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Grover P, Singh AK, Kumar A, Honparkhe M, Singh N, Singh P. Effect of exogenous melatonin implant on post-thaw semen quality of buffalo bulls. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14562. [PMID: 38591843 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin is an intracellular antioxidant of sperm membrane that protects the cells from lipid peroxidation. Yet, its role as an antioxidant on semen quality of buffalo bulls is still obscure. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of exogenous melatonin implant (18 mg/50 kg bodyweight) on post-thaw sperm characteristics, oxidative stress, endocrinological profiles and fertility of buffalo bulls. Six apparently healthy breeding Murrah buffalo bulls were randomly selected at bull farm, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for the present study and divided into two groups viz. control (n = 3) and melatonin implanted group (n = 3). A total of 120 ejaculates were collected from bulls of both groups (n = 60 each) throughout the study period. Most beneficial effects of melatonin implants were observed during post-implantation period. The percentages of post-thaw sperm total and progressive motility, viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were higher (p < .05) in melatonin implanted buffalo bulls compared to controls during post-implantation period. Following melatonin implantation, MDA production in post-thaw semen was lower (p < .05) in melatonin implanted group than in control group. Plasma melatonin and testosterone concentrations were higher (p < .05) in buffalo bulls implanted with melatonin as compared to their control counterparts. No differences (p > .05) in plasma LH concentrations were observed in both groups. First service pregnancy rate was 43.3% using semen of melatonin implanted bulls and 30.0% with semen of controls (p > .05). Thus, melatonin was able to protect sperm membrane against oxidative damage and improve post-thaw semen quality, thereby resulting in higher fertilizing potential of spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Grover
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mrigank Honparkhe
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Navdeep Singh
- Directorate of Livestock Farms, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Prahlad Singh
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Services Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Improvement of the Seminal Characteristics in Rams Using Agri-Food By-Products Rich in Phytomelatonin. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050905. [PMID: 36899762 PMCID: PMC10000078 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a phytomelatonin-rich diet, including by-products from the food industry, on ram sperm quality and seminal plasma composition. Melatonin content in several by-products before and after in vitro ruminal and abomasal digestion was determined by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Finally, 20% of a mix of grape pulp with pomegranate and tomato pomaces was included in the rams' diet, constituting the phytomelatonin-rich diet. Feeding the rams with this diet resulted in an increase in seminal plasma melatonin levels compared with the control group (commercial diet) in the third month of the study. In addition, percentages higher than those in the control group of morphologically normal viable spermatozoa with a low content of reactive oxygen species were observed from the second month onwards. However, the antioxidant effect does not seem to be exerted through the modulation of the antioxidant enzymes since the analysis of the activities of catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in seminal plasma revealed no significant differences between the two experimental groups. In conclusion, this study reveals, for the first time, that a phytomelatonin-rich diet can improve seminal characteristics in rams.
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Perumal P, Sunder J, De AK, Alyethodi RR, Vikram R, Upadhyay VR, Mayuri SC, Bhattacharya D. Flaxseed oil modulates testicular biometrics, hormone, libido, antioxidant and semen profiles in endangered Teressa goat of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100730. [PMID: 36640628 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Teressa goat is a unique goat breed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) of India. Effects of Flaxseed oil (FSO) supplementation in body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular volume (TV) and testicular weight (TW), endocrinological profiles, sex behavioural profiles (SBPs), oxidative stress markers and semen production and its quality profiles in rainy and dry summer season were studied in Teressa goat. Male goats (n = 12) of 3-4 years old were equally divided into control and treated groups. Treated animals received 25 mL FSO per day. Oral drenching of FSO was done in the morning before feeding the concentrate ration. Body weight, scrotal circumference, TV and TW were measured in bucks of FSO treated and untreated during rainy and dry summer seasons. Blood follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), cortisol and prolactin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in bucks of FSO treated and untreated during rainy and dry summer seasons. Libido score (LS), mating ability score (MAS) and sex behavioural score (SBS) were estimated at time of semen collection in bucks of FSO treated and untreated during rainy and dry summer seasons. Semen samples (n = 100; 50 semen samples from each season; each 25 semen samples from control and treatment groups per season) were collected and analysed for semen quality profiles. One-way ANOVA (control rainy, control dry, treated rainy and treated dry) revealed that BW, SC, TV and TW, FSH, LH, testosterone, TSH, T3 and T4 were higher (P < 0.05) and cortisol and prolactin were lower (P < 0.05) in FSO treated bucks of rainy season followed by untreated bucks of rainy season, FSO treated bucks of dry summer season and were lower (P < 0.05) in untreated bucks of dry summer season. Similarly, TAC, CAT, SOD and GSH, LS, MAS and SBS, and volume, pH, sperm concentration, mass activity, total motility (TM), viability, acrosomal integrity (AcI), plasma membrane integrity (PMI) and nuclear integrity (NI) were higher (P < 0.05) and MDA and TSA were lower (P < 0.05) in FSO treated bucks of rainy season followed by FSO treated bucks of dry summer season, untreated bucks of rainy season and were lower (P < 0.05) in untreated bucks of dry summer season. The results of the present study indicated that the breeding bucks suffered physiological stress (higher cortisol), oxidative stress (higher MDA and deficiency of antioxidants), hormonal imbalance (higher prolactin and cortisol and deficiency of gonadotropins, gonadal hormone and thyroid hormones) and infertility due to poor libido and poor semen production and its quality profiles during dry summer season. Thus, dry summer was more stressful season compared to rainy season for the goat bucks. FSO supplementation mitigated these stresses and improved the scrotal and testicular biometrics, libido, antioxidants, hormones and semen quality profiles in Teressa goat bucks. The current study concluded that FSO effectively improved the hormones, libido, antioxidant profiles, and scrotal and testicular biometrics with cascading beneficial effects on semen quality profiles in Teressa goat bucks under humid tropical island ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Perumal
- Division of Animal Science, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Jai Sunder
- Division of Animal Science, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A K De
- Division of Animal Science, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - R R Alyethodi
- Division of Animal Science, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - R Vikram
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema 797106, Nagaland, India
| | - V R Upadhyay
- Division of Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 13200, Haryana, India
| | - S C Mayuri
- Division of Animal Science, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - D Bhattacharya
- Division of Animal Science, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Shahat AM, Thundathil JC, Kastelic JP. Melatonin improves post-thaw sperm quality after mild testicular heat stress in rams. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:423-430. [PMID: 36510757 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine effects of slow-release melatonin on post-thaw sperm quality in rams exposed to mild testicular heat stress (HS; scrotal neck insulation). Twelve yearling Dorset rams were randomly and equally allocated to receive either 36 mg melatonin in 1 ml corn oil or 1 ml corn oil injected subcutaneously (SQ); 15 day later, all rams had HS for 96 h (start of HS = start of Week 0). Semen was collected before HS and once weekly from Weeks 1 to 7, extended in Steridyl CSS One Step, held at 5°C for ~3 h, loaded into 0.5 ml straws, held 5 cm above liquid nitrogen for 10 min and then plunged. Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) was conducted on frozen-thawed sperm. There were group and week effects for total and progressive motility (p < .001), plus group and week effects and group*week interactions (p < .001) for post-thaw total abnormalities, acrosome integrity, post-thaw sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and high mitochondrial membrane potential (HMMP). Post-thaw sperm total and progressive motility, acrosome integrity and HMMP were higher (p < .05) in melatonin versus control groups from Weeks 1 to 7, and the melatonin group reached baseline level (pre-heat stress) at Week 7 (75.79 ± 0.96, 65.48 ± 1.51, 75.00 ± 0.89 and 67.00 ± 1.06, respectively; mean ± SEM). Conversely, post-thaw sperm total abnormalities and DFI were lower (p < .05) in melatonin versus control, and both reached baseline at Week 7 in the melatonin group (26.00 ± 0.57 and 5.66 ± 0.17, respectively). Coiled tails, distal midpiece reflexes, distal cytoplasmic droplets, ruffled acrosomes, bowed midpieces, pyriform heads and knobbed acrosomes were the most common abnormalities in both groups, with lower percentages in melatonin-treated rams. Results supported our hypothesis that HS reduces post-thaw sperm quality, and that melatonin lessens those reductions, manifested by significantly better total and progressive motility, acrosome integrity and HMMP, and fewer sperm total abnormalities and DFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M Shahat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jacob C Thundathil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Vikram R, Perumal P, Khan MH, Girish PS. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in Mithun (Bos frontalis): What progress has been made so far? An overview. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:583-593. [PMID: 36808162 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mithun, a unique bovine species, endemic to parts of North East India and plays an important role in the socioeconomic, cultural and religious fabrics of the local tribal population. To date, Mithuns are reared in a traditional free-range system by communities and increased deforestation, agricultural commercialization, disease outbreaks and indiscriminate slaughtering of elite Mithun for table purposes have significantly decreased its habitat and the elite Mithun population. Greater genetic gain is achieved with the implementation and effective use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs); however, presently it is limited to organized Mithun farms. At a slow pace, Mithun farmers are adopting semi-intensive rearing systems and interest in the use of ARTs is gradually escalating in Mithun husbandry. This article reviews the current status of ARTs such as semen collection and cryopreservation, estrus synchronization and timed artificial insemination (TAI), multiple ovulation and embryo transfer and in vitro embryo production and future perspectives in Mithun. Mithun semen collection and cryopreservation have been standardized, and estrus synchronization and TAI are suitable technologies that can be easily implemented under field conditions in near future. The establishment of an open nucleus-breeding system under community participatory mode along with the introduction of the ARTs is an alternative to the traditional breeding system for rapid genetic improvement of Mithun. Finally, the review considers the potential benefits of ARTs in Mithun and future research should include the use of these ARTs which will provide additional opportunities for improved breeding regimens in Mithun.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vikram
- Animal Reproduction and Gynecology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, India
| | - P Perumal
- Animal Reproduction and Gynaecology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, India
| | - M H Khan
- Animal Reproduction and Gynecology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, India
| | - P S Girish
- Livestock Products Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, India
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PERUMAL P, DE AK, VIKRAM R, KHAN MH. Inclusion of catalase in semen extender modulates the post thaw semen quality and oxidative stress profiles in mithun spermatozoa. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v92i12.117633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Present study was designed to assess the effect of catalase on post-thaw semen quality parameters (SQPs), sperm kinematics, antioxidant and oxidative stress profiles and sperm cholesterol efflux in mithun (Bos frontalis). A total of 25 ejaculates were selected based on biophysical parameters and each sample was split into four equal aliquots and diluted (to get final concentration of 60 million spermatozoa per mL) with the TCG extender containing either 0 U/mL, 50 U/mL, 100 U/mL, and 150 U/mL catalase in the Group I, II, III and IV, respectively. Frozen-thawed samples were analysed for motility parameters (progressive forward and in bovine cervical mucus [BCMPT]), kinetic and velocity parameters by computer-assisted sperm analyser (CASA), viability, sperm morphological and nuclear abnormalities, acrosomal integrity, plasma membrane and nuclear integrities, sperm intra-cellular enzymatic leakage and seminal plasma biochemical (sperm cholesterol and oxidative stress markers) profiles. Study revealed an enhancement in viability, acrosomal integrity, plasma membrane integrity, motility (progressive and in cervical mucus), sperm cholesterol content and reduction in sperm morphological and nuclear abnormalities, leakage of intracellular enzymes in Group III. Moreover, intactness of acrosome and biochemical membranes were protected significantly in addition to significant improvement in kinetic and velocity profiles in extender containing 100 U/ml catalase. Correlation analysis revealed that sperm kinetic parameters, SQPs and antioxidant parameters had significant positive correlation with each other whereas these profiles were negatively correlated with sperm morphological abnormalities, enzymatic leakage and lipid peroxidation in catalase treated sperm. The results clearly indicated that inclusion of 100 U/ml catalase holds a clear advantage over control or 50 U/ml or 150 U/ml catalase in cryopreservation of mithun semen. It can be concluded from the present study that catalase supplementation in semen extender can be effectively utilized to reduce the oxidative stress and to improve the post-thaw semen quality in mithun.
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Alevra AI, Exadactylos A, Mente E, Papadopoulos S. The Protective Role of Melatonin in Sperm Cryopreservation of Farm Animals and Human: Lessons for Male Fish Cryopreservation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060791. [PMID: 35327189 PMCID: PMC8944624 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, cryopreservation of fish sperm has been a rapidly evolving technique that contributes both to the improvement of genetic reproduction programs and the proper management of broodstock as well as to ensuring the viability of endangered species. However, this technique can cause significant damage to sperm, making the use of cryoprotectants and antioxidants in cryopreservation solutions imperative. The hormone melatonin has demonstrated positive effects on the cryopreservation of sperm in both farm animals and humans. Therefore, the plethora of research that has been conducted on animals and humans could be expanded to fish cryopreservation, making melatonin potentially a very promising alternative cryoprotectant. Abstract Cryopreservation is a technique that offers various advantages, especially in fish, among others, that makes the reproduction of species easier through a constant supply of sperm, synchronization of the gamete availability of both sexes, storage of semen for genetic improvement programs, reduction in the cost by eliminating the need to maintain male broodstock, and conserving the gametes of endangered species. However, freezing and warming procedures for cryopreservation lead to a reduction in the quality and viability of cryopreserved sperm because of oxidative stress. For this reason, the enrichment of extender media with antioxidants is a common method of cryopreservation of the semen of several fish species. Recently, many studies have been published for the protective role of antioxidants and especially of melatonin on male fertility preservation both in farm animals and humans, demonstrating the beneficial effects of melatonin as a sperm cryoprotectant. On the other hand, very few studies were conducted using melatonin as an antioxidant in different male fish species for semen cryopreservation. We conclude that the use of moderate concentrations of melatonin are beneficial to semen preservation, and the mechanisms through which melatonin acts positively on spermatozoa need to be further investigated to establish improvement protocols for cryopreservation in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Alevra
- Hydrobiology-Ichthyology Laboratory, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece;
- Correspondence: (A.I.A.); (S.P.); Tel.: +30-241-093-139 (S.P.)
| | - Athanasios Exadactylos
- Hydrobiology-Ichthyology Laboratory, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece;
| | - Eleni Mente
- Laboratory of Ichthyology-Culture and Pathology of Aquatic Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Serafeim Papadopoulos
- Hydrobiology-Ichthyology Laboratory, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece;
- Correspondence: (A.I.A.); (S.P.); Tel.: +30-241-093-139 (S.P.)
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Ponraj P, Khate K, Vupru K. Taurine in semen extender modulates post-thaw semen quality, sperm kinematics and oxidative stress status in mithun (Bos frontalis) spermatozoa. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.335860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ofosu J, Qazi IH, Fang Y, Zhou G. Use of melatonin in sperm cryopreservation of farm animals: A brief review. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 233:106850. [PMID: 34537566 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is a potent antioxidant with useful applications in several fields. Due to the capacity to scavenge free radicals and enhance cellular endogenous antioxidant defenses, MT is widely used in sperm cryopreservation to protect against oxidative stress-induced damage in frozen-thawed sperm. In this article, there is a review of positive effects of MT supplementation in cryopreservation of sperm from domestic ruminants and swine. There is direct or indirect scavenging of free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reducing oxidative stress, therefore, protecting membrane and DNA integrity, enhancing post-thaw antioxidant and enzymatic functions to maintain mitochondrial functions and activity, and regulating ATP production and utilization leading to maintenance of sperm quality, motility, and viability. In addition, MT reportedly inhibits sperm apoptosis, potentially by enhancing sperm viability and modulating abundances of mRNA transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones Ofosu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Yi Fang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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PERUMAL P, DE AK, BHATTACHARYA D, ALYETHODI RR, BHOWMICK SNEHA, KUNDU A. Effect of exogenous melatonin on endocrinological profiles, biochemical and antioxidant and oxidative stress profiles in post-partum anestrus Andaman local buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in tropical island ecosystem. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i3.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Andaman local buffalo (ALB) is distributed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. ALB is non-descriptive and represents admixture of different Indian breeds of buffaloes. ALB is suffering infertility due to anestrus in dry (summer) season. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effect of slow release subcutaneous exogenous melatonin (MT) implant on hematological profiles, endocrinological profiles (cortisol and prolactin), biochemical profile (total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose and total cholesterol), antioxidant profiles [total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and oxidative stress profile (malondialdehyde; MDA) in anestrus buffalo cows during summer to improve its reproductive efficiency. Experimental buffaloes (5–7 years of age) were selected and divided into two groups, Gr I: Control (n=6) and Gr II: Treatment (n=6; melatonin implant @ 18 mg/50 kg b.wt). Statistical analysis revealed that these experimental profiles differed significantly between treatment and control groups. Blood profiles revealed that anestrus buffalo suffered severe macrocytic hypochromic anemia with increased leukocytosis and MT has improved the health status of reproductive system and whole body systems. Concentration of cortisol and prolactin were lower in MT treated than in control group. Similarly, antioxidant profiles were higher and oxidative stress profile was lower in MT treated group than in control group. Biochemical profiles were increased in MT treated than in untreated buffalos. Study concludes that melatonin had significant beneficial effects in improvement of the antioxidant profiles, minimization of oxidative stress with cascading beneficial effects on hormone, biochemical and hematological profiles, which will improve the cyclicity and fertility rate in anestrus buffalo during summers in humid tropical island ecosystem.
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Perumal P, De AK, Alyethodi RR, Savino N, Khate K, Vupru K, Khan MH. Daily and seasonal rhythmic secretary pattern of endocrinological profiles in mithun bull. Theriogenology 2021; 166:46-54. [PMID: 33684782 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a unique domestic free-range bovine species available in North Eastern hilly (NEH) regions of India and is reared for its protein rich meat. Mithun suffers severe non-cyclical population fluctuations; however, it is not yet declared as endangered species. Mithun follows some sort of seasonality based on the calving trend and semen production, although it is a perennial breeder. However, there is need to study the rhythmic changes of endocrine profiles to understand the hormone flow pattern in mithun to select the suitable time for blood collection to assess the exact endocrine profiles and to select the suitable time for natural breeding or semen collection by artificial methods for further research, conservation and propagation of its germplasm. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the reproductive as well as metabolic endocrinological profiles in 24:00 h in intact adult mithun bulls during different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn) to know the rhythmic changes and flow pattern of the endocrinological profiles to improve its reproductive efficiency. Experimental mithun bulls (n = 6; age: 5-6 years; body condition score: 5-6 out of 10, classified as good) were selected for the study. Endocrinological profiles, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone/interstitial cell stimulating hormone (LH/ICSH), testosterone, cortisol, thyroxine (T4), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), prolactin and melatonin (MT) were estimated at 04:00 h interval for one whole day in four seasons. The analysis was completed in two different ways as different times of collection (08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00 and 04:00 h) and day (08:00 to 16:00 h) & night time (20:00 to 04:00 h) collections. Repeated measures ANOVA analysis revealed that the bulls in winter and spring had significantly (p < 0.05) higher FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT than those in summer whereas the bulls in summer had significantly higher cortisol and prolactin than those in winter and spring seasons. Similarly FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in night than in day time collections whereas cortisol and prolactin were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in day than in night time collections in different seasons. Correlation analysis revealed that FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT had significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation with each other whereas these had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation with cortisol and prolactin. The study concludes that season and time of blood collection had significant effect on the endocrinological profiles in mithun bulls. Estimation of FSH, LH, testosterone, T4, IGF-1 and MT during night time and cortisol and prolactin during day time was more appropriate to get correct value of the endocrinological profiles. Spring and winter have significantly greater beneficial effects than summer on reproduction and artificial breeding programs in mithun species in the semi-intensive management in the present location.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Perumal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India; ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A K De
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - R R Alyethodi
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - N Savino
- NU-School of Agricultural Science and Rural Development, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
| | - K Khate
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
| | - K Vupru
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
| | - M H Khan
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India
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Malmir M, Naderi Noreini S, Ghafarizadeh A, Faraji T, Asali Z. Ameliorative effect of melatonin on apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation of spermatozoa in the idiopathic asthenoteratospermic men: In vitro. Andrologia 2020; 53:e13944. [PMID: 33368491 DOI: 10.1111/and.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility loss, recurrent spontaneous abortion and poor outcome in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have been associated with DNA fragmentation. This work was achieved to evaluate the protective role of melatonin versus apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation of spermatozoa from men with asthenoteratozoospermia (ATS). Some researchers maintain that melatonin can serve as a remedy for apoptosis induction, and it has an impressive effect on boosting the quality and quantity of spermatozoa. For this purpose, semen samples were collected from 50 ATS men and they were divided into control and melatonin (6 mM) groups at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hr. Concentrating on the reasons for apoptosis is an arduous process, but in the present study for this evaluation mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA fragmentation by TUNEL and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) methods and lipid peroxidation were carried out. Also, sperm viability was performed. In the control group, MDA, TUNEL-positive and SCD were significantly increased but viability and MMP of spermatozoa were significantly decreased. Moreover, in the melatonin group, TUNEL-positive, SCD and MDA levels were significantly decreased and viability and MMP significantly increased, compared to the control group. In outcome, melatonin prescription paves the way for apoptosis down-regulating in the ATS men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Malmir
- Department of Midwifery,Tuyserkan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tuyserkan, Iran
| | | | | | - Tayebeh Faraji
- Department of Midwifery,Tuyserkan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tuyserkan, Iran
| | - Zahra Asali
- Department of Midwifery,Tuyserkan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tuyserkan, Iran
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13
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Singh M, Talimoa Mollier R, Sharma PR, Kadirvel G, Doley S, Sanjukta RK, Rajkhowa DJ, Kandpal BK, Kumar D, Khan MH, Mitra A. Dietary flaxseed oil improve boar semen quality, antioxidant status and in-vivo fertility in humid sub-tropical region of North East India. Theriogenology 2020; 159:123-131. [PMID: 33137633 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress in the form of high temperature humidity index (THI) in tropical and sub-tropical region negatively affects semen quality and fertility of boar. Therefore, the present study was done to evaluate the effect of supplementing flaxseed oil (FLO) to boar's diet on its semen quality, antioxidant status, fatty acid composition of seminal plasma and fertility under sub-tropical climate. For this purpose, six Hampshire crossbreed (50% Hampshire and 50% Gunghroo) boars were divided into two groups i.e control (CON) and treatment (FLO). In FLO and CON group, flaxseed and vegetable oil, respectively, was top dressed at the rate of 3% in basal diets for each boar on daily basis for 16 weeks during monsoon season. A total of 60 ejaculates, comprising 30 ejaculates from each group (ten ejaculates from each boar) were collected. Semen samples were evaluated for sperm quality parameters (SQPs: motility, viability, abnormality, acrosomal integrity and Hypo-osmotic swelling test) and velocity attributes by computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) at fresh and after 72 h of preservation at 17 °C. Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase; GPx, catalase; CAT, total antioxidant capacity; TAC and malondialdehyde; MDA) were analyzed in seminal plasma and serum. Fatty acid compositions of seminal plasma were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In-vivo fertility study was also conducted. Reaction time and false mounts were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in FLO group as compared to CON group. Semen quality parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) improved at fresh stage and after 72 h of liquid storage in FLO group as compared to CON group. Velocity attributes (VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, BCF and LIN) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in FLO group. Flaxseed oil supplementation significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced serum GPx and CAT concentration. Serum and seminal plasma MDA concentration decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in FLO group. Similarly, GPx, TAC and CAT were significantly (p < 0.01) elevated in seminal plasma of FLO group. The study revealed that feeding of flaxseed oil altered the fatty acid composition of seminal plasma and significantly (p < 0.05) improved the farrowing rate. In summary, flaxseed oil supplementation improved the semen quality parameters and fertility of boars in sub-tropical climate by improving the antioxidant capacity and altering the fatty acid composition of seminal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Singh
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India.
| | - R Talimoa Mollier
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - Ph Romen Sharma
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - G Kadirvel
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India
| | - S Doley
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India
| | - R K Sanjukta
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India
| | - D J Rajkhowa
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - B K Kandpal
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Animal Science, (Animal Nutrition), College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Tikamgarh, M.P, 472001, India
| | - M H Khan
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | - A Mitra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
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Perumal P, Chang S, De A, Baruah K, Khate K, Vupru K, Mitra A. Slow release exogenous melatonin modulates scrotal circumference and testicular parameters, libido, endocrinological profiles and antioxidant and oxidative stress profiles in mithun. Theriogenology 2020; 154:1-10. [PMID: 32470703 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Protective effects of melatonin on male fertility preservation and reproductive system. Cryobiology 2020; 95:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Özgür ME, Ulu A, Noma SAA, Özcan İ, Balcıoğlu S, Ateş B, Köytepe S. Melatonin protects sperm cells of Capoeta trutta from toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17843-17853. [PMID: 32162220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine the protective effects of melatonin (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM) against 10 mg/L titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) on kinematic and oxidative indices in the sperm cells of Capoeta trutta. Therefore, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized primarily within the scope of the study. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by structurally different techniques. Then, melatonin and TiO2 were applied to Capoeta trutta sperm cells by in vitro. According to our data, all doses of melatonin showed protective effects on all velocities of sperm cells such as the straight line velocity (VSL), the curvilinear velocity (VCL), and the angular path velocity (VAP) against TiO2-NPs, while 0.1 and 1 mM doses of melatonin improved the VSL value. Although TiO2-NPs increased total glutathione (tGSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared to the control group, there were positive treatment effects for all doses of melatonin on antioxidant capacity of sperm cells. At the end of this research, it is suggested that over 0.1 mM dose of melatonin improves the velocity of sperm cells and it plays a protective role against the toxic effects of TiO2-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Erkan Özgür
- Department of Aquaculture, Malatya Turgut Özal University, 44210, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Ulu
- Department of Chemistry, İnönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | - İmren Özcan
- Department of Chemistry, İnönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Balcıoğlu
- Karakoçan Vocational High School, Department of Food Processing, Fırat University, 2360, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ateş
- Department of Chemistry, İnönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Köytepe
- Department of Chemistry, İnönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
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Rajoriya JS, Prasad JK, Ramteke SS, Perumal P, De AK, Ghosh SK, Bag S, Raje A, Singh M, Kumar A, Kumaresan A. Exogenous cholesterol prevents cryocapacitation‐like changes, membrane fluidity, and enhances in vitro fertility in bubaline spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:726-736. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ponraj Perumal
- ICAR‐Central Island Agricultural Research Institute Port Blair India
| | - Arun Kumar De
- ICAR‐Central Island Agricultural Research Institute Port Blair India
| | | | - Sadhan Bag
- ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly India
| | - Archana Raje
- ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly India
| | - Mahak Singh
- ICAR‐ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Medziphema India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- DUVASU‐College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Mathura India
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D'Occhio MJ, Ghuman SS, Neglia G, Della Valle G, Baruselli PS, Zicarelli L, Visintin JA, Sarkar M, Campanile G. Exogenous and endogenous factors in seasonality of reproduction in buffalo: A review. Theriogenology 2020; 150:186-192. [PMID: 32000994 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal breeding in buffalo is influenced by exogenous (photoperiod, climate, nutrition, management) and endogenous (hormones, genotype) factors. Buffalo are negatively photoperiodic and show a natural increase in fertility during decreasing day length. The hormone melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and has a fundamental role in photoperiodic time measurement within the brain. This drives annual cycles of gonadotropin secretion and gonadal function in buffaloes. Some melatonin is released into the systemic circulation and, together with peripherally produced melatonin, acts at somatic tissues. In the ovaries and testes of buffalo, melatonin acts as an antioxidant and scavenges oxygen free radicals to reduce both oxidative stress and apoptosis. This has beneficial effects on gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Female buffalo treated with melatonin show an improved response to estrus synchronization protocols in out-of-season breeding. Melatonin acts through melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 and the gene for MT1 (MTNR1A) is polymorphic in buffaloes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene MTNR1A have been associated with fertility in female buffalo. The knowledge and tools are available to lift the reproductive performance of buffalo. This is highly important as the global demand for nutritious buffalo food products has undergone a sharp rise, and continues to grow. Buffalo can make an important contribution to affordable, nutritious animal protein. This will help address global nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D'Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarvpreet S Ghuman
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Della Valle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luigi Zicarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - José A Visintin
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Physiology and Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110513. [PMID: 31717825 PMCID: PMC6912431 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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20
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Flaxseed oil modulates semen production and its quality profiles, freezability, testicular biometrics and endocrinological profiles in mithun. Theriogenology 2019; 136:47-59. [PMID: 31247386 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a unique domestic free range bovine species of North Eastern Hilly (NEH) regions of India. Effect of feed supplementation of Flaxseed oil (FSO) on semen production and its quality profiles, freezability, oxidative stress, apoptotic sperm percentage and subsequently on endocrinological profiles & scrotal and testicular biometrics in different seasons was studied in mithun. The experimental animals were divided into two groups, Gr I: Control (n = 3) and Gr II: Treatment (n = 3; Flaxseed oil @ 150 mL/day). FSO was supplemented through oral drench in the morning hours just before concentrate feeding. A total of 80 semen samples (n = 80; 20 semen samples from each season; each 10 semen samples from control and treatment groups per season) were collected, not more than twice per week in winter, spring, autumn and summer seasons. Semen quality profiles (SQPs) such as volume, sperm concentration, motility (forward progressive and total), motility & velocity profiles by computer assisted sperm analyser (CASA), viability, total sperm abnormality, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane & nuclear abnormality and apoptotic sperm percentage were estimated in fresh semen. Along with SQPs measured in fresh semen, motility in estrus bovine cervical mucus (bovine cervical mucus penetration test; BCMPT) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by JC-1 stain were determined in the post-thawed semen samples. Biochemical profiles (aspartate aminotransferase; AST, alanine aminotransferase; ALT, total cholesterol; CHO), antioxidant profiles (superoxide dismutase; SOD, catalase; CAT, glutathione; GSH, total antioxidant capacity; TAC) and oxidative stress profile (malondialdehyde; MDA) were estimated in fresh semen whereas AST, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TAC and MDA were estimated in the frozen thawed semen samples. Endocrinological profiles such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, cortisol and thyroxin and scrotal circumference (SC) & testicular biometrics were measured in both groups in different seasons. Result revealed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in motility (total & forward progressive, motility & velocity by CASA and vanguard distance in cervical mucus), viability, intactness of acrosome & plasma membrane, MMP, antioxidant profiles and reduction in total sperm and nuclear abnormalities, reduction in leakage of intracellular enzymes and reduction in oxidative stress profile and reduction of apoptotic sperm percentage were observed in FSO supplemented than in un-supplemented control group accordingly in fresh and post thawed semen samples. Blood FSH, LH, testosterone and thyroxin concentration were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and cortisol concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in FSO supplemented group than in unsupplemented control group. Similarly, SC and testicular biometrics were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in supplemented than unsupplemented group for different seasons and significantly (p < 0.05) higher in winter and spring than in summer season in the experimental groups. It can be concluded from the study that supplementation of FSO can effectively be utilized to improve the antioxidant profiles, reduction of oxidative stress with cascading beneficial effects on SQPs and fertility status of the mithun bull.
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