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Hassanpour S, Kim HJ, Saadati A, Tebon P, Xue C, van den Dolder FW, Thakor J, Baradaran B, Mosafer J, Baghbanzadeh A, de Barros NR, Hashemzaei M, Lee KJ, Lee J, Zhang S, Sun W, Cho HJ, Ahadian S, Ashammakhi N, Dokmeci MR, Mokhtarzadeh A, Khademhosseini A. Thrombolytic Agents: Nanocarriers in Controlled Release. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001647. [PMID: 32790000 PMCID: PMC7702193 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a life-threatening pathological condition in which blood clots form in blood vessels, obstructing or interfering with blood flow. Thrombolytic agents (TAs) are enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve blood clots. The plasmin formed by TAs breaks down fibrin clots into soluble fibrin that finally dissolves thrombi. Several TAs have been developed to treat various thromboembolic diseases, such as pulmonary embolisms, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and extensive coronary emboli. However, systemic TA administration can trigger non-specific activation that can increase the incidence of bleeding. Moreover, protein-based TAs are rapidly inactivated upon injection resulting in the need for large doses. To overcome these limitations, various types of nanocarriers have been introduced that enhance the pharmacokinetic effects by protecting the TA from the biological environment and targeting the release into coagulation. The nanocarriers show increasing half-life, reducing side effects, and improving overall TA efficacy. In this work, the recent advances in various types of TAs and nanocarriers are thoroughly reviewed. Various types of nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymer-based, and metal-based nanoparticles are described, for the targeted delivery of TAs. This work also provides insights into issues related to the future of TA development and successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soodabeh Hassanpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Arezoo Saadati
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chengbin Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Floor W van den Dolder
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, GA, 3508, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, CT, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Thakor
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, 9519633787, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, 9861618335, Iran
| | - Kang Ju Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516614731, Iran
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) and California NanoSystems Institute University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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