Effect of leptin on in vitro development of ovine preantral ovarian follicles

Oocyte maturation, blastocyst and embryonic development are mediated and enhanced via hormesis

The present paper provides the first integrative assessment of the capacity of dietary, endogenous and other agents to induce hormetic dose responses in oocytes, their supportive cells such as granulosa cells, blastocyst formation and early stage embryo development with the goal of improving fertility and reproductive success. The analysis showed that numerous agents enhance oocyte maturation and blastocyst/embryonic development in an hormetic fashion. These findings indicate that numerous agents improve oocyte-related biological functioning under normal conditions as well as enhancing its capacity to prevent damage from numerous chemical toxins and related stressor agents, including heat and age-related processes in pre-post conditioning and concurrent exposures. The present assessment suggests that hormetic-based lifestyles and dietary interventions may offer the potential to enhance healthy reproductive performance with applications to animal husbandry and human biology. The present findings also significantly extend the generality of the hormesis dose response concept to multiple fundamental biological processes (i.e., oocyte maturation, fertilization and blastocyst/embryo development).

In vitro culture of sheep early-antral follicles: Milestones, challenges and future perspectives

Early antral follicles (EAFs) represent the transitional stage between pre-antral and antral follicles, containing oocytes that have completed most of their growth phase. Therefore, they offer an easily exploitable reserve for producing mature oocytes and preserving genetic resources, given their higher abundance compared to antral follicles (AFs) and shorter culture period than other pre-antral follicles (PAFs). Despite these advantages, the culture of EAFs remains challenging, and the success rates of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) from EAF-derived oocytes are still far below the standard achieved with fully grown oocytes in ruminant species. The difficulty is related to developing suitable in vitro culture systems tailored with nutrients, growth factors, and other signaling molecules to support oocyte growth. In this review, we focus on the in vitro development of sheep EAFs to provide an informative reference to current research progress. We also summarize the basic aspect of folliculogenesis in sheep and the main achievements and limitations of the current methods for EAF isolation, in vitro culture systems, and medium supplementation. Finally, we highlight future perspectives and challenges for improving EAF culture outcomes.

Kisspeptin promotes follicular development through its effects on modulation of P450 aromatase expression and steroidogenesis in sheep ovarian follicles

The present study was conducted to ascertain whether the role of kisspeptin in promoting in vitro development of preantral follicles was through the regulation of P450 aromatase gene expression and steroidogenesis in sheep. Accordingly, the cumulus cells and oocytes were collected from different development stages of preantral follicles grown in vivo and cultured in vitro in TCM199B (Group I), TCM199B + KP (10 μg/mL) (Group II) and Standard medium + KP (10 μg/mL). To measure the steroid (Estradiol-17β; E2 and Progesterone; P4 ) synthesis through ELISA, spent culture medium was collected separately from the same in vitro groups. E2 synthesis in the spent medium collected from all the three groups showed an increasing trend from PFs' exposed to respective culture media for 3 min to 2-day culture stage but decreased thereafter till 6-day culture stage. This is followed by a sharp increase in E2 concentration in the spent medium collected after in vitro maturation. However, P4 synthesis in group III followed increased pattern as the development progressed from PFs' exposed to culture medium for 3 min to in vitro maturation stage. The steroid production was observed at all stages of in vitro development in altered supplemented conditions. The steroid synthesis in the spent medium was highest in the 6 day cultured PFs' in Standard medium + KP matured in vitro for 24 h. Therefore, supplementation of kisspeptin along with other growth factors promoted steroid production in cultured preantral follicles far better than in other media.

Effect of reduced water intake on ovarian reserve, leptin immunoexpression and impact of leptin on the in vitro culture of sheep secondary follicles

This study evaluated the effect of reduced water intake on survival, apoptosis and immunoexpression of leptin in sheep preantral follicles, activation of primordial follicles, serum levels of leptin, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes antral follicles, as well evaluated the effects of leptin on in vitro culture of secondary follicles isolated these animals. Ewes (n = 32) were divided into four groups: water ad libitum (Control - 100%), 80%; 60% and 40% of ad libitum intake. Blood was collected to determine, leptin, E2 and P4, before and after experiment. After the slaughter, ovarian cortex was used to histological and immunohistochemistry analysis and oocytes IVM. Moreover, isolated secondary follicles were cultured in vitro for 12 days in control medium (α-MEM+) or α-MEM+ with 10 or 25 ng/mL leptin. The reduction of water intake caused a linear decreasing effect on the percentages of normal preantral follicles, especially of primordial (P < 0.05), increased the apoptosis (P < 0.05) and decreased leptin expression in preantral follicles. The treatment with 60% of water intake showed greater total growth rate of isolated secondary follicles cultured with 25 ng/L leptin (P < 0.05), compared to those cultured in α-MEM+ . In conclusion, reduced water intake impaired the number of normal sheep preantral follicles, especially of primordial follicles, increased apoptosis and decreased leptin expression in preantral follicles. Moreover, secondary follicles from of ewes that receive 60% water intake increased follicular growth after in vitro culture with 25 ng/mL leptin.

The intrafollicular concentration of leptin as a potential biomarker to predict oocyte maturity in in-vitro fertilization

Oocyte maturity is critical to the development potential of the embryo and pregnancy outcomes in natural and in-vitro fertilization (IVF). In IVF, oocyte maturity is typically evaluated using morphological criteria, although such assessment remains highly subjective. To identify reliable biomarkers of oocyte maturity, this study investigates the relationship between follicular cytokine concentrations and oocyte maturity in IVF patients with different ovarian reserves. In this prospective study, follicular fluid was collected during oocyte retrieval and the concentrations of cytokines involved in ovarian folliculogenesis were determined. Follicular fluid cytokine concentrations were compared between participants in three groups according to serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) concentration, as follows: low AMH, < 2 ng/mL; normal AMH, 2-5 ng/mL; and high AMH, > 5 ng/mL. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed that the number of mature oocytes correlated positively and strongly with serum AMH level (r = 0.719; p < 0.01). The leptin concentration in follicular fluid was significantly higher in women with normal AMH level than in those with low or high levels. ROC curve analysis showed that the follicular fluid levels of leptin (area under ROC curve, 0.829; 95% confidence interval, 0.659-0.998; p < 0.01) and SCF (area under ROC curve, 0.706; 95% confidence interval, 0.491-0.921; p = 0.087) were the best predictors of oocyte maturity. At an optimal cut-off value of 16 ng/mL, leptin had positive predictive value (sensitivity) up to 70% and negative predictive value (specificity) of 91% for indicating oocyte maturity. The concentration of leptin in follicular fluid is closely related to ovarian reserve and may serve as a biomarker to predict oocyte maturity.

Single-cell transcriptome and cell-specific network analysis reveal the reparative effect of neurotrophin-4 in preantral follicles grown in vitro

BACKGROUND

In-vitro-grow (IVG) of preantral follicles is essential for female fertility preservation, while practical approach for improvement is far from being explored. Studies have indicated that neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is preferentially expressed in human preantral follicles and may be crucial to preantral follicle growth.

METHODS

We observed the location and expression of Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB) in human and mouse ovaries with immunofluorescence and Western blot, and the relation between oocyte maturation and NT-4 level in follicular fluid (FF). Mice model was applied to investigate the effect of NT-4 on preantral follicle IVG. Single-cell RNA sequencing of oocyte combined with cell-specific network analysis was conducted to uncover the underlying mechanism of effect.

RESULTS

We reported the dynamic location of TRKB in human and mouse ovaries, and a positive relationship between human oocyte maturation and NT-4 level in FF. Improving effect of NT-4 was observed on mice preantral follicle IVG, including follicle development and oocyte maturation. Transcriptome analysis showed that the reparative effect of NT-4 on oocyte maturation might be mediated by regulation of PI3K-Akt signaling and subsequent organization of F-actin. Suppression of advanced stimulated complement system in granulosa cells might contribute to the improvement. Cell-specific network analysis revealed NT-4 may recover the inflammation damage induced by abnormal lipid metabolism in IVG.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that NT-4 is involved in ovarian physiology and may improve the efficiency of preantral follicle IVG for fertility preservation.

Influence of TCM 199B, α-MEM, Waymouth MB 752/1 culture media, VEGF, Estradiol-17β, GDF-9 and FGF on in vitro development of preantral follicles in sheep

A total of 2792 preantral follicles (PFs') isolated from 750 ovaries of sheep were cultured in four different experiments. The efficacy of three commercially available culture media viz., TCM 199B, α-MEM and Waymouth MB 752/1 on the growth of sheep PFs' was tested in experiment I. Among the three media TCM 199B supported better development of PFs' in culture. The remaining experiments established the best concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Estradiol-17β (E2), GDF-9, Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and their best combinations for the in-vitro development of PFs'. Inclusion of VEGF at 10 ng/mL, Estradiol-17β at 5 ng/mL, GDF-9 at 10 ng/mL or FGF at 10 ng/mL individually in a standard medium (SM) (containing FSH, IGF-I, GH and T4) supported better nuclear maturation of the oocytes to MII stage. Different combinations of VEGF, Estradiol-17β, GDF-9 and FGF supplemented in the SM promoted similar overall follicular growth. However, (a) SM + VEGF(10 ng/mL) + E2(5 ng/mL) supported higher increase in the diameter, (b) SM without any supplements induced antrum formation in greater proportion of follicles, and (c) SM + VEGF(10 ng/mL) + GDF 9(10 ng/mL) or SM + E2 (5 ng/mL) + FGF(10 ng/mL) supported high proportion of oocytes to reach MII stage. To conclude, TCM 199B appeared to be a better medium for development of sheep PFs'. VEGF, Estradiol-17 β, GDF-9 and FGF have beneficial influence on the development of sheep PFs' when supplemented in TCM 199B.

Leptin decreases apoptosis and promotes the activation of primordial follicles through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway in cultured ovine ovarian tissue

This study evaluated the effects of leptin on primordial follicle survival and activation after in vitro culture of ovine ovarian tissue and if leptin acts through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway. Ovarian fragments were fixed for histology (fresh control) or cultured for 7 days in control medium (α-MEM+) alone or supplemented with leptin (1, 5, 10, 25 or 50 ng/ml). Follicle morphology, activation and apoptosis were analyzed. Next, the fragments were cultured in the medium that showed the best results in the absence or the presence of the PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), and immunohistostaining of p-Akt protein was assessed. After culture, the percentage of normal follicles decreased (P < 0.05) in all treatments compared with the fresh control. Moreover, control medium and 1 ng/ml leptin had similar (P > 0.05) percentages of normal follicles, which were significantly higher than those in other treatments. However, culture with 1 ng/ml leptin maintained apoptosis similarly (P > 0.05) to that of the fresh control and lower (P < 0.05) than that in α-MEM+. Leptin did not influence follicle activation (P > 0.05) compared with the control medium (α-MEM+). Culture in 1 ng/ml leptin with LY294002 decreased the normal follicles and increased apoptosis, inhibited follicle activation (P < 0.05), and reduced p-Akt immunostaining, compared with the medium containing 1 ng/ml leptin without PI3K inhibitor. In conclusion, leptin at 1 ng/ml reduces apoptosis and promotes the activation of primordial follicles compared with the fresh control after in vitro culture of ovine ovarian tissue possibly through the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Advances in in vitro folliculogenesis in domestic ruminants

The in vitro follicle culture (IVFC) represents an outstanding tool to enhance our understanding of the control of folliculogenesis and to allow the future use of a large number of immature oocytes enclosed in preantral follicles (PFs) in assisted reproductive techniques in humans as well as in others mammalian species including the ruminants. So far, the best results of IVFC were reported from mice with the production of live offspring from primordial follicles cultured in vitro. Live birth has been obtained after the in vitro culture of bovine early antral follicles. However, in other ruminant species, these results have been limited to the production of a variable number of mature oocytes and low percentages of embryos after in vitro culture of goat, buffalo and sheep isolated secondary preantral follicles. The present review presents and discusses the main findings, limitations, and prospects of in vitro folliculogenesis in ruminants focusing on bovine, caprine, and ovine species.

Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds

Some evidence shows that body mass index in humans and extreme weights in animal models, including avian species, are associated with low in vitro fertilization, bad oocyte quality, and embryo development failures. Adipokines are hormones mainly produced and released by white adipose tissue. They play a key role in the regulation of energy metabolism. However, they are also involved in many other physiological processes including reproductive functions. Indeed, leptin and adiponectin, the most studied adipokines, but also novel adipokines including visfatin and chemerin, are expressed within the reproductive tract and modulate female fertility. Much of the literature has focused on the physiological and pathological roles of these adipokines in ovary, placenta, and uterine functions. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and chemerin in the oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in both mammals and birds.

The subtle balance of insulin and thyroxine on survival and development of in vitro cultured caprine preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue

Numerous studies have reported the importance of thyroid hormones on the development of later preantral and antral follicles, but their interactions with other hormones and effects in regulating early preantral follicle growth remain unclear. Here we investigated the in vitro effects of thyroxine combined with insulin on caprine preantral follicle survival and development. Sliced ovarian tissues were cultured for 1 or 7 days using 10 ng/mL (low) or 10 μg/mL (high) insulin in the presence of thyroxine at 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 μg/mL. Post-culture, we evaluated the follicular survival and development, assessed the expression of apoptotic-related genes (Bcl2/Bax) and receptors of insulin and thyroid hormones, and quantified the estradiol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels. Follicular survival in low-insulin culture conditions was enhanced by the presence of 0.5 μg/mL thyroxine (P < 0.05) as compared to the thyroxine-free medium but remained similar to non-cultured control in the presence of 2 μg/mL (P > 0.05). Significantly higher ROS production was measured from Day 1 to Day 7 in low-insulin culture media containing 0.5 or 2 μg/mL thyroxine (P < 0.05). When compared to high insulin level, the presence of thyroxine in low insulin culture conditions yielded higher stromal cell density (P < 0.05), increased estradiol production on Day 1, and higher Bcl2/Bax ratio on Day 7. Cultures with high levels of both insulin and thyroxine led to follicles and oocytes with larger diameters (P < 0.05). The RNA transcript levels of insulin and thyroid receptors were reduced in the presence of high insulin cultures when compared to controls (non-cultured). In conclusion, the combination of low concentrations of insulin and thyroxine better maintained follicle survival, while high levels ensured better follicular development.

Immunolocalization of leptin and its receptor in the sheep ovary and in vitro effect of leptin on follicular development and oocyte maturation

The aims of the study were to characterize leptin and it is receptor (LEPR) proteins immunoexpression in ovine ovaries and to evaluate the effects of leptin on development of secondary follicles cultured in vitro. The ovaries were collected and fixed for immunohistochemical analysis. Additional pairs of ovaries were collected and secondary follicles were isolated and cultured, for 18 days, in α-MEM⁺ alone or supplemented with 10 or 25 ng/mL of leptin. The antrum formation and fully grown oocytes rates were higher in 25 ng/mL leptin than all treatments. GSH levels and mitochondrial activity were higher in 10 or 25 ng/mL leptin than α-MEM⁺. 25 ng/mL leptin showed a higher percentage of MII than the α-MEM⁺. In conclusion, leptin and its receptor are expressed in ovine ovaries and 25 ng/mL leptin promoted higher in vitro maturation rates by improving follicular development, GSH levels and mitochondrial activity of ovine oocytes compared to control medium.

Effects of leptin on the follicular development and mitochondrial activity of ovine isolated early antral follicles cultured in vitro

This study evaluated the effect of leptin on the in vitro culture of isolated sheep early antral follicles. Early antral follicles (300-450 μm) were isolated and cultured for 12 days in tissue culture medium 199 (TCM 199) supplemented with glutamine, hypoxanthine, transferrin, insulin, selenium, ascorbic acid, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) (TCM 199⁺: control medium) or TCM 199⁺ supplemented with 2 or 10 ng/mL leptin. After culture, oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM). The parameters analyzed were morphology, extrusion rate, follicular diameter, growth and fully-grown oocytes (oocytes ≥110 μm) rates. After IVM, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial activity, meiotic stages and meiotic resumption rates were also analyzed. After 12 days of culture, the concentration of 2 ng/mL of leptin showed a higher percentage of morphologically normal follicles, fully-grown oocytes (≥110 μm), active mitochondria and meiotic resumption compared to the control medium (TCM 199⁺; P < 0.05) but did not differ when compared to leptin concentration of 10 ng/mL (P > 0.05). After culturing, no significant differences existed among treatments in terms of the follicle diameter and ROS levels. In conclusion, the addition of 2 ng/mL leptin to the base culture medium is capable of improving follicular survival, oocyte growth, mitochondrial activity and meiotic resumption after the in vitro culture of isolated sheep early antral follicles.

Early ovine preantral follicles have a potential to grow until antral stage in two-step culture system in the presence of aqueous extract of Justicia insularis

The objective of this study was to determine whether preantral follicles cultured in vitro for 7 days within ovine ovarian cortical strips could be isolated at the secondary follicles (SF) and grown until antral stage during an additional 6 days period of in vitro culture in the presence of aqueous extract of Justicia insularis. Fresh ovarian fragments from 16 adult sheep were fixed for histological analysis (Control 1) or in vitro cultured individually in α-MEM⁺ supplemented with 0.3 mg/ml J. insularis (Step 1) for 7 days. Part of the fragments then were fixed for histological analysis (in vitro culture group). Remaining fragments were exposed stepwise to increasing trehalose concentrations before immediate isolation of SF and viability assessment (Control 2) or after 6 days of culture in α-MEM⁺⁺ supplemented with 0.3 mg/ml J. insularis (Step 2). In Step 1, percentage of follicular activation was 80%. In Step 2, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in follicular diameter and antrum formation within 6 days in vitro culture of isolated follicles was achieved. The total antioxidant capacity from both steps significantly increase (p < 0.05) from day 2 to day 6. Confocal analysis of oocytes showed 57.14% oocytes with homogeneous distribution and 42.86% with peri-cortical distribution. In conclusion, SF can be successfully isolated from sheep ovarian cortex after 7 days of culture and are capable of surviving and forming an antral cavity if cultured in vitro for an additional 6 days in the presence of 0.3 mg/ml J. insularis.

Leptin induced in vitro development of ovarian follicles in sheep is related to the expression of P450 aromatase and steroidogenesis

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that Leptin induced in vitro growth in preantral follicles in sheep involves modulation of P450 aromatase expression and steroidogenesis. Accordingly, the expression of P450 aromatase gene was studied in the cumulus cells and oocytes isolated from different stages of preantral follicles (PFs') grown in vivo, cultured in TCM 199B, TCM 199B + Leptin (10 ng/ml) (TCM199BL) or a standard PF culture medium supplemented with Leptin (10 ng/ml) (SML). Ovarian follicles grown in vivo or in SML expressed P450 aromatase both in cumulus cells and oocytes at all the development stages. In the oocytes from PFs' grown in vitro, P450 expression was consistently lower than in those from in vivo grown follicles at all except the preantral stage. The patterns of expression of aromatase gene in the cumulus cells from in vivo grown and the PFs' cultured in TCM 199BL were similar. Significantly higher levels of progesterone production were supported by SML at all the development stages than the other two media. Oestradiol concentration in the spent TCM 199B and SML showed a significant increase as the development progressed from preantral to large antral stage. However, such increase was not sustained beyond early antral stage in the PFs' cultured in TCM199BL. It is concluded that Leptin modulates the expression P450 aromatase while supporting the in vitro development of the ovarian follicles in sheep.

Expression of kit ligand and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 during in vivo or in vitro development of ovarian follicles in sheep

Expression of Kit ligand (KL) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP3) genes was studied at different in vivo and corresponding in vitro stages of development of the ovarian follicles in sheep. The expression of both KL and IGFBP3 was significantly higher in the primordial follicles relative to any other stage of development. Compared to the other stages, the KL expression in the cumulus cells from in vivo grown large antral follicles and that of IGFBP3 in COCs' isolated from large antral follicles matured in vitro for 24 hr were significantly higher. In the oocytes from in vivo grown ovarian follicles, the expression of KL was the same at all the stages of development. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 expression was also the same in the oocytes at all the stages of the development except for a significantly lower expression in those from antral follicles. The expression of KL in the cumulus cells decreased significantly in the in vitro grown early antral follicles but did not change further as the development progressed. The expression of IGFBP3 in the cumulus cells from in vitro grown ovarian follicles appeared to increase as the development progressed although the increase was not significant between any two consecutive stages of development. In the oocytes in in vitro grown ovarian follicles, the expression levels of KL and IGFBP3 genes did not change with development. It is concluded that (i) KL and IGFBP3 genes follow specific patterns of expression during ovarian folliculogenesis and (ii) in vitro culture of preantral follicles compromises the development potential through alterations in the stage-specific patterns of expression of these and other developmentally important genes.