1
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Banka AL, Eniola-Adefeso O. Method article: an in vitro blood flow model to advance the study of platelet adhesion utilizing a damaged endothelium. Platelets 2021; 33:692-699. [PMID: 34927530 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1988550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro flow assays utilizing microfluidic devices are often used to study human platelets as an alternative to the costly animal models of hemostasis and thrombosis that may not accurately represent human platelet behavior in vivo. Here, we present a tunable in vitro model to study platelet behavior in human whole blood flow that includes both an inflamed, damaged endothelium and exposed extracellular matrix. We demonstrate that the model is adaptable across various anticoagulants, shear rates, and proteins for endothelial cell culture without the need for a complicated, custom-designed device. Furthermore, we verified the ability of this 'damaged endothelium' model as a screening method for potential anti-platelet or anti-thrombotic compounds using a P2Y12 receptor antagonist (ticagrelor), a pan-selectin inhibitor (Bimosiamose), and a histamine receptor antagonist (Cimetidine). These compounds significantly decreased platelet adhesion to the damaged endothelium, highlighting that this model can successfully screen anti-platelet compounds that target platelets directly or the endothelium indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Leigh Banka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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2
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Walker JA, Richards S, Whelan SA, Yoo SB, Russell TL, Arinze N, Lotfollahzadeh S, Napoleon MA, Belghasem M, Lee N, Dember LM, Ravid K, Chitalia VC. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1, a Novel Therapeutic Target for Post-Vascular Injury Thrombosis in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2834-2850. [PMID: 34716244 PMCID: PMC8806102 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CKD, characterized by retained uremic solutes, is a strong and independent risk factor for thrombosis after vascular procedures . Urem ic solutes such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and kynurenine (Kyn) mediate prothrombotic effect through tissue factor (TF). IS and Kyn biogenesis depends on multiple enzymes, with therapeutic implications unexplored. We examined the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1), a rate-limiting enzyme of kynurenine biogenesis, in CKD-associated thrombosis after vascular injury. METHODS IDO-1 expression in mice and human vessels was examined. IDO-1-/- mice, IDO-1 inhibitors, an adenine-induced CKD, and carotid artery injury models were used. RESULTS Both global IDO-1-/- CKD mice and IDO-1 inhibitor in wild-type CKD mice showed reduced blood Kyn levels, TF expression in their arteries, and thrombogenicity compared with respective controls. Several advanced IDO-1 inhibitors downregulated TF expression in primary human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells specifically in response to uremic serum. Further mechanistic probing of arteries from an IS-specific mouse model, and CKD mice, showed upregulation of IDO-1 protein, which was due to inhibition of its polyubiquitination and degradation by IS in vascular smooth muscle cells. In two cohorts of patients with advanced CKD, blood IDO-1 activity was significantly higher in sera of study participants who subsequently developed thrombosis after endovascular interventions or vascular surgery. CONCLUSION Leveraging genetic and pharmacologic manipulation in experimental models and data from human studies implicate IS as an inducer of IDO-1 and a perpetuator of the thrombotic milieu and supports IDO-1 as an antithrombotic target in CKD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta
- Carotid Artery Injuries/complications
- Carotid Artery Thrombosis/etiology
- Carotid Artery Thrombosis/prevention & control
- Culture Media/pharmacology
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Indican/physiology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/blood
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/deficiency
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Kynurenine/blood
- Kynurenine/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Postoperative Complications/blood
- Postoperative Complications/enzymology
- Postoperative Complications/etiology
- Postoperative Complications/prevention & control
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/enzymology
- Thromboplastin/metabolism
- Thrombosis/blood
- Thrombosis/enzymology
- Thrombosis/etiology
- Thrombosis/prevention & control
- Tryptophan/metabolism
- Uremia/blood
- Vascular Surgical Procedures/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Walker
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean Richards
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A Whelan
- Chemical Instrumentation Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sung Bok Yoo
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teresa L Russell
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nkiruka Arinze
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saran Lotfollahzadeh
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc A Napoleon
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mostafa Belghasem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norman Lee
- Chemical Instrumentation Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Dember
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katya Ravid
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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3
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Jeanne A, Sarazin T, Charlé M, Kawecki C, Kauskot A, Hedtke T, Schmelzer CEH, Martiny L, Maurice P, Dedieu S. Towards the Therapeutic Use of Thrombospondin 1/CD47 Targeting TAX2 Peptide as an Antithrombotic Agent. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e1-e17. [PMID: 33232198 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TSP-1 (thrombospondin 1) is one of the most expressed proteins in platelet α-granules and plays an important role in the regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis. Interaction of released TSP-1 with CD47 membrane receptor has been shown to regulate major events leading to thrombus formation, such as, platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium, nitric oxide/cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) signaling, platelet activation as well as aggregation. Therefore, targeting TSP-1:CD47 axis may represent a promising antithrombotic strategy. Approach and Results: A CD47-derived cyclic peptide was engineered, namely TAX2, that targets TSP-1 and selectively prevents TSP-1:CD47 interaction. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that TAX2 peptide strongly decreases platelet aggregation and interaction with collagen under arterial shear conditions. TAX2 also delays time for complete thrombotic occlusion in 2 mouse models of arterial thrombosis following chemical injury, while Thbs1-/- mice recapitulate TAX2 effects. Importantly, TAX2 administration is not associated with increased bleeding risk or modification of hematologic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study sheds light on the major contribution of TSP-1:CD47 interaction in platelet activation and thrombus formation while putting forward TAX2 as an innovative antithrombotic agent with high added-value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Jeanne
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France (A.J., T.S., M.C., C.K., L.M., P.M., S.D.)
- SATT Nord, Lille, France (A.J.)
- Apmonia Therapeutics, Reims, France (A.J., S.D.)
| | - Thomas Sarazin
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France (A.J., T.S., M.C., C.K., L.M., P.M., S.D.)
| | - Magalie Charlé
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France (A.J., T.S., M.C., C.K., L.M., P.M., S.D.)
| | - Charlotte Kawecki
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France (A.J., T.S., M.C., C.K., L.M., P.M., S.D.)
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, France (A.K.)
| | - Tobias Hedtke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany (T.H., C.E.H.S.)
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany (T.H., C.E.H.S.)
| | - Laurent Martiny
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France (A.J., T.S., M.C., C.K., L.M., P.M., S.D.)
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France (A.J., T.S., M.C., C.K., L.M., P.M., S.D.)
| | - Stéphane Dedieu
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France (A.J., T.S., M.C., C.K., L.M., P.M., S.D.)
- Apmonia Therapeutics, Reims, France (A.J., S.D.)
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4
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Shi C, Yang L, Braun A, Anders HJ. Extracellular DNA-A Danger Signal Triggering Immunothrombosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568513. [PMID: 33117353 PMCID: PMC7575749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clotting and inflammation are effective danger response patterns positively selected by evolution to limit fatal bleeding and pathogen invasion upon traumatic injuries. As a trade-off, thrombotic, and thromboembolic events complicate severe forms of infectious and non-infectious states of acute and chronic inflammation, i.e., immunothrombosis. Factors linked to thrombosis and inflammation include mediators released by platelet granules, complement, and lipid mediators and certain integrins. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a previously unrecognized cellular component in the blood, which elicits profound proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects. Pathogens trigger the release of extracellular DNA together with other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Dying cells in the inflamed or infected tissue release extracellular DNA together with other danger associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). Neutrophils release DNA by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during infection, trauma or other forms of vascular injury. Fluorescence tissue imaging localized extracellular DNA to sites of injury and to intravascular thrombi. Functional studies using deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-deficient mouse strains or recombinant DNase show that extracellular DNA contributes to the process of immunothrombosis. Here, we review rodent models of immunothrombosis and the evolving evidence for extracellular DNA as a driver of immunothrombosis and discuss challenges and prospects for extracellular DNA as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Shi
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luying Yang
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- German Center for Lung Research, Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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5
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A Swine Model of Filter-Assisted Caval Thrombosis for Endovascular Thrombectomy Using AngioJet. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:365-370. [PMID: 32661981 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To assess the feasibility of creating swine model of filter-assisted caval thrombosis and to evaluate the efficacy in removing clot in this model using rheolytic thrombectomy. The model was created by implanting a filter into the inferior vena cava followed by injection of autologous thrombus. Rheolytic thrombectomy was performed for all models to remove the clot. The success rate of model creation and the efficacy of clot removal were analyzed. The success rate of model creation was 100% (15/15). Following rheolytic thrombectomy, 3 of 5 pigs attained complete clot removal in a 7-day-old model, while no pigs attained complete clot removal in 14- and 21-day-old models. Creating a filter-related caval thrombosis model in swine is technically feasible and can be used to mimic a clinical episode of caval thrombosis from acute phase to chronic occlusion. Rheolytic thrombectomy can be used to remove filter-related thrombosis that aged less than 14 days. Graphical Abstract Swine Model of Filter-Assisted Caval Thrombotic Occlusion.
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6
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Jagadeeswaran P, Cooley BC, Gross PL, Mackman N. Animal Models of Thrombosis From Zebrafish to Nonhuman Primates: Use in the Elucidation of New Pathologic Pathways and the Development of Antithrombotic Drugs. Circ Res 2017; 118:1363-79. [PMID: 27126647 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Animal models are used to understand the pathological pathways involved in thrombosis and to test the efficacy and safety of new antithrombotic drugs. In this review, we will first describe the central role a variety of animal models of thrombosis and hemostasis has played in the development of new antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. These include the widely used P2Y12 antagonists and the recently developed orally available anticoagulants that directly target factor Xa or thrombin. Next, we will describe the new players, such as polyphosphate, neutrophil extracellular traps, and microparticles, which have been shown to contribute to thrombosis in mouse models, particularly venous thrombosis models. Other mouse studies have demonstrated roles for the factor XIIa and factor XIa in thrombosis. This has spurred the development of strategies to reduce their levels or activities as a new approach for preventing thrombosis. Finally, we will discuss the emergence of zebrafish as a model to study thrombosis and its potential use in the discovery of novel factors involved in thrombosis and hemostasis. Animal models of thrombosis from zebrafish to nonhuman primates are vital in identifying pathological pathways of thrombosis that can be safely targeted with a minimal effect on hemostasis. Future studies should focus on understanding the different triggers of thrombosis and the best drugs to prevent each type of thrombotic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.).
| | - Brian C Cooley
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
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7
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Abstract
Arterial thrombosis (blood clot) is a common complication of many systemic diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, cancer and chronic autoimmune rheumatologic disorders. Thrombi are the cause of most heart attacks, strokes and extremity loss, making thrombosis an extremely important public health problem. Since these thrombi stem from inappropriate platelet activation and subsequent coagulation, targeting these systems therapeutically has important clinical significance for developing safer treatments. Due to the complexities of the hemostatic system, in vitro experiments cannot replicate the blood-to-vessel wall interactions; therefore, in vivo studies are critical to understand pathological mechanisms of thrombus formation. To this end, various thrombosis models have been developed in mice. Among them, ferric chloride (FeCl3) induced vascular injury is a widely used model of occlusive thrombosis that reports platelet activation and aggregation in the context of an aseptic closed vascular system. This model is based on redox-induced endothelial cell injury, which is simple and sensitive to both anticoagulant and anti-platelets drugs. The time required for the development of a thrombus that occludes blood flow gives a quantitative measure of vascular injury, platelet activation and aggregation that is relevant to thrombotic diseases. We have significantly refined this FeCl3-induced vascular thrombosis model, which makes the data highly reproducible with minimal variation. Here we describe the model and present representative data from several experimental set-ups that demonstrate the utility of this model in thrombosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University;
| | - Marvin Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
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8
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Evans CE. Inducing femoral vein thrombosis under unrestricted flow: Comments on an alternative electrolytic mouse model. Thromb Res 2016; 140:153-154. [PMID: 26879583 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Evans
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Swine Model of Thrombotic Caval Occlusion Created by Autologous Thrombus Injection with Assistance of Intra-caval Net Knitting. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18546. [PMID: 26680253 PMCID: PMC4683581 DOI: 10.1038/srep18546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility of a swine model of thrombotic inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion (IVCO) created by autologous thrombus injection with assistance of intra-caval net knitting. Sixteen pigs were included and divided into two groups: Group A (n = 10), IVCO model created by knitting a caval net followed by autologous thrombus injection; Group B (n = 6), control model created by knitting a net and normal saline injection. Venography was performed to assess each model and the associated thrombotic occlusion. The vessels were examined histologically to analyse the pathological changes postoperatively. IVCO model was successfully created in 10 animals in Group A (100%). Immediate venography showed extensive clot burden in the IVC. Postoperative venography revealed partial caval occlusion at 7 days, and complete occlusion coupled with collateral vessels at 14 days. Histologically, Group A animals had significantly greater venous wall thickening, with CD163-positive and CD3-positive cell infiltration. Recanalization channels were observed at the margins of the thrombus. By contrast, no thrombotic occlusion of the IVC was observed in Group B. The thrombotic IVCO model can be reliably established in swine. The inflammatory reaction may contribute to the caval thrombus propagation following occlusion.
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10
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Kerlin BA, Waller AP, Sharma R, Chanley MA, Nieman MT, Smoyer WE. Disease Severity Correlates with Thrombotic Capacity in Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:3009-19. [PMID: 25855774 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic disease, a major life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome, has been associated with proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia severity. However, it is not fully understood how disease severity correlates with severity of the acquired hypercoagulopathy of nephrotic syndrome. Without this knowledge, the utility of proteinuria and/or hypoalbuminemia as biomarkers of thrombotic risk remains limited. Here, we show that two well established ex vivo hypercoagulopathy assays, thrombin generation and rotational thromboelastometry, are highly correlated with proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia in the puromycin aminonucleoside and adriamycin rat models of nephrotic syndrome. Notably, in the puromycin aminonucleoside model, hyperfibrinogenemia and antithrombin deficiency were also correlated with proteinuria severity, consistent with reports in human nephrotic syndrome. Importantly, although coagulation was not spontaneously activated in vivo with increasing proteinuria, vascular injury induced a more robust thrombotic response in nephrotic animals. In conclusion, hypercoagulopathy is highly correlated with nephrotic disease severity, but overt thrombosis may require an initiating insult, such as vascular injury. Our results suggest that proteinuria and/or hypoalbuminemia could be developed as clinically meaningful surrogate biomarkers of hypercoagulopathy to identify patients with nephrotic syndrome at highest risk for thrombotic disease and potentially target them for anticoagulant pharmacoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Kerlin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio; Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/Blood & Marrow Transplantation and
| | - Amanda P Waller
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio; Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/Blood & Marrow Transplantation and
| | - Melinda A Chanley
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - William E Smoyer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio; Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
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11
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Cooley BC. Murine arterial thrombus induction mechanism influences subsequent thrombodynamics. Thromb Res 2015; 135:939-43. [PMID: 25764909 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of thrombotic induction in experimental models can vary greatly, as can the applied evaluative measures, making comparisons among models difficult. OBJECTIVES This study comparatively evaluated the arterial thrombodynamic response among injury mechanisms. METHODS Thrombotic responses were induced in mouse carotid arteries, with subsequent intravital imaging using rhodamine-6G-labeled platelets to quantitate platelet accumulation over 30minutes. Nine induction methods were evaluated: brief pinch, temporary hard ligation, cautery/heat, needle puncture, intralumenal wire (scratch), intralumenal adventitia/collagen (2 different models), and brief exposures to either iron-based surface electrolytic injury or ferric chloride. RESULTS The accumulation of platelets was variable among induction methods, with a greater response to more severe injury mechanisms, free radical injury, and exposed collagen. Temporal profiles were generated by normalizing data to peak platelet accumulation for each run; rapid platelet development and subsequent detachment were found for mechanical injuries that maintained vessel integrity (pinch and ligation injuries), with more sustained growth for more severe mechanical (wire) injury or breach of the vessel (needle puncture or intralumenal collagen). A delayed but extended temporal response was seen with free radical injury (both electrolytic and ferric chloride). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a dependence of platelet thrombodynamics on the method of induction, with collagen exposure causing greater, more prolonged activity, while free-radical injury effected a delayed but sustained platelet thrombus formation with slower resolution. A better understanding of how these various injury models relate to clinical causes of arterial thrombosis is needed for optimal translational interpretation of murine models of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Cooley
- Dept. of Pathology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Room 3341C, MBRB, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
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12
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Mooberry MJ, Key NS. Microparticle analysis in disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Cytometry A 2015; 89:111-22. [PMID: 25704723 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are submicron vesicles released from the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells in response to activation or apoptosis. MPs are known to be involved in numerous biologic processes, including inflammation, the immune response, cancer metastasis, and angiogenesis. Their earliest recognized and most widely accepted role, however, is the ability to promote and support the process of blood coagulation. Consequently, there is ongoing interest in studying MPs in disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Both phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and the presence of tissue factor (TF) in the MP membrane may account for their procoagulant properties, and elevated numbers of MPs in plasma have been reported in numerous prothrombotic conditions. To date, however, there are few data on true causality linking MPs to the genesis of thrombosis. A variety of methodologies have been employed to characterize and quantify MPs, although detection is challenging due to their submicron size. Flow cytometry (FCM) remains the most frequently utilized strategy for MP detection; however, it is associated with significant technological limitations. Additionally, preanalytical and analytical variables can influence the detection of MPs by FCM, rendering data interpretation difficult. Lack of methodologic standardization in MP analysis by FCM confounds the issue further, although efforts are currently underway to address this limitation. Moving forward, it will be important to address these technical challenges as a scientific community if we are to better understand the role that MPs play in disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Mooberry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nigel S Key
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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Abstract
Because of its high sensitivity and reproducibility, the FeCl3 -induced arterial thrombosis mouse model is widely used to study molecular mechanisms as well as the efficacy of antithrombotic agents. The model also carries the additional advantages of being relatively easy to establish and requiring minimal instrumentation. However, the various parameters that influence the outcome must be optimized to the experimental requirements and the individual laboratory conditions. Here, we describe a standard protocol for FeCl3 -induced common carotid artery thrombosis, parameters that influence thrombus growth, ways to optimize the experiment, and interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramaniam
- Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (CTH), Johannes Guttenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Shi G, Meister D, Daley RA, Cooley BC. Thrombodynamics of microvascular repairs: effects of antithrombotic therapy on platelets and fibrin. J Hand Surg Am 2013; 38:1784-9. [PMID: 23891176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the hypothesis that platelets and fibrin differentially accrue at microvascular anastomoses in arteries versus veins and under different pharmacologic conditions. METHODS We evaluated mouse arterial and venous anastomoses with intravital fluorescence imaging, using fluorophore-labeled platelets and anti-fibrin antibodies to measure the extent of thrombus component development in the intraluminal anastomotic site. We evaluated systemic heparin or eptifibatide (platelet aggregation inhibitor) to determine their relative influences on thrombus composition. RESULTS Platelets accumulated rapidly in both arterial and venous repairs, and then fell in number after 10 to 30 minutes of reflow. Fibrin had a relatively steady development over 60 minutes in veins, with a more variable increase in arteries. Heparin reduced platelet accumulation in arteries and fibrin development in veins. Eptifibatide reduced platelets in both arteries and veins and had an apparent effect on lowering the amount of fibrin in veins. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that platelets have a rapid, transient response, whereas fibrin has a slower, more sustained accrual in both arterial and venous anastomoses. Furthermore, inhibition of either coagulation or platelet aggregation can influence presumably non-targeted components of thrombosis in vascular repairs of both arteries and veins. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Preventing replantation failure using antithrombotic therapies requires a better understanding of the effect of each pharmacologic compound on the various aspects of thrombogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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15
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Schulz C, Engelmann B, Massberg S. Crossroads of coagulation and innate immunity: the case of deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:233-41. [PMID: 23809127 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common condition characterized by the formation of an occlusive blood clot in the venous vascular system, potentially complicated by detachment and embolization of thrombi into the lung. Recent evidence from mouse models has shed light on the sequence of events and on the cellular (innate immune cells, platelets) and molecular (hematopoietic tissue factor, nucleic acids) components involved. In response to decreased blood flow, circulating neutrophils and monocytes adhere to the activated endothelium within hours. They initiate and propagate DVT by interacting with platelets and by the exposure and activation of circulating tissue factor and FXII. Intravascular blood coagulation is also induced by extracellular nucleosomes released mainly from activated neutrophils. Interestingly, these mechanisms are closely linked to an evolutionary conserved immune defense mechanism activated in response to infections. In this review, we will give an overview of DVT and the role of innate immune pathways supporting this process. While the latter are aimed at preserving tissue integrity and function, uncontrolled blood coagulation and activation of immune cells may result in pathological thrombus formation and vascular occlusion. Understanding the molecular and cellular players triggering occlusion of large veins, and their distinction from physiological hemostasis, is important for the development of strategies to prevent and treat DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schulz
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK.
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16
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Aleman MM, Walton BL, Byrnes JR, Wang JG, Heisler MJ, Machlus KR, Cooley BC, Wolberg AS. Elevated prothrombin promotes venous, but not arterial, thrombosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1829-36. [PMID: 23723374 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with elevated prothrombin, including those with the prothrombin G20210A mutation, have increased risk of venous thrombosis. Although these individuals do not have increased circulating prothrombotic biomarkers, their plasma demonstrates increased tissue factor-dependent thrombin generation in vitro. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathological role of elevated prothrombin in venous and arterial thrombosis in vivo, and distinguish thrombogenic mechanisms in these vessels. APPROACH AND RESULTS Prothrombin was infused into mice to raise circulating levels. Venous thrombosis was induced by electrolytic stimulus to the femoral vein or inferior vena cava ligation. Arterial thrombosis was induced by electrolytic stimulus or ferric chloride application to the carotid artery. Mice infused with prothrombin demonstrated increased tissue factor-triggered thrombin generation measured ex vivo, but did not have increased circulating prothrombotic biomarkers in the absence of vessel injury. After venous injury, elevated prothrombin increased thrombin generation and the fibrin accumulation rate and total amount of fibrin ≈ 3-fold, producing extended thrombi with increased mass. However, elevated prothrombin did not accelerate platelet accumulation, increase the fibrin accumulation rate, or shorten the vessel occlusion time after arterial injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings reconcile previously discordant findings on thrombin generation in hyperprothrombinemic individuals measured ex vivo and in vitro, and show elevated prothrombin promotes venous, but not arterial, thrombosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Aleman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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17
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Li W, McIntyre TM, Silverstein RL. Ferric chloride-induced murine carotid arterial injury: A model of redox pathology. Redox Biol 2013; 1:50-5. [PMID: 25101237 PMCID: PMC4116643 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) induced vascular injury is a widely used model of occlusive thrombosis that reports platelet activation in the context of an aseptic closed vascular system. This model is based on redox-induced endothelial cell injury, which is simple and sensitive to both anticoagulant and anti-platelets drugs. The time required for platelet aggregation to occlude blood flow gives a quantitative measure of vascular damage that is pathologically relevant to thrombotic disease. We have refined the traditional FeCl3-induced carotid artery model making the data highly reproducible with lower variation. This paper will describe our artifices and report the role of varying the oxidative damage by varying FeCl3 concentrations and exposure. To explore a maximum difference between experimental groups, adjustment of the selected FeCl3 dose and exposure duration may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Evans CE, Humphries J, Saha P, Smith A. Opinions on mouse models of thrombosis. Thromb Res 2012; 130:285-6. [PMID: 22698432 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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