on sows’ reproductive tracts (Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli), and more than half of these isolates were resistance to gentamycin (56.52%) and penicillin (58.69%) antimicrobials commonly used in boar semen extenders. This work proved the presence of pathogenic multiple resistant bacteria in semen, and therefore, we highly recommend periodic microbiological screening of bacteriospermia in boars to avoid the use of low-quality semen in the pig industry. Abstract Bacterial contamination of boar semen occurs with some frequency in artificial insemination centers and may have a negative effect on the quality of the semen as well as on the sows’ reproductive capacity. Normally, the source of bacterial contamination in pig seminal doses is the own boar. However, distilled water or laboratory equipment used to elaborate the seminal doses can be an important source of bacterial contamination. This study focused on the identification of gram-negative bacteria in boar semen, and impact on the quality of ejaculates obtained from boar, as well as on the establishment of antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated gram-negative bacteria. Semen samples were collected from 96 boars, ranging in age from 12–36 month, from three artificial insemination centers from the North-West of Romania. Bacterial species were identified by two methods: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and API 20 E (BioMerieux, France). The main bacteria isolated from the doses diluted semen were gram-negative bacteria (47.91%), with a majority of the contaminant bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae: Seratia marcescens 19.56%, Proteus mirabilis 15.21% and Escherichia coli 10.86% and to the family Pseudomonaceae: Ralstonia picketii 17.39%, Burkholderia cepacia 10.86%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.69%, and Pseudomonas fluorescens 4.34%, respectively. More than half of these isolates (56.52%) were resistant to gentamycin and 58.69% were resistant to penicillin. These antibiotics are very frequently added in sperm diluent in the centers for the processing of sperm from boars in Romania. Regular monitoring for bacterial contamination is an important aspect of a control program.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghoneim IM, Al-Mubarak AH, Fayez MM, Waheed MM, El-Bahr SM. Impact of antibiotics on spermatozoa quality and bacterial load of chilled-stored camels (Camelus dromedarius) semen. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:21. [PMID: 34936039 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different antibiotics in tris-fructose egg yolk-based diluent on bacterial load and sperm quality of dromedary camels during processing and cold storage. Ten semen ejaculates were collected from five male dromedary camels. Each sample was fractioned into four equally divided aliquots and diluted in one of four tris-fructose egg yolk. The first extender contained no antibiotic (NC). The second extender included streptomycin sulphate (1000 μg/ml) and benzyl penicillin (1000 IU/ml) (SP). The third extender was supplied with 250 μg/ml gentamicin sulphate (Gent). The fourth extender contained 500 μg/ml gentamicin sulphate,100 μg/ml tylosin tartrate, 300 μg/ml lincomycin hydrochloride and 600 μg/ml spectinomycin hydrochloride (GTLS). After dilution, the extended semen samples were cooled to 5 °C within 2 h and finally stored at 5 °C for 72 h. Microbial concentration, motility of spermatozoa, live spermatozoa, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity percentages were evaluated just after dilution at 35 °C, 0, 24, 48 and 72 h from the start of cooling to 5 °C. The results revealed that the diluent containing gentamicin had significantly (P<0.05) maximum motility percentage at the different examination intervals. The pattern of live spermatozoa percentage was varied between the different treatments at different examination intervals. The diluent supplied with Gent was distinguished with a significant peak percentage (P<0.05) of swelled spermatozoa among the other antibiotics supplied diluents. The number of colony-forming units isolated from the semen samples kept in diluent containing no antibiotics was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that isolated from the diluents supplemented with antibiotics. In conclusion, the semen diluents fortified with gentamicin generally keep the motility, acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity and live spermatozoa for 72-h preservation of dromedary semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Ghoneim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Al-Hufof, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12515, Egypt
| | - A H Al-Mubarak
- Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Fayez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M M Waheed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Al-Hufof, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12515, Egypt.
| | - S M El-Bahr
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology (Biochemistry), College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Al-Hufof, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Efficiency of Selected Extenders against Bacterial Contamination of Boar Semen in a Swine Breeding Facility in Western Slovakia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113320. [PMID: 34828051 PMCID: PMC8614807 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the efficiency of selected semen extenders to prevent bacterial overgrowth in boar ejaculates stored for 72 h. Among the identified bacterial isolates, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most prevailing species. While all extenders supplemented with antibiotics ensured a satisfactory sperm vitality during the storage period, neither of them was able to achieve a complete elimination of bacteria from extended semen. Furthermore, a number of bacterial isolates exhibited resistance to several antibiotics chosen for the microbial susceptibility test (e.g., tigecyklin and ciprofloxacin). Abstract Bacteriospermia has become a serious factor affecting sperm quality in swine breeding, this is why antibiotics (ATBs) are a critical component of semen extenders. Due to ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance, the aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of selected commercially available semen extenders to prevent a possible bacterial contamination of boar ejaculates. Three Androstar Plus extenders containing different combinations of antibiotics were used to process ejaculates from 30 healthy Duroc breeding boars. Androstar Plus without antibiotics was used as a control. The extended samples were stored at 17 °C for 72 h. Sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, DNA integrity and oxidative profile of each extended sample were assessed following 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Furthermore, selective media were used to quantify the bacterial load and specific bacterial species were identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The results indicate that semen extenders enriched with ATBs ensured a significantly higher preservation of the sperm quality in comparison to the ATB-free control. The total bacterial count was significantly decreased in the extenders supplemented with ATBs (p < 0.001), however gentamycin alone was not effective enough against Gram-positive bacteria, while a few colonies of Enterococcus hirae, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium spp. were present in the samples extended in the presence of a triple combination of ATBs. In conclusion, we may suggest that semen extenders enriched in antibiotics were not able to fully eliminate the bacteria present in the studied samples. Furthermore, selection of suitable antibiotics for semen extension should be accompanied by adequate hygiene standards during the collection and handling of boar ejaculates.
Collapse
|
22
|
Antimicrobially Active Semen Extenders Allow the Reduction of Antibiotic Use in Pig Insemination. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111319. [PMID: 34827258 PMCID: PMC8615084 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in semen extenders for livestock may contribute to the development and spreading of multi-drug resistance. Antimicrobial control in semen doses for artificial insemination of pigs is indispensable due to the relatively high storage temperature (17 °C). The objectives of this study were first, to examine whether the antimicrobial capacity differs between antibiotic-free extenders and second, to determine whether an antimicrobial active extender provides the possibility to reduce antibiotics. Antibiotic-free semen extenders Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and Androstar Premium were inoculated at 103 to 104 CFU/mL with four pure bacterial strains isolated from boar ejaculates or a mixture thereof, and then stored for 144 h at 17 °C. Bacterial counts after aerobic culture decreased in BTS up to one log level and decreased in Androstar Premium by 2 to 3.5 log levels (p < 0.05). In semen samples from nine boars stored in the inoculated Androstar Premium extender containing half of the standard concentration of gentamicin, bacteria counts were below 101 CFU/mL. Likewise, half of the standard dose of apramycin and ampicillin was fully antimicrobially active and sperm quality was maintained. In conclusion, semen extenders with intrinsic antimicrobial activity allow a reduction in antibiotic use in pig insemination.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ciornei Ş, Drugociu D, Ciornei LM, Mareş M, Roşca P. Total Aseptization of Boar Semen, to Increase the Biosecurity of Reproduction in Swine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206183. [PMID: 34684764 PMCID: PMC8541232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish the complete microbiological profile of boar semen (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to choose the most effective antiseptic measures in order to control and optimize AI reproduction in pig farms. One hundred and one semen samples were collected and analyzed from several pig farms. The microbiological profile of ejaculates was determined by evaluating the degree of contamination of fresh semen and after dilution with specific extenders. The bacterial and fungal load of fresh boar semen recorded an average value of 82.41/0.149 × 103 CFU/mL, while after diluting the ejaculates the contamination value was 0.354/0.140 × 103 CFU/mL. Twenty-four germs (15 bacterial and 9 fungal species) were isolated, the most common being Candida parapsilosis/sake (92%) and Escherichia coli (81.2%). Modification of the sperm collection protocol (HPBC) reduced contamination in raw sperm by 49.85% in bacteria (significant (p < 0.00001) and by 9.67% in fungi (non-significant (p < 0.111491). The load in bacteria and filamentous fungi can be controllable, but not in levuras fungi. Some fluconazole-added extenders (12.5 mg%), ensure fungal aseptization, and even an increase in sperm progressivity (8.39%) for at least a 12 h shelf life after dilution. Validation of sperm aseptization was done by maintaining sow fecundity unchanged after AI (insignificant p > 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ştefan Ciornei
- Reproduction Clinic, Department Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS), M. Sadoveanu Alee, no 6, 700489 Iaşi, Romania; (Ş.C.); (D.D.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Dan Drugociu
- Reproduction Clinic, Department Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS), M. Sadoveanu Alee, no 6, 700489 Iaşi, Romania; (Ş.C.); (D.D.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Liliana Margareta Ciornei
- Reproduction Clinic, Department Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS), M. Sadoveanu Alee, no 6, 700489 Iaşi, Romania; (Ş.C.); (D.D.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Mihai Mareş
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS), M. Sadoveanu Alee, no 6, 700489 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Petru Roşca
- Reproduction Clinic, Department Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS), M. Sadoveanu Alee, no 6, 700489 Iaşi, Romania; (Ş.C.); (D.D.); (L.M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Development of a new antimicrobial concept for boar semen preservation based on bacteriocins. Theriogenology 2021; 173:163-172. [PMID: 34416447 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The conventional storage temperature of 16-18 °C provides optimal conditions for the preservation of boar sperm quality, which are extremely cold sensitive cells. On the other hand, however, it requires the addition of antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth. Rising numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria call for alternatives to this conventional storing method. As potential alternative, three different bacteriocin candidates with known bacteriolytic activity against E. coli were examined on possible negative effects concerning the sperm quality and on their impact on bacterial growth of E. coli ILSH 02692 in BTS-extended semen w/o antibiotics. Although the lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.25%) of all bacteriocins did not show any impact on the quality of the semen, the higher concentrations (0.5 and 1.0%) of two bacteriocins led to a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in several sperm quality characteristics. The bacteriocin 860/1c after AMS/dialysis did not affect the sperm quality in any of the tested concentrations and in all tested extenders (BTS, MIII, Androstar Premium and Androhep all w/o antibiotics) at 16 °C as well as at 6 °C. This bacteriocin reduced growth of E. coli ILSH 02692 in BTS-extended semen by 50% compared to the control w/o bacteriocin. Furthermore, a preliminary insemination trial indicated no impact of the selected bacteriocin on fertility. These promising results show that the application of bacteriocins in liquid-preserved semen is a feasible possibility in the future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Paschoal AFL, Mellagi APG, Ferrari CV, Takeuti KL, Oliveira GDS, Bernardi ML, Ulguim RDR, Bortolozzo FP. Adjusted method of penis fixation during boar semi-automatic semen collection aiming to reduce bacterial contamination. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:897-904. [PMID: 33740831 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semen collection has an essential role in the initial bacterial load in boar ejaculates and extended semen. The study aimed to explore the efficacy of an adjusted penis fixation in a semi-automatic collection system on reducing bacterial contamination of ejaculates in two-boar studs with different scenarios. Historically, stud A had low levels of bacterial load in raw semen, while stud B had a high level of contamination. A total of 56 mature boars had their semen collected using two methods of penis fixation: (a) Traditional: The penis was fixed directly with the artificial cervix and transferred to the adjustable clamp; (b) Adjusted: The fixation was performed with one gloved-hand, and after exteriorization, the penis was gripped using the artificial cervix with the other gloved-hand and transferred to the adjustable clamp. The bacterial load (p = .0045) and the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml (p = .0101) were reduced in the Adjusted compared to the Traditional method. Bacterial load was reduced when using the Adjusted method in stud B (p = .0011), which showed a greater occurrence of critical factors for bacterial contamination (p ≤ .0034). The Adjusted method reduced the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml when the preputial ostium was dirty (p = .016) and the duration of semen collection was >7 min (p = .022) compared to the Traditional method. In conclusion, the Adjusted penis fixation was efficient in reducing bacterial load of ejaculates, mainly in boar stud B, which had high contamination challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fernanda Lopes Paschoal
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Karine Ludwig Takeuti
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Silva Oliveira
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Martínez-Pastor F, Lacalle E, Martínez-Martínez S, Fernández-Alegre E, Álvarez-Fernández L, Martinez-Alborcia MJ, Bolarin A, Morrell JM. Low density Porcicoll separates spermatozoa from bacteria and retains sperm quality. Theriogenology 2021; 165:28-36. [PMID: 33611172 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are added to semen extenders to control the growth of bacteria contaminating semen during collection but may contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. An alternative would be physical separation of spermatozoa from bacteria. The objective of the present study was to evaluate two low densities of Porcicoll for removal of bacteria, and for their effect on sperm recovery and sperm quality. Semen was collected from boars at a commercial station. Aliquots of 8 extended ejaculates were subjected to colloid centrifugation through 20% Porcicoll (P20) and 30% Porcicoll (P30) in 500 mL tubes and then stored at 17 °C. Microbiological examination and sperm quality evaluation (computer assisted sperm analysis and flow cytometry) were carried out on controls and all colloid-selected samples immediately after preparation and again after storage for 3 and 7 days. The microorganisms found were mainly bacteria from the environment, gut or skin. There was a considerable reduction or complete removal of some bacteria by both colloids. Recovery rates were 86% for P20 and 81% for P30. Sperm quality was not adversely affected by colloid centrifugation on day 0, and thereafter showed a more gradual deterioration in colloid centrifuged samples than in controls, possibly due to lower bacterial contamination. There were no differences in sperm quality between the two colloid treatments. Thus, these results show that contaminating bacteria in semen can be controlled by centrifugation through low density colloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Martínez-Pastor
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain; Molecular Biology (Cell Biology), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - E Lacalle
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - A Bolarin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jäkel H, Scheinpflug K, Mühldorfer K, Gianluppi R, Lucca MS, Mellagi APG, Bortolozzo FP, Waberski D. In vitro performance and in vivo fertility of antibiotic-free preserved boar semen stored at 5 °C. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:9. [PMID: 33423688 PMCID: PMC7798330 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermic preservation of boar semen is considered a potential method for omitting antibiotics from insemination doses, thereby contributing to the global antibiotic resistance defence strategy. The main challenges are chilling injury to spermatozoa and bacterial growth during semen storage leading to reduced fertility. OBJECTIVES To examine chilling injury and the number and type of bacteria in boar semen stored at 5 °C in the absence of antibiotics, and to assess the applicability of hypothermic semen storage under field conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Boar ejaculates were extended with AndroStar® Premium, stored at 17 °C with and at 5 °C without antibiotics and tested for functional sperm parameters by flow cytometry. Raw semen and extended samples were investigated bacteriologically. Fertility was evaluated after once-daily inseminations of 194 sows in a field study. RESULTS Lethal sperm damage assessed by motility and membrane integrity was low throughout storage in both experimental groups. Sublethal chilling effects based on the decrease of viable spermatozoa with low membrane fluidity were higher (P < 0.05) up until 72 h in sperm stored at 5 °C compared to 17 °C but did not differ after 144 h. After 72 h, incubation in capacitating medium for 60 min induced a similar decrease in viable sperm with high mitochondria membrane potential and low cytosolic calcium in both groups. In semen stored at 5 °C, bacteria counts were below 103 CFU/mL and the bacteria spectrum was similar to that of raw semen. In 88% of 34 boars, cooled semen fulfilled the requirements for insemination. Fertility was high and did not differ (P > 0.05) between sow groups inseminated with semen stored antibiotic-free at 5 °C and semen stored at 17 °C with antibiotics. CONCLUSION Despite subtle chilling effects and low bacterial numbers, antibiotic-free hypothermic storage of boar semen offers the possibility to reduce the use of antibiotics in pig insemination. However, strict sanitary guidelines must be maintained and further evidence of efficiency under field conditions is considered desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Jäkel
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine of the Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathi Scheinpflug
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Mühldorfer
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Gianluppi
- Animal Science Department, Swine Sector, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus Schardong Lucca
- Animal Science Department, Swine Sector, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Animal Science Department, Swine Sector, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Animal Science Department, Swine Sector, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Dagmar Waberski
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine of the Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
A pilot RNA-seq study in 40 pietrain ejaculates to characterize the porcine sperm microbiome. Theriogenology 2020; 157:525-533. [PMID: 32971422 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a key role in homeostasis and health and it has been also linked to fertility and semen quality in several animal species including swine. Despite the more than likely importance of sperm bacteria on the boar's reproductive ability and the dissemination of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes, the high throughput characterization of the swine sperm microbiome remains scarce. We carried RNA-seq on 40 ejaculates each from a different Pietrain boar and found that a proportion of the sequencing reads did not map to the Sus scrofa genome. The current study aimed at using these reads not belonging to pig to carry a pilot study to profile the boar sperm bacterial population and its relation with 7 semen quality traits. We found that the boar sperm contains a broad population of bacteria. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria (39.1%), Firmicutes (27.5%), Actinobacteria (14.9%) and Bacteroidetes (5.7%). The predominant species contaminated sperm after ejaculation from soil, faeces and water sources (Bacillus megaterium, Brachybacterium faecium, Bacillus coagulans). Some potential pathogens were also found but at relatively low levels (Escherichia coli, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis). We also identified 3 potential antibiotic resistant genes from E. coli against chloramphenicol, Neisseria meningitidis against spectinomycin and Staphylococcus aureus against linezolid. None of these genes were highly abundant. Finally, we classified the ejaculates into categories according to their bacterial features and semen quality parameters and identified two categories that significantly differed for 5 semen quality traits and 13 bacterial features including the genera Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Rhodobacter. Our results show that boar semen contains a bacterial community, including potential pathogens and putative antibiotic resistance genes, and that these bacteria may affect its reproductive performance.
Collapse
|
29
|
Schulze M, Jakop U, Schröter F, Herrmann C, Leiding C, Müller K, Jung M, Czirják GÁ. Antibacterial defense in bull and boar semen: A putative link to the microbiome and reproductive strategy? Theriogenology 2020; 157:335-340. [PMID: 32841830 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several domestic and wildlife species have been shown to possess antibacterial defenses in their ejaculate most probably in order to increase the fertilization success and protect against sexually transmitted pathogens. However, very little is known about the consequences and factors influencing the differences within and between species as far as ejaculate-associated immunity. In the present study, we have analyzed bacterial killing activity (BKA) against Escherichia (E.) coli and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus as well as lysozyme concentrations (LC) in seminal plasma from 60 Fleckvieh bulls. Further, sperm quality and its association with BKA and LC were determined. Twenty percent of the individuals displayed BKA against both bacteria, 78.3% against S. aureus only and 1.7% of the bulls did not indicate any BKA in seminal plasma. No bulls with seminal plasma BKA only against E. coli were identified; implying that 80.0% of the tested bulls had no ejaculate associated defense mechanisms against this gram-negative bacterial species in place. This is in striking contrast to results of Pietrain boars within our previous study, in which 42.8% of the 119 boars expressed an antibacterial activity against E. coli in seminal plasma, 10.9% amongst them with BKA against E. coli only. LC was higher in the bull group with BKA against both bacteria (1.2 ± 0.6 μg/mL) compared to the group with BKA against S. aureus only (0.7 ± 0.3 μg/mL), but - if calculated over all individuals - LC in bulls (0.8 ± 0.4 μg/mL) was lower compared to boars (2.4 ± 1.2 μg/mL). LC showed positive correlations to the age of the bulls and sperm quality as well as a negative relation to bacterial load in raw semen although the highest bacterial contamination was found in animals with seminal plasma BKA against both strains. We discuss the obtained results with regards to possible differences within the microbiome of female and male genital tracts and the reproductive strategies (vaginal vs. uterine depositors) in these two livestock species. Besides identifying the responsible molecules, future phylogenetically controlled comparative studies are needed for a better understanding of the evolution of species differences in ejaculate-associated antibacterial defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany.
| | - U Jakop
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - F Schröter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School "Theodor-Fontane", Ladeburger Straße 17, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - C Herrmann
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - C Leiding
- Besamungsverein Neustadt a. d. Aisch e. V., Karl-Eibl-Str. 17-27, D-91413, Neustadt a. d. Aisch, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - G Á Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Low temperature preservation of porcine semen: influence of short antimicrobial lipopeptides on sperm quality and bacterial load. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13225. [PMID: 32764567 PMCID: PMC7410844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a steadily increasing problem and poses a serious threat to global public health. Therefore, it is highly necessary to advance the development of novel antimicrobial compounds and semen preservation strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate a low temperature, antibiotic-free preservation procedure using Androstar Premium (ASP) extender (Minitüb) with antimicrobial lipopeptides. Firstly, seven lipopeptides in two concentrations (1 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/2 × MIC) were tested on their sperm-compatibility at 17 °C. Two lipopeptides, C16-KKK-NH2 and C16-KKKK-NH2, did not negatively affect sperm quality and were further evaluated for their efficiency of bacterial growth inhibition at 5 °C. Besides an overall diminution of colony forming units, both peptides showed a reduction of bacterial subcultures (n = 103) with a decrement in Gram-positive rods from 65 (ASP w/o supplements) to 39/52 (ASP w/ C16-KKK-NH2/C16-KKKK-NH2), in Gram-positive cocci from 21 to 9/10 and in Gram-negative species from 17 to 8/5 total subcultures. Furthermore, lipopeptides revealed activity towards selected bacteria of potential concern in artificial insemination like Trueperella pyogenes, Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (not C16-KKK-NH2), Pasteurella sp., Providencia stuartii, Escherichia coli (not C16-KKKK-NH2) and Streptococcus porcinus (not C16-KKKK-NH2). Consequently, both tested lipopeptides are promising candidates for alternative antibiotic-free preservation techniques of boar semen.
Collapse
|
31
|
Soler-Llorens P, Mendoza N, Miguel J, Falceto MV, Mitjana O, Ausejo R. Insemination of sows with seminal doses prepared by a two-step hypothermic dilution does not impair the reproductive performance at farm. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:1202-1209. [PMID: 32614487 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction in swine is mostly carried out through artificial insemination (AI). For this purpose, AI studs collect the ejaculates, analyse the sperm quality, dilute and package to produce seminal doses and ship them to sow farms to carry out the AI. Temperature is controlled during the process to avoid sperm damage. Semen is diluted in the extender in a one-step or a two-step process where the second can be isothermic (approximately 32°C) or hypothermic (room temperature 21-22°C). Both techniques are currently performed, and the latter could reduce time and costs, but the literature available comparing the processes is scarce and presents discrepancies. To date, there are no studies about its impact in fertility. This study compared hypothermic two-step dilution (HTSD) and isothermic two-step dilution (ITSD) in laboratory and field trial to elucidate whether HTSD has any effect. Ejaculates from 72 boars in nine AI studs were split and processed with both techniques using a high-performance extender and evaluated in laboratory. Four farms inseminated 345 sows with samples of four of these AI studs, and their fertility and prolificacy were registered. Results show no significant differences between doses prepared by HTSD and ITSD technique, having no impact in laboratory results (percentage of motile sperm, short hypoosmotic swelling test (sHOST) and short osmotic resistance test (sORT), viable sperm, damaged acrosomes, sperm under early apoptosis, high mitochondrial membrane potential (p > .1), fertility (92.2% versus 94.1%, p = .45) or farrowing rate (15.8 ± 0.3 versus 16.1 ± 0.3 p = .46). In conclusion, our results suggest that HTSD of semen on extender could be safely implemented in AI studs under the conditions tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Mendoza
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Magapor SL, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Miguel
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Magapor SL, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Victoria Falceto
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Obstetricia y reproducción, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olga Mitjana
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Obstetricia y reproducción, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Ausejo
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Magapor SL, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Determination of a cooling-rate frame for antibiotic-free preservation of boar semen at 5°C. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234339. [PMID: 32516324 PMCID: PMC7282664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermic storage of boar semen provides the possibility to omit antibiotics from semen extenders so long as sperm quality is maintained and bacterial growth prevented. The objective of this study was to determine an optimal cooling-rate frame for boar semen preserved at 5°C in an antibiotic-free extender. Semen from eight boars extended in AndroStar® Premium was cooled from 30°C to 5°C using seven different cooling rates, ranging initially from 0.01 to 0.36°C min–1 and reaching 5°C between 2 h and 24 h after dilution. Sperm motility, membrane integrity, membrane fluidity, mitochondrial membrane potential and the response to the capacitation stimulus bicarbonate remained at a high level for 144 h at 5°C when the semen was initially cooled in a cooling-rate frame ranging from 0.01 to 0.09°C min‑1 in the temperature zone from 30 to 25°C, followed by 0.02 to 0.06°C min–1 to 10°C and 0.01 to 0.02°C min‑1 to the final storage temperature. A cooling rate of 0.07°C min–1 in the temperature zone from 30 to 10°C led to a reduced response to bicarbonate (P < 0.01) and fast cooling to 5°C within 1 h with a cooling rate of 0.31°C min–1 resulted in lower values (P > 0.05) of all sperm parameters. In a further experiment, slow cooling with a holding time of 6 h at 22°C induced after 6 h storage a temporary increase in Escherichia coli of 0.5 × 103 to 2.4 × 103 CFU mL–1 in the sperm-free inoculated extender. Overall, the load of mesophilic bacteria in the stored semen was below 6 × 103 CFU mL–1, a level that is not regarded as critical for sperm quality. In conclusion, appropriate cooling protocols were established for the antibiotic-free storage of boar semen at 5°C, allowing the application of hypothermic preservation in research and in artificial insemination.
Collapse
|
33
|
Santos CS, Silva AM, Maia KM, Rodrigues GSO, Feijó FMC, Alves ND, Oliveira MF, Silva AR. Composition of semen and foreskin mucosa aerobic microbiota and its impact on sperm parameters of captive collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:521-531. [PMID: 32281210 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the bacterial composition of collared peccary semen and foreskin mucosa, and to verify the sensitivity of isolates to antimicrobials used in semen conservation and to Aloe vera gel, which is an alternative external cryoprotectant. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine foreskin mucosa and ejaculate samples from adult animals were used. Sperm characteristics and bacterial load were evaluated in fresh semen. The preputial mucosa and semen bacterial isolates were identified and tested against five concentrations of each antimicrobial (streptomycin-penicillin and gentamicin) and A. vera gel. Corynebacterium sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated in greater numbers than others in both semen (64·10 and 20·51%, respectively) and the foreskin mucosa (60·60 and 24·25%, respectively), and ranged from 0·4 to 21 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml. The average load of Corynebacterium sp. was negatively correlated (P < 0·05) with the sperm membrane integrity (r = -0·73055) and curvilinear velocity (r = -0·69048). Streptomycin-penicillin and gentamicin inhibited most micro-organisms, and A. vera showed lower antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSION Several Gram-positive bacteria are present in semen and foreskin mucosa of collared peccary, and the benefits of using primarily penicillin-streptomycin and gentamicin antimicrobials in the bacterial control of diluted semen of these animals are strongly indicated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides insight into the reproductive microbiota of captive male-collared peccary. This work provides a theoretical basis to assist reproductive biotechnologies for ex situ conservation of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Santos
- Laboratory for Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - A M Silva
- Laboratory for Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - K M Maia
- Laboratory for Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - G S O Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal Rural University of SemiArid (UFERSA), Mossoro, RN, Brazil
| | - F M C Feijó
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal Rural University of SemiArid (UFERSA), Mossoro, RN, Brazil
| | - N D Alves
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal Rural University of SemiArid (UFERSA), Mossoro, RN, Brazil
| | - M F Oliveira
- Laboratory for Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - A R Silva
- Laboratory for Animal Germplasm Conservation, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Antimicrobial Resistance as a Problem for the Quality of Boar Semen. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether the bacteria from the environment and from the mucous membrane of the boar prepuce have antimicrobial resistance and whether the result obtained is similar/same to the bacteria that can be found in native boar semen. The study addresses the problem of the presence of primarily resistant bacterial strains in the boar sperm, which, due to their reduced sensitivity, cannot be suppressed by antibiotics used in the semen dilution agent, as well as to emphasize the importance of microbiological monitoring of the boar mucous membranes and ambient surfaces before and during their exploitation. Such an examination could contribute to the interchangeable design of the dilution agent for the boar semen relative to the antibiotic content.Resistant strains of bacteria from prepuce swabs and swabs taken from the facility, as well as from native boar semen were isolated. The presence of these bacteria affected the quality of the semen. In conclusion, it should be pointed out that bacterial monitoring of the prepuce and surface of the facility can indicate possible problems related to the quality of semen, and that the design of the dilution agent for boar semen should be adjusted to the established resistance of isolated bacteria.
Collapse
|
35
|
Menezes TDA, Mellagi APG, da Silva Oliveira G, Bernardi ML, Wentz I, Ulguim RDR, Bortolozzo FP. Antibiotic-free extended boar semen preserved under low temperature maintains acceptable in-vitro sperm quality and reduces bacterial load. Theriogenology 2020; 149:131-138. [PMID: 32259750 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the sperm quality and number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) in extended boar semen stored at low temperatures with or without antibiotics. Normospermic ejaculates (n = 34) were diluted in split samples with Androstar® Premium with or without antibiotics (ampicillin and apramycin sulfate). The extended semen doses were stored for 120 h under three storage temperatures (5, 10, and 17 °C). Variables were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure, in a factorial design. The extended semen doses under low-temperature storage (5 and 10 °C) had total motility above 75% throughout the storage. The interaction antibiotic × temperature was significant for total (P = 0.004) and progressive motility (P = 0.005). In extended boar semen doses with antibiotics, the total and progressive motility increased as the storage temperature increased (80.2%, 84.5%, and 89.1%; 70.5%, 76.0%, and 82.9% for total and progressive motility at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.05). In extended semen doses without antibiotics, the total and progressive motility were lower when stored at 5 °C than at 10 °C and 17 °C (81.8%, 85.4% and 86.6% and 71.9%, 76.7%, 78.9% for total and progressive motility at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.05). After the thermoresistance test, total and progressive motility of doses with antibiotics were higher at 17 °C than 5 °C (P < 0.05); however, they were not affected (P > 0.05) by storage temperature in extended semen doses without antibiotics. The number of CFU mL-1 was lower in extended semen doses without antibiotics stored at 5 and 10 °C than at 17 °C (P < 0.05); however, in extended semen doses with antibiotics, no effect of storage temperature was observed (P > 0.05). The bacterial load was greater in extended semen without antibiotics than with antibiotics, regardless of the storage temperature (P < 0.05). The acrosome and sperm membrane integrity were not influenced (P > 0.05) by using antibiotics. A higher percentage of normal acrosomes was observed as the storage temperature increased (93.6%, 94.3%, and 96.8% at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.0001). The membrane integrity was higher (P < 0.0001) in extended semen doses stored at 17 °C than at 10 or 5 °C. The pH rose throughout the storage in all the treatments, except in extended semen doses stored at 17 °C without antibiotics, in which a decrease in the pH occurred at 120 h (P < 0.05). Although the sperm quality being negatively affected by low temperatures, the storage of extended boar semen doses at 5 °C is possible since the sperm viability in vitro was maintained for up to 5 days, fulfilling the requirements of semen quality to be used in artificial insemination. Nevertheless, the use of extended semen doses without antibiotics requires the optimization of hygiene procedures during semen dose processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tila de Alcantara Menezes
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Silva Oliveira
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mari Lourdes Bernardi
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivo Wentz
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schulze M, Nitsche-Melkus E, Hensel B, Jung M, Jakop U. Antibiotics and their alternatives in Artificial Breeding in livestock. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 220:106284. [PMID: 32005501 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are mandatory components of semen extenders for the control of bacterial contamination and growth. The increasing rate of worldwide resistance to conventional antibiotics in semen preservation media requires the development of new antimicrobial alternatives. This review provides an update on this topic and also highlights the improvement of hygiene in Artificial Insemination centers in order to prevent the development of bacterial resistance. Ideas are shared on future diagnostic tools for bacterial contamination in Artificial Breeding. Finally, new methods to remove or reduce bacteria in semen will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany.
| | - E Nitsche-Melkus
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - B Hensel
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - M Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - U Jakop
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nitsche-Melkus E, Bortfeldt R, Jung M, Schulze M. Impact of hygiene on bacterial contamination in extended boar semen: An eight-year retrospective study of 28 European AI centers. Theriogenology 2019; 146:133-139. [PMID: 31806246 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic agents such as gentamicin represent essential components of semen extenders in order to reduce bacterial contamination. But antibiotic resistance increases and AI centers start utilizing antibiotic agents which are more potent. Therefore, a shift to preventing bacterial contamination has to take place. In this study, we could demonstrate that hygiene is a tool capable of reducing bacterial load. In order to analyze 1434 extended semen samples and nine specially established hygienic critical control points (HCCPs, n = 828), 92 quality control audits have been carried out in a time period from 2012 until 2019 in 28 European AI centers. The results show the process of introducing a basic hygienic standard in audit 1 (2012/2013) and 2 (2014/2015) and the resulting achievements by means of improved hygienic conditions in audit 3 (2016/2017) and 4 (2018/2019). Within the scope of audit 1, 19% of the semen samples were contaminated with bacteria (cutoff ≥100 colony-forming units/mL). Audit 2 showed a bacterial load of 13.6% whereas during audit 3 and 4 very low bacterial contamination rates were recorded (4.5 and 5.5%, respectively). In the same manner, analysis of hygiene at different CCPs during semen production showed a decrease in all average HCCP-scores (score 1-6) comparing audit 4 to 1. By regression analysis we could show a significant audit-dependent association of the bacterial contamination in semen samples and hygiene of HCCPs. Furthermore, analysis of the odds ratio (OR) reveals that the bacterial contamination of certain HCCPs poses an increased risk of receiving bacterially contaminated semen samples (filling machine: OR = 3.02, P = 0.06; extender: OR = 8.97, P < 0.001; inner face of dilution tank lids: OR = 3.14, P = 0.09). Around 60% of the variance of the bacterial contamination in semen samples could be explained by hygienic conditions at different control points and their interaction with audit period and AI center. Antimicrobial agents are essential to protect human and animal health but excessive or inappropriate use can lead to the emergence of resistant bacteria. As shown in our study, hygiene management can significantly reduce bacterial contamination and is therefore capable of preventing antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Nitsche-Melkus
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - R Bortfeldt
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - M Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany
| | - M Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
De Lazari FL, Sontag ER, Schneider A, Araripe Moura AA, Vasconcelos FR, Nagano CS, Dalberto PF, Bizarro CV, Mattos RC, Mascarenhas Jobim MI, Bustamante-Filho IC. Proteomic identification of boar seminal plasma proteins related to sperm resistance to cooling at 17 °C. Theriogenology 2019; 147:135-145. [PMID: 31780059 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The modern pig industry relies on extensive use of artificial insemination with cooled semen. It is important that semen doses maintain their quality during processing, transport and storage before insemination to guarantee maximum fertility rates. However, ejaculates may respond differently to liquid preservation at 17 °C, despite the optimal quality assessed before cooling. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify differences in seminal plasma proteome of ejaculates with a higher or lower seminal resistance to storage at 17 °C. A total of 148 ejaculates from 65 sexually mature healthy boars were classified as: High Resistance to cooling (HR, total motility > 60% at 144h) and Low resistance to cooling (LR, total motility <60 at 72h). To identify differentially expressed seminal plasma proteins between HR and LR ejaculates, ten ejaculates of each group were analyzed by 2D SDS-PAGE and ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. The proteins associated with HR ejaculates were cathepsin B (spot 2803 and 6601, p < 0.01); spermadhesin PSP-I (spots 3101 and 3103, p < 0.05); epididymal secretory protein E1 precursor (spot 2101, p < 0.05) and IgGFc binding protein (spot 1603, p < 0.01). The protein associated with LR group was the Major seminal plasma PSPI (spot 9103, p < 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the association of boar seminal plasma proteins to semen resistance to cold storage at 17 °C. These results suggest the use of these proteins as biomarkers for semen resistance to preservation at 17 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Lucca De Lazari
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Tallini, 171, 95914-014, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Elistone Rafael Sontag
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Tallini, 171, 95914-014, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexander Schneider
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Tallini, 171, 95914-014, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Roger Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Celso Shiniti Nagano
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferrari Dalberto
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Av. Ipiranga 6681 - Prédio 92A Tecnopuc, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Valim Bizarro
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Av. Ipiranga 6681 - Prédio 92A Tecnopuc, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa Mattos
- REPROLAB, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Cunha Bustamante-Filho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Tallini, 171, 95914-014, Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Monaco D, Lacalandra GM. Considerations for the development of a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) semen collection centre. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 212:106239. [PMID: 31864495 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dromedary camel (DC) is a strategic animal for the exploitation of the desert and unhospitable lands (arid and semiarid areas). These animals are a genetic resource, locally adapted and more resilient to these environs, that may significantly contribute to food security and sustainable development of marginal land areas. Artificial insemination is the least invasive, least expensive technique for improving genetic selection and minimising transmission of venereal disease among animals and herds. Besides semen preservation protocols, specific approaches for the development of DC semen collection centres - biosecurity measures, screening for infectious diseases, management of animals, welfare, nutrition, control of seasonality, training, hygiene of semen collection and processing - have been considered less important aspects. The aim of this research is to describe the aspects related to the development of a DC semen collection centre, summarising the latest studies in the field of welfare, reproduction and diseases, and describing biosecurity and hygiene aspects related to semen collection and handling. Scientific gaps and requirements for maximising the production of good quality and safe-to-use semen doses with minimal risks of disease transmission are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Monaco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy.
| | - G M Lacalandra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Elmi A, Prosperi A, Zannoni A, Bertocchi M, Scorpio DG, Forni M, Foni E, Bacci ML, Ventrella D. Antimicrobial capabilities of non-spermicidal concentrations of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oils on the liquid phase of refrigerated swine seminal doses. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:76-81. [PMID: 31678456 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is increasing within the porcine industry with consequential high impact on human health, leading to a need for new antimicrobials. Lately, the scientific community has turned its interest towards natural compounds, and different essential oils have been tested on spermatozoa for preliminary assessment of toxicity before considering them as good substitutes for standard antibiotics. The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential antimicrobial effect of Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils, already evaluated for toxicity, on swine artificial insemination doses deprived of spermatozoa and stored at 16 °C for 5 days. This was accomplished by setting up an in vitro model with a standardized quantity of E. coli. Essential oils, previously chemo-characterized by means of gas chromatography, were tested at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/ml. Analyses, performed at 24 and 120 h, included optical density evaluation, bacterial DNA quantification by qPCR, and colony count. The results demonstrate that both Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils, at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml, are capable of delivering similar effects to ampicillin, used as control, on the experimental samples. At the lower concentration, M. alternifolia essential oil seemed more effective when compared to R. officinalis. Overall, these findings strengthen the hypothesis of the potential use of phyto-complexes as antimicrobial agents for reproductive biotechnologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Section of Parma, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Martina Bertocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Diana G Scorpio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Section of Parma, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati 13/A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Waberski D, Luther AM, Grünther B, Jäkel H, Henning H, Vogel C, Peralta W, Weitze KF. Sperm function in vitro and fertility after antibiotic-free, hypothermic storage of liquid preserved boar semen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14748. [PMID: 31611589 PMCID: PMC6791940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of antibiotics (AB) in semen extenders as a potential contribution to the global antimicrobial resistance threat is emerging. Here, we establish an AB-free hypothermic preservation strategy for boar semen and investigate its impact on sperm function, microbial load and fertility after artificial insemination (AI). Spermatozoa (12 boars) preserved in AB-free AndroStar Premium extender at 5 °C maintained high motility, membrane integrity, and a low DNA-fragmentation index throughout 72 h storage and results did not significantly differ from controls stored at 17 °C in extender containing AB (p = 0.072). Likewise, kinetic response of spermatoza to the capacitation stimulus bicarbonate during 180 min incubation in Tyrode's medium did not differ from 17 °C-controls. In a competitive sperm oviduct binding assay, binding indices did not differ between semen stored for 72 h AB-free at 5 °C and 17 °C-controls (n = 6 boars). Bacterial load < 103 CFU/ml after 72 h was measured in 88.9% of samples stored at 5 °C AB-free compared to 97.2% in 17 °C-controls (n = 36 semen pools, 23 boars). Fertility traits of 817 females did not differ significantly between the two semen groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, a hypothermic semen preservation strategy is presented which offers antibiotic-free storage of boar semen doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Waberski
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Anne-Marie Luther
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benita Grünther
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helen Jäkel
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Henning
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Vogel
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Karl Fritz Weitze
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Waberski D, Riesenbeck A, Schulze M, Weitze KF, Johnson L. Application of preserved boar semen for artificial insemination: Past, present and future challenges. Theriogenology 2019; 137:2-7. [PMID: 31186127 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is now used for breeding more than 90% of the sows in most of the world's primary pork producing countries. Despite the advancement of methods to cryopreserve boar semen, frozen semen has not been routinely used on farms because of limited efficiency. Liquid semen on the other hand, with 1.5-3 billion sperm per dose preserved up to seven days in long-term extenders, is in common use and is largely responsible for the widespread use of AI. Breeding organizations have defined individual thresholds for useable semen at 60-80% for motility and bacterial load of 0-1000 CFU/mL. Improvement in preservation techniques for liquid semen and better education of producers has been responsible for the higher efficiency of pig breeding, as measured by conception rate and increased litter size, with a minimum number of sperm. The introduction of deep intrauterine AI and advances in breeding management have also been contributing factors. The present article reviews the worldwide application of preserved boar semen from past to present and delineates future challenges. Pathways to increase breeding efficiency are outlined. The reconciliation of AI with sustainable breeding strategies is increasingly important. In this sense, guidelines for the prudent use of antibiotics in semen extenders are proposed. More efficient and sustainable pig AI awaits the introduction of sex-sorted sperm into AI practice. Another critical milestone that needs to be achieved is the replacement of conventional antibiotics in extenders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Waberski
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Anja Riesenbeck
- Genossenschaft zur Förderung der Schweinehaltung, Ascheberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, 16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - Karl Fritz Weitze
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics/Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oehler C, Janett F, Schmitt S, Malama E, Bollwein H. Development of a flow cytometric assay to assess the bacterial count in boar semen. Theriogenology 2019; 133:125-134. [PMID: 31091483 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a new flow cytometric assay for the determination of the bacterial count in commercially processed boar semen. In total 224 fresh boar semen samples collected at an AI-station were analyzed. The number of total viable counts (TVC) was determined by using flow cytometry after staining with SYBR Green I and Propidium Iodide (PI). In the first part of the study 111 fresh boar semen samples were spiked with pure cultures of defined numbers of bacteria commonly detected in boar ejaculates and analyzed by flow cytometry. In the second part, 113 fresh semen samples were assessed on the day of collection through flow cytometry and the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, as the standard bacteriological method. The first part of the study showed a strong correlation between the detected and expected numbers (r = 0.96; P < 0.001), while in the second part of the study the TVC determined by flow cytometry and by the MPN method correlated only moderately (r = 0.28; P < 0.01; median MPN: 24,000 ± MAD 21,600 bacteria/mL; median flow cytometry: 24,426 ± MAD 15,610 bacteria/mL). In summary flow cytometry is a fast alternative to the classical culture technique to determine highly contaminated boar ejaculates. The developed flow cytometric protocol enables one to enumerate the viable bacteria within fresh boar ejaculates without requiring numerous treatment steps, and thus offering the possibility of an on-line use in AI-centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Oehler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fredi Janett
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Malama
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Detection and characterization of Lactobacillus spp. in the porcine seminal plasma and their influence on boar semen quality. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202699. [PMID: 30192779 PMCID: PMC6128545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pathogenic bacteria in ejaculates has been a topic in boar semen preservation over the last decades. Since little information is available on commensal bacteria in boar semen, the aim of the present study was to identify commensal lactobacilli in fresh cryopreserved boar semen and to examine their influence on boar semen quality. Therefore, 111 boar ejaculates were investigated for the presence of Lactobacillus species. Thirty samples (27%) contained viable Lactobacillus species (e.g. L. amylovorus, L. animalis, L. reuteri and Weisella minor). L. animalis and L. buchneri DSM 32407 (isolated from the bovine uterus) qualified for further examinations based on their growth rate in six antibiotic-free boar semen extenders. After a 120 min short-term incubation with an antibiotic-free BTS-extender, progressive motility was diminished (P = 0.001) upon addition of 105 and 106 colony forming units (CFU/mL) L. animalis. The supplementation with L. buchneri DSM 32407 had no significant (P > 0.05) influence on sperm quality during short-term co-incubation. After 168 h long-term co-incubation, motility analysis revealed a negative (P = 0.026) impact of 105 CFU/mL L. buchneri DSM 32407. A concentration- and storage-dependent effect is particularly obvious (P < 0.001) using 106 CFU/mL L. buchneri DSM 32407. Most notably, the thermo-resistance (TRT) for 106 CFU/mL L. buchneri DSM 32407 (P = 0.001) was inferior to BTS with and without gentamicin after 72 and 168 h of semen co-incubation. The supplementation of 105 CFU/mL L. buchneri DSM 32407 impaired progressive motility to a lesser extent. The percentage of mitochondrially active spermatozoa after 96 h (P = 0.009) and membrane-intact spermatozoa after 168 h (P < 0.001) was lower when 106 CFU/mL L. buchneri DSM 32407 were suspended compared with all other groups. Finally, the addition of L. buchneri DSM 32407 to BTS-extended boar semen had no competitive effect on the total amount of bacteria 48 h after co-incubation. In summary, the present study demonstrated that there are Lactobacillus species present in the porcine seminal plasma, which can be cultivated using standard procedures. However, long-term co-incubation of lactic acid bacteria with spermatozoa had a negative influence on spermatozoa.
Collapse
|
45
|
Goularte KL, Ferreira CER, Madeira EM, Duval EH, Vieira AD, Mondadori RG, Lucia T. The implementation of a HACCP system improved the efficiency of a bull semen collection and processing center. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:108-113. [PMID: 34122640 PMCID: PMC8186879 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2017-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bull Semen Collection and Processing Centers (SCPC) have satisfactory control of sperm quality,
but commonly lack standardized quality control of hygiene procedures. This study assessed
the impact of implementing a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system in
a bull SCPC, comparing microbial counts on various steps of semen processing, semen quality
and costs across two periods (before and after the HACCP implementation). After surveying
all routine activities of the SCPC, control points were identified, preventive measures
were designed and corrective actions were employed, whenever necessary. Six months after
HACCP implementation, the system was audited and production data covering two similar periods
of two consecutive years were compared. Counts of colony forming units in samples collected
from artificial vaginas, flexible tubes from the straw filling machine and from fresh and
frozen semen after HACCP implementation were lower than during the previous period (P <
0.05). Improved post-thawing sperm motility, membrane integrity and acrosome integrity
(P < 0.0001) and reduced rejection of semen batches and frozen doses were observed after
HACCP implementation (P < 0.01), resulting in reduced opportunity costs. Thus, the implementation
of a HACCP system in a bull SCPC allowed low-cost production of high-quality semen doses with
reduced microbial contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lemos Goularte
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ranquetat Ferreira
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Mirapalheta Madeira
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Hallal Duval
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (LIPOA/UFPel), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Diniz Vieira
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Gianella Mondadori
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lucia
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cavalleri R, Becker JS, Pavan AM, Bianchetti P, Goettert MI, Ethur EM, Bustamante-Filho IC. Essential oils rich in monoterpenes are unsuitable as additives to boar semen extender. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13074. [PMID: 29938819 DOI: 10.1111/and.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of efficient boar semen extenders, there is still room for improvement of new formulas using new molecules that could increase fertilisation outcomes and substitute cryoprotectants and antibiotics. The goal of this work was to evaluate if the essential oils from the leaves of Myrrhinium atropurpureum and Cymbopogon citratus are suitable as additives in boar semen extender. The major compounds found in the essential oils from M. atropurpureum were 1,8-cineole (37.37%) and terpinolene (19.18%); and geranial (49.8%) and neral (33.24%) in essential oil of C. citratus. The addition of 1% and 0.1% of both essential oils to extended semen had immediate spermicidal effects (p < 0.05). Lower concentrations were tested and no cytotoxic effect was observed when M. atropurpureum essential oil was added at 0.001%. Differently, essential oil from C. citratus reduced sperm motility, membrane functionality and integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential even in concentrations as low as 0.001%. Also, addition of essential oils in low concentrations had no inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. We conclude that the essential oils from C. citratus and M. atropurpureum, rich in monoterpenes, are cytotoxic to swine spermatozoa, therefore unsuitable as semen extender additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Cavalleri
- Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa de Plantas e Produtos Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Júlia Sartori Becker
- Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa de Plantas e Produtos Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Aline Marjana Pavan
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Paula Bianchetti
- Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa de Plantas e Produtos Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Miranda Ethur
- Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa de Plantas e Produtos Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang C, Li JL, Wei HK, Zhou YF, Tan JJ, Sun HQ, Jiang SW, Peng J. Linear growth model analysis of factors affecting boar semen characteristics in Southern China. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5339-5346. [PMID: 29293763 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the factors affecting the semen traits of boars in Southern China. A total of 172,408 ejaculates of boars from 9 AI centers were collected from January 2013 to May 2016. A linear growth model was used to analyze the effects of leve1 1 (boar breed, age, season, and boar age at herd entry) and level 2 (housing type) factors on semen quality. The intraclass correlation coefficients of semen volume, total sperm number, functional sperm number, sperm concentration, motility, and abnormal sperm were 0.62, 0.62, 0.61, 0.60, 0.54, and 0.70, respectively. Boars reared in ordinary houses had lower total and functional sperm numbers than those reared in air filtration houses ( < 0.05). The functional sperm number of Duroc boars was lower than that of Landrace and Yorkshire boars ( < 0.05). The total and functional sperm numbers were lowest from May to September and peaked at the age of 34.1 and 37.7 mo, respectively. Furthermore, boars aged 8 and 9 mo at herd entry had greater functional sperm numbers than those aged 5, 6, 7, and 12 mo at herd entry ( < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between boars aged 8 mo and boars aged 9 mo at herd entry ( > 0.05). In conclusion, the linear growth model is suitable for longitudinal data analysis. To improve boar breeding, sunstroke prevention in the early spring should be given greater attention. Importantly, 8 mo appears to be the most suitable age for boar introduction, especially for Duroc boars.
Collapse
|
48
|
Elmi A, Banchelli F, Barone F, Fantinati P, Ventrella D, Forni M, Bacci ML. Semen evaluation and in vivo fertility in a Northern Italian pig farm: Can advanced statistical approaches compensate for low sample size? An observational study. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 192:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
49
|
Lopez Rodriguez A, Van Soom A, Arsenakis I, Maes D. Boar management and semen handling factors affect the quality of boar extended semen. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 28770098 PMCID: PMC5525438 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is the preferred method for reproduction in the majority of the intensive pig production systems Worldwide. To this end, fresh extended ready-to-use semen doses are either purchased from AI-centres or produced by boars kept on-farm. For profitable semen production, it is necessary to obtain a maximum amount of high quality semen from each boar. This paper reviews current knowledge on factors that may affect semen quality by influencing the boar or the semen during processing. Genetic markers could be used for early detection of boars with the highest fertility potential. Genetic selection for fast growth might jeopardize semen quality. Early detection of boars no longer fit for semen production might be possible by ultrasonography of the testes. Seasonal variation in sperm quality could be associated with changes in photoperiod and heat stress during summer. Comfortable housing, with appropiate bedding material to avoid locomotion problems is essential. In some areas, cooling systems may be necessary to avoid heat stress. The sperm quality can be manipulated by feeding strategies aiming, for instance, to increase sperm resistance to oxidative stress and extend storage duration. High collection frequency will negatively influence sperm quality. Also, if collection is not hygienically performed it will result in bacterial contamination of the semen doses. The concern over bacterial contamination has risen not only because of its negative effect on semen quality but also due to the detection of antimicrobial resistance in isolates from extended semen. Moreover, bacterial and viral pathogens must be monitored because they affect semen production and quality and constitute a risk of herd infection. During processing, boar sperm are submitted to many stress factors that can cause oxidative stress and capacitation-like changes potentially reducing their fertility potential. Dilution rate or dilution temperature affects the quality of the semen doses. Some packaging might preserve semen better than others and some plastic components might be toxic for sperm. Standard operation procedures and quality assurance systems in AI centres are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Lopez Rodriguez
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fang Q, Wang J, Hao YY, Li H, Hu JX, Yang GS, Hu JH. Effects of iodine methionine on boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17°C. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:1061-1066. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - J Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - YY Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - H Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - JX Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - GS Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - JH Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| |
Collapse
|