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Lewis K, Shewbridge Carter L, Bradley A, Dewhurst R, Forde N, Hyde R, Kaler J, March MD, Mason C, O'Grady L, Strain S, Thompson J, Green M. Quantification of the effect of in utero events on lifetime resilience in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4616-4633. [PMID: 38310963 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Currently, the dairy industry is facing many challenges that could affect its sustainability, including climate change and public perception of the industry. As a result, interest is increasing in the concept of identifying resilient animals, those with a long productive lifespan, as well as good reproductive performance and milk yield. There is much evidence that events in utero, that is, the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis, alter the life-course health of offspring and we hypothesized that these could alter resilience in calves, where resilience is identified using lifetime data. The aim of this study was to quantify lifetime resilience scores (LRS) using an existing scoring system, based on longevity with secondary corrections for age at first calving and calving interval, and to quantify the effects of in utero events on the LRS using 2 datasets. The first was a large dataset of cattle on 83 farms in Great Britain born from 2006 to 2015 and the second was a smaller, more granular dataset of cattle born between 2003 and 2015 in the Langhill research herd at Scotland's Rural College. Events during dam's pregnancy included health events (lameness, mastitis, use of an antibiotic or anti-inflammatory medication), the effect of heat stress as measured by temperature-humidity index, and perturbations in milk yield and quality (somatic cell count, percentage fat, percentage protein and fat:protein ratio). Daughters born to dams that experienced higher temperature-humidity indexes while they were in utero during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy had lower LRS. Daughter LRS were also lower where milk yields or median fat percentages in the first trimester were low, and when milk yields were high in the third trimester. Dam LRS was positively associated with LRS of their offspring; however, as parity of the dam increased, LRS of their calves decreased. Similarly, in the Langhill herd, dams of a higher parity produced calves with lower LRS. Additionally, dams that recorded a high maximum locomotion score in the third trimester of pregnancy were negatively associated with lower calf LRS in the Langhill herd. Our results suggest that events that occur during pregnancy have lifelong consequences for the calf's lifetime performance. However, experience of higher temperature-humidity indexes, higher dam LRS, and mothers in higher parities explained a relatively small proportion of variation in offspring LRS, which suggests that other factors play a substantial role in determining calf LRS. Although "big data" can contain a considerable amount of noise, similar findings between the 2 datasets indicate it is likely these findings are real.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Andrew Bradley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Quality Milk Management Services, Cedar Barn, Easton, Wells, United Kingdom
| | | | - Niamh Forde
- Discovery and Translational Sciences Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds BA5 1DU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hyde
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Mason
- Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh AB21 9YA, United Kingdom
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon, Co. Tyrone, BT71 6JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Thompson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Green
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Upadhyay VR, Ashutosh, Shashank CG, Singh NP. Deciphering the immune responses in late gestation Sahiwal cows under different microclimate and its carryover effect on progenies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00484-024-02716-3. [PMID: 38861181 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The current investigation aimed to comprehend the inflammatory and related immune responses in intrauterine calves subjected to heat stress (HS) during late gestation. For this purpose, 48 Sahiwal cows in late gestation were chosen and categorized into four equal groups: naturally heat stressed (NHS), cooling-treated (CLT), spring, and winter, and likewise their neonate calves born in summer (IUHS - intrauterine heat stressed and IUCL - intrauterine cooled), spring, and winter seasons. Environmental parameters were recorded, and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated daily throughout the study period. The average THI values ranged between 84.18 (summer-NHS), 73.88 (summer-CLT), 78.92 (spring), and 64.91 (winter). NHS and spring groups exhibited thermal stress based on THI (> 76.00). Various treatments significantly (P < 0.01) impacted parameters like rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), and skin temperature (ST) in Sahiwal cows and their calves during the study, except for heart rate (HR). Blood samples collected during different seasons and from cows housed in a climatic chamber were used to extract plasma. Plasma cortisol, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were notably higher (P < 0.05) in the NHS compared to the CLT group. Conversely, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the CLT and winter groups. IUHS calves exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower overall mean plasma TAC and IgG levels but higher inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and TBARS. Additionally, significant impacts on body weight were observed for factors such as interval (P < 0.01) and the interaction between treatment and interval (P < 0.05), exhibiting consistently lower body weight in IUHS calves throughout the study period. These findings suggest that late gestation heat stress may lead to physiological alterations in future calves. Strategies aimed at mitigating heat stress during late gestation should be considered not only for the productivity and well-being of the pregnant dam but also for the development and future performance of the calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Ranjan Upadhyay
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, 334001, India.
| | - Ashutosh
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - C G Shashank
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - N P Singh
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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Sammad A, Ahmed T, Ullah K, Hu L, Luo H, Alphayo Kambey P, Faisal S, Zhu H, Li Y, Wang Y. Vitamin C Alleviates the Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Reproductive Processes by Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism in Granulosa Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:653. [PMID: 38929092 PMCID: PMC11201207 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress-induced biochemical alterations in ovarian follicles compromise the function of granulosa cells (GCs) and the developmental competence of oocytes. Summer heat stress can have a far-reaching negative impact on overall fertility and reproductive success. Together with the heat stress, the rise of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), potential confounding hazards of in vitro handling and the absence of systemic body support in ART makes it imperative to study the heat stress ameliorative effects of vitamin C under in vitro conditions. Using in vitro heat stress treatment of 43 °C for two hours in bovine GCs, we studied the effects of vitamin C on cell growth, oxidative stress, apoptosis and cell cycle progression together with a comprehensive metabolomics profiling. This study investigates the molecular milieu underlying the vitamin C (VC)-led alleviation of heat-related disruptions to metabolic processes in bovine GCs. The supplementation of VC ameliorated the detrimental effects of heat stress by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis while restoring cell proliferation. Normal cell function restoration in treated GCs was demonstrated through the finding of significantly high levels of progesterone. We observed a shift in the metabolome from biosynthesis to catabolism, mostly dominated by the metabolism of amino acids (decreased tryptophan, methionine and tyrosine) and the active TCA cycle through increased Succinic acid. The Glutathione and tryptophan metabolism were important in ameliorating the inflammation and metabolism nexus under heat stress. Two significant enzymes were identified, namely tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (FARS2). Furthermore, our findings provide insight into the significance of B-complex vitamins in the context of heat stress during VC supplementation. This study underscores the importance of VC supplementation in heat stress and designates multiple metabolic intervention faucets in the context of ameliorating heat stress and enhancing reproductive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sammad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Tanveer Ahmed
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Khair Ullah
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Hanpeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Shah Faisal
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinxiong Li
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510530, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yachun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
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Larsen GA, Laporta J. Carry-over effects of maternal late-gestation heat stress on granddaughter's growth and mammary gland development. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00764-1. [PMID: 38642652 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Maternal (F0) exposure to late-gestation heat stress reduces their daughter's (F1) mammary gland fat pad mass (FP), parenchyma (PAR) mass, and epithelial cell proliferation when evaluated at birth and weaning, and go on to produce less milk in their first lactation. Herein, we investigated the effect of maternal late-gestation heat stress on whole-body growth and mammary development of their granddaughters (F2). Multiparous F0 cows had access to heat abatement (n = 41, shade, and active cooling via fans and water soakers) or not (n = 41, shade only) for the last 56 d of gestation during a subtropical summer. Consequently, the F1 daughters, born to F0 cows, were heat-stressed (HTF1, n = 36) or cooled (CLF1, n = 37) in utero during the last 2 mo of gestation. All F1 heifers were raised as an identically managed cohort until first calving. The F2 granddaughters, born to HTF1 (HTF2, n = 12) or CLF1 (CLF2, n = 17), were raised as an identically managed cohort until 70 d of age. Dry matter intake (DMI), body weight, hip height, wither height, chest girth, head circumference, mammary gland teat length, and left-right and front-rear teat distances were measured. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated for the pre-weaned period (0-49 d). Mammary ultrasounds were performed on d 21, 49, and 70 (n = 9/group) on the rear left and right quarters to quantify PAR and FP areas. Mammary biopsies were collected for histological evaluation of epithelial structures (H&E staining), and to quantify cells positive for ERα (estrogen receptor, α subunit), cell proliferation (Ki67), and apoptosis (TUNEL). Heifer growth from birth to d 49 was similar between CLF2 and HTF2 for all parameters evaluated. Distances between teats and teat length were not different between groups. On d 70, CLF2 tended to have a greater average PAR (right and left quarters) relative to HTF2. Although the left FP was smaller in HTF2 relative to CLF2, the average FP was not different. The lumenal and non-lumenal epithelial structures in the PAR of HTF2 were significantly smaller than those of CLF2. In addition, HTF2 had a reduced percentage of proliferating cells in the epithelial and stromal compartments and a greater percentage of apoptotic cells, particularly in the stroma. The percentage of ERα positive cells was significantly reduced in HTF2. In summary, although HTF2 heifer's DMI was similar and they grew at the same rate as CLF2 heifers throughout the pre-weaning phase, their mammary glands had smaller PAR areas with fewer epithelial structures characterized by reduced cell turnover and lower ERα expression. These early changes in the microstructure and cellular turnover of the mammary gland may partly explain the reduction in lactation performance relative to CLF2 counterparts at maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Larsen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA, 53706
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA, 53706.
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Meesters M, Van Eetvelde M, Beci B, Opsomer G. The importance of developmental programming in the dairy industry. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 262:107428. [PMID: 38340370 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The concept of developmental programming suggests that environmental influences during pre- and early postnatal life that can have long-term effects on future health and performance. In dairy cattle, maternal body growth, age, parity and milk yield, as well as environmental factors during gestation, have the potential to create a suboptimal environment for the developing fetus. As a result, the calf's phenotype may undergo adaptations. Moreover, developmental programming can have long-term effects on subsequent birth weight, immunity and metabolism, as well as on postnatal growth, body composition, fertility, milk yield and even longevity of dairy cows. This review provides an overview of the impact of developmental programming on later health and performance in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Meesters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Van Eetvelde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Barbara Beci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wang L, Yan X, Wu H, Wang F, Zhong Z, Zheng G, Xiao Q, Wu K, Na W. Selection Signal Analysis Reveals Hainan Yellow Cattle Are Being Selectively Bred for Heat Tolerance. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:775. [PMID: 38473160 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hainan yellow cattle are indigenous Zebu cattle from southern China known for their tolerance of heat and strong resistance to disease. Generations of adaptation to the tropical environment of southern China and decades of artificial breeding have left identifiable selection signals in their genomic makeup. However, information on the selection signatures of Hainan yellow cattle is scarce. Herein, we compared the genomes of Hainan yellow cattle with those of Zebu, Qinchuan, Nanyang, and Yanbian cattle breeds by the composite likelihood ratio method (CLR), Tajima's D method, and identifying runs of homozygosity (ROHs), each of which may provide evidence of the genes responsible for heat tolerance in Hainan yellow cattle. The results showed that 5210, 1972, and 1290 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened by the CLR method, Tajima's D method, and ROH method, respectively. A total of 453, 450, and 325 genes, respectively, were identified near these SNPs. These genes were significantly enriched in 65 Gene Ontology (GO) functional terms and 11 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (corrected p < 0.05). Five genes-Adenosylhomocysteinase-like 2, DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C3, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A, CD53 molecule, and zinc finger and BTB domain containing 12-were recognized as candidate genes associated with heat tolerance. After further functional verification of these genes, the research results may benefit the understanding of the genetic mechanism of the heat tolerance in Hainan yellow cattle, which lay the foundation for subsequent studies on heat stress in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhao Wang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuehao Yan
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongfen Wu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Feifan Wang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ziqi Zhong
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Kebang Wu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wei Na
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Zheng X, Ma W, Wang Y, Wu C, Wang J, Ma Z, Wei Y, Cui C, Zhang S, Guan W, Chen F. Heat Stress-Induced Fetal Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated with Elevated LPS Levels Along the Maternal Intestine-Placenta-Fetus Axis in Pregnant Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19592-19609. [PMID: 38018895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The exacerbation of the greenhouse effect has made heat stress (HS) an important risk factor for the occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The experiment aims to uncover the effects of maternal HS on IUGR and its mechanisms. The results showed that HS leads to decreased maternal and fetal birth weights, accompanied by increased serum oxidative stress and cortisol levels. Moreover, HS inflicted significant damage to both the intestinal and placental barriers, altering maternal gut microbiota and increasing intestinal LPS levels. As a result, LPS levels increased in maternal serum, placenta, and fetus. Furthermore, HS damaged the intestinal structure, intensifying inflammation and disrupting the redox balance. The placenta exposed to HS exhibited changes in the placental structure along with disrupted angiogenesis and decreased levels of nutritional transporters. Additionally, the leakage of LPS triggered placental JNK and ERK phosphorylation, ultimately inducing severe placental inflammation and oxidative stress. This study suggests that LPS translocation from the maternal intestine to the fetus, due to a disrupted gut microbiota balance and compromised intestinal and placental barrier integrity, may be the primary cause of HS-induced IUGR. Furthermore, increased LPS leakage leads to placental inflammation, redox imbalance, and impaired nutrient transport, further restricting fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Caichi Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yulong Wei
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chang Cui
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
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Ribarski-Chorev I, Schudy G, Strauss C, Schlesinger S. Short heat shock has a long-term effect on mesenchymal stem cells' transcriptome. iScience 2023; 26:107305. [PMID: 37529103 PMCID: PMC10387575 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of heat stress (HS) on physiological systems are well documented, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms behind it remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the impact of HS on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), focusing on their morphology, phenotype, proliferative capacity, and fate determination. Our in-depth analysis of the MSCs' transcriptome revealed a significant influence of HS on the transcriptional landscape. Notably, even after a short period of stress, we observed a persistent alteration in cell identity, potentially mediated by the activation of bivalent genes. Furthermore, by comparing the differentially expressed genes following short HS with their transcriptional state after recovery, we identified the transient upregulation of MLL and other histone modifiers, providing a potential mechanistic explanation for the stable activation of bivalent genes. This could be used to predict and modify the long-term effect of HS on cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ribarski-Chorev
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gisele Schudy
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Carmit Strauss
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sharon Schlesinger
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Dado-Senn BM, Field SL, Davidson BD, Dahl GE, Laporta J. In utero hyperthermia in late gestation derails dairy calf early-life mammary development. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6751814. [PMID: 36206013 PMCID: PMC9541282 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hyperthermia has immediate and long-term consequences on dairy cattle growth, immunity, and productivity. While changes in the molecular architecture are reported in the mature mammary gland (MG), any influence on early-life mammary development is unknown. Herein, we characterize the impact of late-gestation in utero heat stress on heifer mammary gross and cellular morphology at early-life developmental stages (i.e., birth and weaning). During summer, pregnant dams were exposed to environmental heat stress (shade of a free-stall barn) or offered active cooling (shade, fans, and water soakers) for 54 ± 5 d before parturition (avg. temperature-humidity index = 79). Heifer calves born to these dams were either in utero heat-stressed (IU-HT; n = 36) or in utero cooled (IU-CL; n = 37) and were managed as a single cohort thereafter. A subset of heifers was euthanized at birth (d0; n = 8/treatment; 4.6 ± 2.3 h after birth) and after weaning (d63; n = 8/treatment; 63.0 ± 1.5 d) to harvest the whole MG. An ultrasound of rear mammary parenchyma (MPAR) was taken prior to d63 and correlated to harvested MPAR cross-sectional area and weight. Portions of mammary fat pad (MFP) and MPAR were preserved for compositional and histological analysis, including ductal structure number and cross-sectional area, connective tissue area, and adipocyte number and cross-sectional area. Cellular proliferation in MPAR was assessed via Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Relative to IU-CL heifers, the MGs of IU-HT heifers were shorter in length at d0 and d63 (P ≤ 0.02). There were moderate correlations between d63 ultrasound and harvest measures. The IU-HT heifers had reduced MG and MFP mass at d0 and d63 (P ≤ 0.05), whereas MPAR mass was reduced only at d0 (P = 0.01). IU-HT heifers had greater MPAR protein and DNA content at d63 (P ≤ 0.04), but there were no MFP compositional differences (P ≥ 0.12). At d0, IU-HT heifers had fewer MPAR ductal structures (P ≤ 0.06), but there were no differences at d63. Yet, MPAR luminal and total ductal structure cross-sectional areas of IU-HT heifers were reduced at both d0 and d63 (P ≤ 0.01). The MFP adipocytes of IU-HT heifers were smaller at d0 (P ≤ 0.01), but differences were not detected at d63. The IU-HT heifers had diminished MPAR total, stromal, and epithelial cellular proliferation at both d0 and d63 (P < 0.01). Prenatal hyperthermia derails dairy calf early-life mammary development with potential carry-over consequences on future synthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sena L Field
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brittney D Davidson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Wichman LG, Redifer CA, Rathert-Williams AR, Duncan NB, Payne CA, Meyer AM. Effects of spring- versus fall-calving on perinatal nutrient availability and neonatal vigor in beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac136. [PMID: 36381953 PMCID: PMC9661251 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of calving season on perinatal nutrient availability and neonatal beef calf vigor, data were collected from 4 spring- (average calving date: February 14; n = 203 total) and 4 fall- (average calving date: September 20; n = 179 total) calving experiments. Time to stand was determined as minutes from birth to standing for 5 s. After birth, calf weight and size (length, heart and abdominal girth, and cannon circumference) were recorded. Jugular blood samples and rectal temperatures were obtained at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h postnatally in 6 experiments and at 48 h postnatally in Exp. 2 to 8. Data were analyzed with fixed effects of season (single point) or season, hour, and their interaction (over time, using repeated measures). Experiment was a random effect; calf sex was included when P ≤ 0.25. Within calving season, correlations were determined between calf size, vigor, and 48-h serum total protein. Fall-born calves tended to have lighter (P = 0.09) birth weight and faster (P = 0.05) time to stand than spring-born calves. Season did not affect (P ≥ 0.18) gestation length, other calf size measures, or 48-h serum total protein. Fall-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.003) rectal temperature at 0, 24, and 48 h postnatal. Spring-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.009) circulating glucose at 0 h, serum non-esterified fatty acids at 0 and 6 h, and plasma triglycerides at 0, 6, 12, and 48 h. Fall-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.03) sodium from 6 to 48 h and magnesium from 0 to 24 h of age. Phosphorus was greater (P ≤ 0.02) at 6 and 12 h of age in spring-born calves. Spring-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.04) aspartate aminotransferase at 12 and 24 h and creatine kinase at 0 and 12 h of age. Fall-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.03) albumin, calcium, and chloride, had lower (P ≤ 0.03) bicarbonate and direct bilirubin, and tended to have greater (P = 0.10) anion gap (all main effects of calving season). Calf birth weight had a weak positive relationship (P ≤ 0.03) with 48-h serum total protein and time to stand in fall-born, but not spring-born, calves. Overall, fetal growth was restricted and neonatal dehydration was increased by warm conditions for fall-born calves, but vigor and metabolism were negatively affected by cold conditions in spring-born calves. These data suggest that calving season influences perinatal nutrient availability, which may impact the transition of beef calves to postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G Wichman
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Colby A Redifer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Natalie B Duncan
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Craig A Payne
- Department of Veterinary Extension and Continuing Education, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Onasanya GO, Msalya GM, Thiruvenkadan AK, Murali N, Saravanan R, Raja A, Okpeku M, Jeyakumar M, Ikeobi CO. Exposure to high thermal conditions for a long time induces apoptosis and decreases total RNA concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells among Indian Zebu–Jersey crossbreds. Vet World 2022; 15:2192-2201. [PMID: 36341055 PMCID: PMC9631357 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2192-2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Global warming has grave consequences on livestock production systems and profound negative effects on animal production. This study aimed to carry out an in vitro thermal stress stimulation (TSS) of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using different thermal assault conditions (TACs), including normal to extreme temperatures and varying durations of thermal exposure (DTE) to understand how PBMCs of Indian Zebu–Jersey crossbreds respond to various levels and durations of heat shock. Materials and Methods: Ten milliliters of blood were collected from 70 Indian Zebu–Jersey crossbreds under aseptic conditions and were sampled for isolating PBMCs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were divided into seven groups, each comprising 10 PBMC samples isolated from 10 different animals. Aliquots of 500 μL of PBMCs were stressed by exposure to different TACs (37, 40, and 45°C) for DTEs of 3 or 6 h. Subsequently, the cells were harvested. The control unstressed samples (500 μL aliquots of PBMCs) were exposed to no TAC (0°C) and zero DTE (0 h). Total RNA from all the treatment groups of PBMCs were isolated and quantitated. Results: We found a very strong association between TACs and RNA levels. In addition, PBMCs viability was negatively affected by heat shock. This led to an exponential reduction in PBMC count as TACs toughened. Only 3.59 × 105 ± 0.34 cells/mL were viable after exposure to 45°C for a 6 h DTE. This cell viability was lower than that measured in controls subjected to no stress and zero time DTE (2.56 × 107 ± 0.22 cells/mL). We also observed a reduction in the concentration of RNA isolated from thermally stressed PBMCs. Conclusion: In vitro TSS of PBMCs provided biological information on the response of cellular systems to heat shock after exposure to TACs. This will help to mitigate and manage the effects of thermal stress in bovine species. The association between the reduction in PBMC count after in vitro TSS and the expression of heat shock protein 70 gene will be investigated in the future to further understand how Indian Zebu–Jersey crossbreds respond to in vitro thermal conditions. This will be used to determine the in vivo response of Indian Jersey crossbreds to different environmental thermal conditions and will further enable the in vivo understanding of thermotolerance potentials of bovine species for better adaptation, survival, and production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbolabo Olaitan Onasanya
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George M. Msalya
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Aranganoor K. Thiruvenkadan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Murali
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Saravanan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angamuthu Raja
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Mani Jeyakumar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Christian O. Ikeobi
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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12
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Hut PR, Scheurwater J, Nielen M, van den Broek J, Hostens MM. Heat stress in a temperate climate leads to adapted sensor-based behavioral patterns of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6909-6922. [PMID: 35787319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most research on heat stress has focused on (sub)tropical climates. The effects of higher ambient temperatures on the daily behavior of dairy cows in a maritime and temperate climate are less studied. With this retrospective observational study, we address that gap by associating the daily time budgets of dairy cows in the Netherlands with daily temperature and temperature-humidity index (THI) variables. During a period of 4 years, cows on 8 commercial dairy farms in the Netherlands were equipped with neck and leg sensors to collect data from 4,345 cow lactations regarding their daily time budget. The time spent eating, ruminating, lying, standing, and walking was recorded. Individual cow data were divided into 3 data sets: (1) lactating cows from 5 farms with a conventional milking system (CMS) and pasture access, (2) lactating cows from 3 farms with an automatic milking system (AMS) without pasture access, and (3) dry cows from all 8 farms. Hourly environment temperature and relative humidity data from the nearest weather station of the Dutch National Weather Service was used for THI calculation for each farm. Based on heat stress thresholds from previous studies, daily mean temperatures were grouped into 7 categories: 0 = (<0°C), 1 = (0-12°C, reference category), 2 = (12-16°C), 3 = (16-20°C), 4 = (20-24°C), 5 = (24-28°C), and 6 = (≥28°C). Temperature-humidity index values were grouped as follows: 0 = (THI <30), 1 = (THI 30-56, reference category), 2 = (THI 56-60), 3 = (THI 60-64), 4 = (THI 64-68), 5 = (THI 68-72) and 6 = (THI ≥72). To associate daily mean temperature and THI with sensor-based behavioral parameters of dry cows and of lactating cows from AMS and CMS farms, we used generalized linear mixed models. In addition, associations between sensor data and other climate variables, such as daily maximum and minimum temperature, and THI were analyzed. On the warmest days, eating time decreased in the CMS group by 92 min/d, in the AMS group by 87 min/d, and in the dry group by 75 min/d compared with the reference category. Lying time decreased in the CMS group by 36 min/d, in the AMS group by 56 min/d, and in the dry group by 33 min/d. Adaptation to daily temperature and THI was already noticeable from a mean temperature of 12°C or a mean THI of 56 or above, when dairy cows started spending less time lying and eating and spent more time standing. Further, rumination time decreased, although only in dry cows and cows on AMS farms. With higher values for daily mean THI and temperature, walking time decreased as well. These patterns were very similar for temperature and THI variables. These results show that dairy cows in temperate climates begin to adapt their behavior at a relatively low mean environmental temperature or THI. In the temperate maritime climate of the Netherlands, our results indicate that daily mean temperature suffices to study the effects of behavioral adaptation to heat stress in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Hut
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - J Scheurwater
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Nielen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J van den Broek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M M Hostens
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Science and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653-Block F, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Ghaffari MH. Developmental programming: prenatal and postnatal consequences of hyperthermia in dairy cows and calves. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 80:106723. [PMID: 35339732 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With global warming, the incidence of heat stress in dairy cows is increasing in many countries. Temperatures outside the thermoneutral zone (heat stress) are one of the environmental factors with the greatest impact on milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows. In addition to several biological mechanisms that may contribute to the effects of fetal programming, epigenetic modifications have also been investigated as possible mediators of the observed associations between maternal heat stress during late gestation and performance and health later in life. In utero programming of these offspring may coordinate changes in thermoregulation, mammary gland development, and milk production ability at different developmental stages. This review examines the effects of prenatal and postnatal hyperthermia on the developmental outcomes of dairy cows, as well as the physiological and molecular mechanisms that may be responsible for the negative phenotypic consequences of heat stress that persist throughout the neonatal and adult periods and may have multigenerational implications. The physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the negative phenotypic consequences of heat stress are discussed. Research challenges in this area, future research recommendations, and therapeutic applications are also discussed. In summary, strategies to reduce heat stress during the dry period should consider not only the productivity of the pregnant cow but also the well-being of the newborn calf.
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14
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Gross JJ. Limiting factors for milk production in dairy cows: perspectives from physiology and nutrition. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6528443. [PMID: 35157044 PMCID: PMC8919814 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk production in dairy cows increases worldwide since many decades. With rising milk yields, however, potential limiting factors are increasingly discussed. Particularly, the availability of glucose and amino acids is crucial to maintain milk production as well as animal health. Limitations arise from feed sources, the rumen and digestive tract, tissue mobilization, intermediary metabolism and transport, and the uptake of circulating nutrients by the lactating mammary gland. The limiting character can change depending on the stage of lactation. Although physiological boundaries are prevalent throughout the gestation-lactation cycle, limitations are aggravated during the early lactation period when high milk production is accompanied by low feed intake and high mobilization of body reserves. The knowledge about physiological constraints may help to improve animal health and make milk production more sustainably. The scope of this review is to address contemporary factors related to production limits in dairy cows from a physiological perspective. Besides acknowledged physiological constraints, selected environmental and management-related factors affecting animal performance and physiology will be discussed. Potential solutions and strategies to overcome or to alleviate these constraints can only be presented briefly. Instead, they are thought to address existing shortcomings and to identify possibilities for optimization. Despite a scientific-based view on physiological limits, we should keep in mind that only healthy animals could use their genetic capacity and produce high amounts of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland,Corresponding author:
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15
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Guo H, Yang Y, Qiao Y, He J, Yao W, Zheng W. Heat stress affects fetal brain and intestinal function associated with the alterations of placental barrier in late pregnant mouse. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112916. [PMID: 34695613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High ambient temperature-induced heat stress (HS) during pregnancy may affect the placental function and fetal development. Late gestation is a critical period of the developing fetal brain and intestine. The study aimed to investigate the effects of HS during late pregnancy on the function of placenta, fetal brain and intestine in a mouse model. We found that the number of stillborn fetal mice were increased due to maternal HS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of genes enriched in nutrients transport and metabolism of HS group were up-regulated in the placenta, but down-regulated in the fetal duodenum and jejunum. Interestingly, the concentration of triglyceride (TG) in the HS group was raised in the placenta, but reduced both in the fetal duodenum and jejunum compared with the thermal-neutral (TN) group. Additionally, maternal HS also reduced total cholesterol (TC) contents in the fetal duodenum. The mRNA expression and protein levels of placental fatty acid binding protein 2 and 4 (fabp2 and fabp4) were not affected by maternal HS, but the mRNA expression and protein levels of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (Dgat2) were decreased in the fetal intestine. Furthermore, maternal HS reduced the mRNA expression and protein levels of the placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (Hsd11b2) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D (Htr1d). The concentrations of corticosterone and the expression of heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1), hypoxia up-regulated 1 (hyou1) and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (crhr1) enriched in response to glucocorticoids in the fetal brain were increased by maternal HS. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that maternal HS disrupted the placental glucocorticoid barrier and serotonin system associated with the raised corticosterone levels in the fetal brain, which might contribute to the decreased capacity of nutrients transport and metabolism in the fetal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiduo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Yunnan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianwen He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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16
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Ouellet V, Boucher A, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Consequences of maternal heat stress at different stages of embryonic and fetal development on dairy cows' progeny. Anim Front 2021; 11:48-56. [PMID: 34934529 PMCID: PMC8683134 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ouellet
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Boucher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Dado-Senn B, Field SL, Davidson BD, Casarotto LT, Marrero MG, Ouellet V, Cunha F, Sacher MA, Rice CL, Maunsell FP, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Late-Gestation in utero Heat Stress Limits Dairy Heifer Early-Life Growth and Organ Development. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.750390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy calves exposed to late-gestation heat stress weigh less, have impaired immunity, produce less milk across multiple lactations, and have reduced productive life. However, less is known about the relationship between in utero heat stress and organ morphology and development. Herein, we characterized the consequences of late-gestation in utero heat stress on body and organ growth trajectories during early-life development. Holstein heifers were either in utero heat-stressed (IU-HT, n = 36, dams exposed to THI > 68) or cooled (IU-CL, n = 37, dams exposed to THI > 68 with access to active cooling) during late gestation (54 ± 5 d prepartum). All heifers were reared identically from birth to weaning. Upon birth, calves were weighed and fed 3.78 L of colostrum followed by 0.87 kg DM/d milk replacer (MR) over two feedings and ad libitum starter concentrate daily. Weaning began at 49 d and ended at 56 d of age. Feed intake was recorded daily, and body weight (BW) and other growth measures were recorded at 0, 28, 56, and 63 d. Blood was collected at d 1 then weekly. Subsets of heifers were selected for euthanasia at birth and 7 d after complete weaning (n = 8 per group each) to harvest and weigh major organs. Reduced BW and stature measures persisted in IU-HT heifers from 0 to 63 d of age with a 7% lower average daily gain and reduced starter consumption relative to IU-CL heifers. IU-HT heifers had lower hematocrit percentages and reduced apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG relative to IU-CL heifers. Additionally, IU-HT heifers had reduced gross thymus, spleen, thyroid gland, and heart weight at birth and larger adrenal glands and kidneys but smaller ovaries relative to BW at 63 d. The mammary gland of IU-HT heifers was smaller relative to IU-CL heifers at birth and 63 d adjusted for BW, suggesting mechanisms leading to impaired milk yield in mature IU-HT cows are initiated early in development. In summary, in utero heat stress reduces whole-body size and limits development of key organs with potential repercussions on dairy calf metabolic adaptation, immune function, and future productivity.
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18
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Ahmed B, Younas U, Asar T, Monteiro A, Hayen M, Tao S, Dahl G. Maternal heat stress reduces body and organ growth in calves: Relationship to immune status. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:295-299. [PMID: 36338391 PMCID: PMC9623671 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In utero heat stress reduces growth relative to calves born to cooled dams. Immune organ growth is further compromised beyond whole body growth. Jejunal enterocyte apoptosis is accelerated at birth after in utero heat stress.
Late-gestation heat stress of dairy cows reduces fetal growth and influences postnatal performance and immune status of the offspring. Our first objective was to evaluate the effect of in utero heat stress on overall fetal and organ growth, particularly organs associated with immune function. The second objective was to examine the cellular mechanism of altered passive immunity in neonatal bull calves after in utero heat stress. Specifically, we examined the rate of apoptosis of intestinal cells early in life, as it is associated with gut closure. Dams were dried off approximately 45 d before expected calving and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: heat stress (HT) or cooling (CL). During the dry period all cows were housed under shade in a freestall barn, where the pen for CL cows was equipped with active cooling, including water soakers and fans, whereas the pen for HT cows had no soakers or fans. Using rectal temperature and respiration rate as indicators, heat stress was severe. Average rectal temperature in HT cows was 39.3°C compared with 39.0°C in CL cows, and HT cows had a respiration rate of 66.7 breaths/min compared with 43.2 breaths/min for CL cows. Bull calves (n = 30) were immediately separated from their dams at birth, weighed, and then killed before colostrum feeding (n = 5/treatment; d 0) or at 1 or 2 d of age following colostrum feeding (n = 5/treatment per day). After slaughter, the small intestine was removed and weighed, and samples from the jejunum were fixed for immunohistochemistry. Birth weight of bulls from HT dams was 1.1 kg lower than that of bulls from CL dams. Thymus, spleen, and heart weights of HT bulls were lower relative to those of CL bulls, whereas liver weight of HT bulls tended to be lower relative to that of CL bulls. Jejunal cell apoptosis decreased with age in both HT and CL calves after birth, mirroring gut closure. However, in utero heat stress increased the apoptotic rate in the jejunum, particularly at birth. We conclude that the chronic exposure to heat strain of HT compared with CL dams in late gestation significantly affected fetal growth and immune tissue development, which may be associated with reduced immune function in early life. Also, late-gestation heat stress increased calves' intestinal apoptosis in the first 2 d of life, which might explain the decreased IgG uptake and limited passive immune competence observed in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.M.S. Ahmed
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - U. Younas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - T.O. Asar
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A.P.A. Monteiro
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - M.J. Hayen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - S. Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - G.E. Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
- Corresponding author
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19
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Laporta J. ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: Early-life exposure to hyperthermia: Productive and physiological outcomes, costs, and opportunities. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11337-11347. [PMID: 34419283 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global rising temperature is a considerable threat to livestock production and an impediment to animal welfare. In fact, the 5 warmest years on record have occurred since 2016. Although the effect of heat stress on lactating cattle is well recognized and extensively studied, it is increasingly evident that rising temperatures will affect dairy cattle of all ages and lactation states. However, the extent and consequences of this effect are less understood and often overlooked in the literature and dairy industry. Early-life experiences, such as exposure to hyperthermia, can have life-long implications for health and productivity. This review highlights the body of work surrounding the effects of heat-stress exposure in young dairy cattle, including the prenatal fetus (in utero), postnatal calves (preweaning), and growing heifers, which are all categories that are typically not considered for heat-stress abatement on farm. Insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms that might explain the adverse phenotypic outcomes of heat-stress exposure at different stages of development are also discussed. The estimated economic loss of in utero hyperthermia is addressed, and the ties between biological findings and opportunities for the application of cooling management interventions on farm are also presented. Our research highlights the importance of heat-stress abatement strategies for dry-pregnant cows to ensure optimal multigenerational productivity and showcases the benefits of cooling neonatal calves and growing heifers. Understanding the implications of heat stress at all life stages from a physiological, molecular, economic, and welfare perspective will lead to the development of novel and refined practices and interventions to help overcome the long-lasting effects of climate change in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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20
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Davidson B, Dado-Senn B, Ouellet V, Dahl G, Laporta J. Effect of late-gestation heat stress in nulliparous heifers on postnatal growth, passive transfer of immunoglobulin G, and thermoregulation of their calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:165-169. [PMID: 36339508 PMCID: PMC9623764 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Youngstock such as nulliparous pregnant dairy heifers are not typically considered for active cooling, as they are thought to be more heat tolerant than mature cows. Recently, the benefits of heat stress abatement in pregnant heifers were studied, but the effect of in utero hyperthermia on the calf is still unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of late-gestation heat stress in nulliparous heifers on the growth, immune, and thermoregulatory responses of their calves. Pregnant nulliparous dams were randomly selected for either active cooling (CL; fans and soakers; n = 15) or heat stress (HT; n = 16) 60 d before expected calving. After birth, respiration rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, and sweating rate were obtained from their heifer calves at 24 h and on d 14, 28, 42, and 56. Blood samples and body weights were both collected for measurement of total protein and hematocrit and calculation of average daily gains, respectively. Gestation length was shorter in HT heifers (272 vs. 276 ± 1.28 d) relative to CL heifers. Birth weights, weaning weights, body weights up to d 56, and average daily gain from birth to weaning were not different between in utero HT (IUHT; n = 13) and in utero CL (IUCL; n = 12) calves. Apparent efficiency of absorption of immunoglobulin G tended to be lower in IUHT calves (26.3 vs. 42.7 ± 9.0%), and serum IgG concentrations from birth to d 56 were significantly lower in IUHT calves relative to IUCL calves (22.0 vs. 32.4 ± 4.47 g/L). Postnatal respiration rate, rectal temperature, sweating rate, total protein, and hematocrit were not different between in utero treatments. There was a tendency for IUHT calves to have lower skin temperature at 24 h (34.9 vs. 36.9 ± 1.05°C), and skin temperature tended to be elevated in IUHT calves at d 56 (29.6 vs. 27.9 ± 1.05°C). In summary, the lack of heat stress abatement during late gestation reduces gestation length of nulliparous heifers. Additionally, providing active cooling to nulliparous heifers during the prepartum period confers immune benefits to their offspring, although it does not translate to growth improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.D. Davidson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - B. Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - V. Ouellet
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - G.E. Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - J. Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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21
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Shimoni C, Goldstein M, Ribarski-Chorev I, Schauten I, Nir D, Strauss C, Schlesinger S. Heat Shock Alters Mesenchymal Stem Cell Identity and Induces Premature Senescence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:565970. [PMID: 33072750 PMCID: PMC7537765 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.565970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can have a serious impact on the health of both humans and animals. A major question is how heat stress affects normal development and differentiation at both the cellular and the organism levels. Here we use an in vitro experimental system to address how heat shock treatment influences the properties of bovine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)—multipotent progenitor cells—which are found in most tissues. Because cattle are sensitive to harsh external temperatures, studying the effects of heat shock on MSCs provides a unique platform to address cellular stress in a physiologically relevant model organism. Following isolation and characterization of MSCs from the cow’s umbilical cord, heat shock was induced either as a pulse (1 h) or continuously (3 days), and consequent effects on MSCs were characterized. Heat shock induced extensive phenotypic changes in MSCs and dramatically curtailed their capacity to proliferate and differentiate. These changes were associated with a partial arrest in the G1/S or G2/M checkpoints. Furthermore, MSCs lost their ability to resolve the inflammatory response of RAW macrophages in coculture. A possible explanation for this loss of function is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malfunction of the mitochondria in the treated cells. Heat shock treatments resulted in stress-induced premature senescence, affecting the MSCs’ ability to proliferate properly for many cell passages to follow. Exposure to elevated external temperatures leads to mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress, which in turn conveys critical changes in the proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulatory phenotype of heat-stressed MSCs. A better understanding of the effect of heat shock on humans and animals may result in important health and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shimoni
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Myah Goldstein
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ivana Ribarski-Chorev
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iftach Schauten
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Nir
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carmit Strauss
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sharon Schlesinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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