1
|
Bashiru M, Macchi S, Forson M, Khan A, Ishtiaq A, Oyebade A, Jalihal A, Ali N, Griffin RJ, Oyelere AK, Hooshmand N, Siraj N. Doxorubicin-Based Ionic Nanomedicines for Combined Chemo-Phototherapy of Cancer. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2176-2189. [PMID: 38410412 PMCID: PMC10896075 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c05464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Synergistic combination therapy approach offers lots of options for delivery of materials with anticancer properties, which is a very promising strategy to treat a variety of malignant lesions with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The current study involves a detailed investigation of combination ionic nanomedicines where a chemotherapeutic drug is coupled with a photothermal agent to attain dual mechanisms (chemotherapy (chemo) and photothermal therapy (PTT)) to improve the drug's efficacy. An FDA-approved Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) is electrostatically attached with a near-infrared cyanine dye (ICG, IR783, and IR820), which serves as a PTT drug using ionic liquid chemistry to develop three ionic material (IM)-based chemo-PTT drugs. Carrier-free ionic nanomedicines (INMs) are derived from ionic materials (IMs). The photophysical properties of the developed combination IMs and their INMs were studied in depth. The phototherapeutic efficiency of the combination drugs was evaluated by measuring the photothermal conversion efficiency and singlet-oxygen quantum yield. The improved photophysical properties of the combination nanomedicines in comparison to their parent compounds significantly enhanced INMs' photothermal efficiency. Cellular uptake, dark and light toxicity studies, and cell death mechanisms of the chemo-PTT nanoparticles were also studied in vitro. The combination INMs exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity compared to their respective parent compounds. Moreover, the apoptosis cell death mechanism was almost doubled for combination nanomedicine than the free DOX, which is attributed to enhanced cellular uptake. Examination of the combination index and improved in vitro cytotoxicity results revealed a great synergy between chemo and PTT drugs in the developed combination nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujeebat Bashiru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Samantha Macchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Mavis Forson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Amna Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Arisha Ishtiaq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Adeniyi Oyebade
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Amanda Jalihal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Nawab Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nasrin Hooshmand
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Noureen Siraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Riesco MF, Valcarce DG, Martínez-Vázquez JM, Martín I, Calderón-García AÁ, Gonzalez-Nunez V, Robles V. Male reproductive dysfunction in Solea senegalensis: new insights into an unsolved question. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1104-1115. [PMID: 30944063 DOI: 10.1071/rd18453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a species with a high commercial value that exhibits a reproductive dysfunction in males born and raised in captivity (F1) that hinders their sustainable culture. The present study evaluates the sperm quality and dopaminergic pathway of males born in the wild environment and of F1 males. Traditional sperm analyses were performed, finding only significant differences in curvilinear velocity (VCL) and no significant differences in viability and total motility. No differences in global sperm methylation were observed either in spermatozoa or brain between the two groups (F1 and wild-born males). However, our results point to a different sperm molecular signature between wild fish and fish born in captivity, specifically the differential expression in miR-let7-d and miR-200a-5p between these two groups. miR-let7-d has been correlated with spermatogenesis and sex preferences, whereas the miR-200 family is implied in target innervation of dopaminergic neurons in zebrafish. When we analysed the dopaminergic pathway, no differences were found in terms of different mRNA expression of dopaminergic markers. However, some differences were detected in terms of tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression by western blot analysis, thus suggesting an altered post-transcriptional regulation in F1 males. The results of this study suggest that an altered sperm miRNA signature in F1 males could be one possible mode of transmission of reproductive dysfunction to the progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Riesco
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Planta de Cultivos el Bocal, Barrio Corbanera, Monte, 39012 Santander, Spain
| | - David G Valcarce
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Planta de Cultivos el Bocal, Barrio Corbanera, Monte, 39012 Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Martínez-Vázquez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Planta de Cultivos el Bocal, Barrio Corbanera, Monte, 39012 Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Planta de Cultivos el Bocal, Barrio Corbanera, Monte, 39012 Santander, Spain
| | - Andrés Ángel Calderón-García
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Verónica Gonzalez-Nunez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vanesa Robles
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Planta de Cultivos el Bocal, Barrio Corbanera, Monte, 39012 Santander, Spain; and Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feugang JM, Rhoads CE, Mustapha PA, Tardif S, Parrish JJ, Willard ST, Ryan PL. Treatment of boar sperm with nanoparticles for improved fertility. Theriogenology 2019; 137:75-81. [PMID: 31204016 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous progress in nanoscience has allowed the synthesis of various nanoscale particles, known as nanoparticles or nanomaterials which, by harnessing unique physico-chemical properties, are crucial for multiple bio-applications. Despite the revealed toxicity (nanotoxicity) of nanoparticles in various in vitro and in vivo studies, their careful design for biocompatibility and effective interactions with single-celled and multi-cellular organisms has permitted their use in several fields of research and biomedicine. The various nanoparticles synthesized and applied in the veterinary sciences, including reproductive biology, have shown potential to influence routine practices in animal production systems. These include post-collection manipulation of semen and the protection of high-quality spermatozoa to extend their preservation, and to improve sperm-related biotechnologies such as sperm-mediated gene transfer, sperm sorting, sex-sorting, and cryopreservation. Therefore, the application of nanotechnology-based tools to semen may enhance assisted reproductive technologies for biomedical applications and improve economic productivity for farmers. Here, we review the efficacy of available techniques and emerging tools of nanotechnology that might be useful for further selection of high quality boar spermatozoa and productivity improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Feugang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.
| | - Carley E Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | | | | | - John J Parrish
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Scott T Willard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Peter L Ryan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, USA; Department of Population and Pathology Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Durfey CL, Swistek SE, Liao SF, Crenshaw MA, Clemente HJ, Thirumalai RVKG, Steadman CS, Ryan PL, Willard ST, Feugang JM. Nanotechnology-based approach for safer enrichment of semen with best spermatozoa. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:14. [PMID: 30774950 PMCID: PMC6368687 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in nanotechnology have permitted molecular-based targeting of cells through safe and biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). Their use to detect and remove damaged spermatozoa from semen doses could be of great interest. Here, MNP were synthesized and tested for their ability to target apoptotic (annexin V) and acrosome-reacted (lectin) boar spermatozoa, for high-throughout retrieval in a magnetic field (nanoselection). The potential impacts of nanoselection on sperm functions and performance of offspring sired by sperm subjected to nanoselection were determined. Fresh harvested and extended boar semen was mixed with various amounts (0, 87.5, and 175 μg) of MNP-conjugates (Annexin V-MNP or Lectin-MNP) and incubated (10 to 15 min) for 37 °C in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, extended semen was mixed with optimal concentrations of MNP-conjugates and incubated (0, 30, 90, or 120 min). In Exp. 3, the synergistic effects of both MNP-conjugates (87.5 μg - 30 min) on spermatozoa was evaluated, followed by sperm fertility assessments through pregnancy of inseminated gilts and performance of neonatal offspring. Sperm motion, viability, and morphology characteristics were evaluated in all experiments. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and hyperspectral imaging techniques were used to confirm attachment of MNP-conjugates to damaged spermatozoa. The motility of nanoselected spermatozoa was improved (P < 0.05). The viability of boar sperm, as assessed by the abundance of reactive oxygen species and the integrity of the acrosome, plasma membrane, and mitochondrial membrane was not different between nanoselected and control spermatozoa. The fertility of gilts inseminated with control or nanoselected spermatozoa, as well as growth and health of their offspring were not different between (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed the benefit of magnetic nanoselection for high-throughput targeting of damaged sperm, for removal and rapid and effortless enrichment of semen doses with highly motile, viable, and fertile spermatozoa. Therefore, magnetic nanoselection for removal of abnormal spermatozoa from semen is a promising tool for improving fertility of males, particularly during periods, such as heat stress during the summer months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey L. Durfey
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | - Sabrina E. Swistek
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | - Shengfa F. Liao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | - Mark A. Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | | | - Rooban V. K. G. Thirumalai
- Institute of Imaging and Analytic Technology (I2AT), Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | - Christy S. Steadman
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | - Peter L. Ryan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine Biochemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | - Scott T. Willard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS USA
| | - Jean M. Feugang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Horokhovatskyi Y, Dietrich MA, Lebeda I, Fedorov P, Rodina M, Dzyuba B. Cryopreservation effects on a viable sperm sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) subpopulation obtained by a Percoll density gradient method. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202514. [PMID: 30114243 PMCID: PMC6095596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In many fish species, sperm cryopreservation has deleterious effects and leads to a significant decrease in spermatozoa viability. However, the effect of cryopreservation on sperm cells that survive this process and are still viable is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to compare the viability and proteomes of fresh and cryopreserved sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) sperm samples before and after live-dead cell separation using Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Both fresh and cryopreserved sperm samples were divided into two groups (with or without application of Percoll separation). At each step of the experiment, sperm quality was evaluated by video microscopy combined with integrated computer-assisted sperm analysis software and flow cytometry for live-dead sperm viability analysis. Sperm motility and the percentage of live cells were reduced in the cryopreserved group compared to the fresh group from 89% to 33% for percentage of motility and from 96% to 70% for live cells. Straight line velocity and linearity of track were significantly lower in cryopreserved samples than in those separated by Percoll before and after cryopreservation. However, the percentages of motile and live spermatozoa were higher than 90% in samples subjected to Percoll separation. Proteomic analysis of spermatozoa by two-dimensional differences in-gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed that 20 protein spot abundances underwent significant changes in cryopreserved samples compared to fresh ones. However, only one protein spot was significantly altered when samples before and after cryopreservation followed by Percoll separation were compared. Thus, the results of this study show that cryopreservation leads to minimal proteomic changes in the spermatozoa population, retaining high motility and viability parameters. The results also suggest that global differences in protein profiles between unselected fresh and cryopreserved samples are mainly due to protein loss or changes in the lethal and sublethal damaged cell subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Horokhovatskyi
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Mariola A. Dietrich
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ievgen Lebeda
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlo Fedorov
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Rodina
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Borys Dzyuba
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Durfey CL, Burnett DD, Liao SF, Steadman CS, Crenshaw MA, Clemente HJ, Willard ST, Ryan PL, Feugang JM. Nanotechnology-based selection of boar spermatozoa: growth development and health assessments of produced offspring. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
7
|
Riesco MF, Oliveira C, Soares F, Gavaia PJ, Dinis MT, Cabrita E. Solea senegalensis sperm cryopreservation: New insights on sperm quality. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186542. [PMID: 29053706 PMCID: PMC5650144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of Senegalese sole sperm can represent an alternative to overcome some reproductive problems of this species. However, it is important to guarantee the safe use of cryopreserved sperm by selecting an appropriate protocol according to a high demand quality need to be ensured. It has been demonstrated that traditional assays such as motility and viability do not provide enough information to identify specific damage caused by cryopreservation process (freezing and thawing). Specific tests, including lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, should be performed. In the present study, motility and lipid peroxidation were performed as specific tests allowing us to discard cryopreservation conditions such as methanol as internal cryoprotectant and bovine serum albumin as external cryoprotectant. In addition, a caspase 3/7 detection by flow cytometry was performed to analyze apoptosis activity in the best selected conditions. Moreover, new highly sensitive tests based on transcript number detection have recently been described in fish sperm cryopreservation. For this reason, a transcript level detection assay was performed on certain oxidative and chaperone genes related to fertilization ability and embryo development (hsp70, hsp90BB, hsp90AA, gpx) to select the best cryopreservation conditions. DMSO+ egg yolk proved to be the best cryoprotectant combination in terms of transcript level. This study describes an optimized cryopreservation protocol for Solea senegalensis sperm demonstrating for the first time that transcript degradation is the most sensitive predictor of cell status in this species after cryopreservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta F. Riesco
- CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Paulo J. Gavaia
- CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- DCBM, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - María T. Dinis
- CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Elsa Cabrita
- CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Many biotechnologies are currently used in livestock breeding with the aim of improving reproductive efficiency and increasing the rate of genetic progress in production animals. Semen cryopreservation is the most widely used cryobiotechnology, although vitrification techniques now allow embryos and oocytes to be banked in ever-increasing numbers. Cryopreservation of other types of germplasm (reproductive tissue in general) is also possible, although the techniques are still in the early stages of development for use in livestock species. Although still in their infancy, these techniques are increasingly being used in aquaculture. Germplasm conservation enables reproductive tissues from both animals and fish to be preserved to generate offspring in the future without having to maintain large numbers of living populations of these species. However, such measures need careful planning and coordination. This review explains why the preservation of genetic diversity is needed for livestock and fish, and describes some of the issues involved in germplasm banking. Furthermore, some recent developments in semen handling leading to improved semen cryopreservation and biosecurity measures are also discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Feugang JM. Novel agents for sperm purification, sorting, and imaging. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:832-841. [PMID: 28481043 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The stringent selection of viable spermatozoa ensures the transmission of high-quality genetic material to the egg during fertilization. Sperm heterogeneity within or between ejaculates and between males obliges varied post-collection handling of semen to assure satisfactory fertility rates. The current techniques used to assess sperm generally detect non-viable and non-fertilizing gametes in the ejaculate, but do not permit the investigation of semen for improved fertility outcomes. Advances in technology, however, have spurred the search for new approaches to enrich semen with high-quality spermatozoa and to track intra-uterine sperm migration. This review highlights the current and future methodologies used for sperm labeling, selection, tracking, and imaging, with specific emphasis on the recent influence of nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Feugang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valcarce DG, Robles V. Effect of captivity and cryopreservation on ROS production in Solea senegalensis spermatozoa. Reproduction 2016; 152:439-46. [PMID: 27528770 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have a great impact on spermatozoa function. Gametes from sole males born in captivity (F1) display lower quality than those from wild individuals. In this paper, the percentage of cells positive for dichlorofluorescein (DCF(+)) was determined by flow cytometry in wild and F1 animals, the effect of cryopreservation on DCF(+) cells was evaluated in both groups and the distribution of H2O2 within the cell was studied by confocal microscopy. Our results indicated that there are no differences in either viability or DCF(+) cells between wild and F1 animals when fresh samples were evaluated. However, when data were analyzed considering two different sperm populations in terms of motility, a significant decrease in viability and DCF(+) cells was reported in low-motile F1 spermatozoa. Cryopreservation did not alter the viability or the presence of DCF(+) cells in sperm samples from wild animals, but significantly decreased the viability in F1 samples. Distribution patterns of H2O2 have been established by confocal microscopy in Solea senegalensis spermatozoa: co-localization of H2O2 with active mitochondria (MitoTracker(+)) and co-localization with nuclear DNA (DAPI). Compared with H2O2 distribution in other marine species such as Scophthalmus maximus, Solea senegalensis spermatozoa showed widespread presence of H2O2 particularly in the nuclei, which could potentially compromise DNA integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Valcarce
- Department of Molecular Biology INDEGSALUniversity of León, León, Spain
| | - V Robles
- INDEGSALUniversity of León, León, Spain IEOSpanish Institute of Oceanography, Planta de Cultivos el Bocal, Barrio Corbanera, Monte, Santander, Spain
| |
Collapse
|