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Mohamed RH, Abdel Hay NH, Fawzy NM, Tamim YM, Doaa Karem MM, Yehia DAY, Abdel Maksoud OM, Abdelrahim DS. Targeting mevalonate pathway by zoledronate ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model: Promising therapy against post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38357833 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway plays a critical role in post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF) and its intervention with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be a potential therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of zoledronate (ZA) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in rats through targeting ACE2, ROCK, and VEGF signaling pathways. METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, vehicle-treated, PF, PF-ZA 50, and PF-ZA 100 groups. ZA was given in two different doses 100 and 50 μg/kg/week intraperitoneally. After anesthesia, mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) was measured. After scarification, lung coefficient was calculated. Lung levels of ACE 2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), VEGF, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Expression of ROCK, phosphorylated myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (P-MYPT1), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1), along with histopathological changes and immune-histochemical staining for lung α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and caspase-3, were evaluated. RESULTS ZA significantly prevented the decrease in MBP. ZA significantly increased ACE2, GSH, and SOD and significantly decreased IL-1β, TGF-β, and VEGF in lung in comparison to PF group. ZA prevented the histopathological changes induced by CCl4. ZA inhibited lung expression of ROCK, P-MYPT1, MMP-1, α-SMA, TNFα, and caspase-3 with significant differences favoring the high dose intervention. CONCLUSION ZA in a dose-dependent manner prevented the pathological effect of CCl4 in the lung by targeting mevalonate pathway. It could be promising therapy against PCPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Hussein Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesma Hussein Abdel Hay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesma Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yomna M Tamim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M M Doaa Karem
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Omnia M Abdel Maksoud
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina S Abdelrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Modern Technology and Information University, Cairo, Egypt
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Qu X, Huang D, Zhou X, Ruan W. SCUBE1 promotes pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in acute pulmonary embolism by modulating BMP7. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16719. [PMID: 38259670 PMCID: PMC10802153 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives After an episode of acute pulmonary embolism (APE), activated platelets have the ability to release various bioactive factors that can stimulate both proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). SCUBE1 has been previously reported to engage in platelet-platelet interactions, potentially contributing to the activation of platelets in early onset thrombi. The purpose of this study was to examine the alterations in SCUBE1 expression in PASMCs after APE, as well as understand the mechanism behind these changes. Methods The platelet-rich plasma samples of both APE patients and healthy individuals were collected. A hyperproliferative model of PASMCs was established by using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) as a stimulator and various assays were used to investigate how SCUBE1-mediated BMP7 can regulate PDGF-induced PASMC proliferation and migration. Results Elevated level of SCUBE1 were observed in platelet-rich plasma from patients with APE and in PASMCs induced by PDGF. SCUBE1 interference ameliorated PDGF-driven cell proliferation and migration, and also downregulated PCNA expression. Additionally, mechanistic studies demonstrated that SCUBE1 could directly bind to bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) and enhance BMP7 expression, which completely abolished the impact of SCUBE1 silencing on proliferation and migration ability of PASMCs after PDGF treatment. Conclusion In the PDGF-induced proliferation of PASMCs, the expression of SCUBE1 and BMP7 was upregulated. Silencing of SCUBE1 impeded PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of PASMCs by restraining BMP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Qu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwen Ruan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian, China
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Nunez Lopez YO, Iliuk A, Casu A, Parikh A, Smith JS, Corbin K, Lupu D, Pratley RE. Extracellular vesicle proteomics and phosphoproteomics identify pathways for increased risk in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 197:110565. [PMID: 36736734 PMCID: PMC9890887 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of COVID-19. However, their role in the interaction between COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been addressed. Here, we characterized the circulating EV proteomic and phosphoproteomic landscape in patients with and without T2D hospitalized with COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 acute respiratory illness (RSP). We detected differentially expressed protein and phosphoprotein signatures that effectively characterized the study groups. The trio of immunomodulatory and coagulation proteins C1QA, C1QB, and C1QC appeared to be a central cluster in both the COVID-19 and T2D functional networks. PKCβ appeared to be retained in cells by being diverted from EV pathways and contribute to the COVID-19 and T2D interaction via a PKC/BTK/TEC axis. EV-shuttled CASP3 and ROCK1 appeared to be coregulated and likely contribute to disease interactions in patients with COVID-19 and T2D. Predicted activation of AMPK, MAPK, and SYK appeared to also play important roles driving disease interaction. These results suggest that activated cellular kinases (i.e., PKC, AMPK, MAPK, and SYK) and multiple EV-shuttled kinases (i.e., PKCβ, BTK, TEC, MAP2K2, and ROCK1) may play key roles in severe COVID-19, particularly in patients with comorbid diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury O Nunez Lopez
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, United States
| | - Anton Iliuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Tymora Analytical Operations, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States.
| | - Anna Casu
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, United States
| | - Amay Parikh
- Division of Critical Care, AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, United States
| | - Joshua S Smith
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, United States
| | - Karen Corbin
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, United States
| | - Daniel Lupu
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, United States
| | - Richard E Pratley
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, United States.
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Zhang Q, Ling S, Hu K, Liu J, Xu JW. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in NETosis in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pharmacotherapy 2022; 148:112718. [PMID: 35176710 PMCID: PMC8841219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and stroke are the leading causes of death in the world. Numerous evidence has confirmed that hypertension promotes thrombosis and induces myocardial infarction and stroke. Recent findings reveal that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in the induction of myocardial infarction and stroke. Meanwhile, patients with severe COVID-19 suffer from complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke with pathological signs of NETs. Due to the extremely low amount of virus detected in the blood and remote organs (e.g., heart, brain and kidney) in a few cases, it is difficult to explain the mechanism by which the virus triggers NETosis, and there may be a different mechanism than in the lung. A large number of studies have found that the renin-angiotensin system regulates the NETosis at multiple levels in patients with COVID-19, such as endocytosis of SARS-COV-2, abnormal angiotensin II levels, neutrophil activation and procoagulant function at multiple levels, which may contribute to the formation of reticular structure and thrombosis. The treatment of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and neutrophil recruitment and active antagonists helps to regulate blood pressure and reduce the risk of net and thrombosis. The review will explore the possible role of the angiotensin system in the formation of NETs in severe COVID-19.
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Karpov AA, Vaulina DD, Smirnov SS, Moiseeva OM, Galagudza MM. Rodent models of pulmonary embolism and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09014. [PMID: 35295664 PMCID: PMC8919224 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most prevalent cardiovascular disease. It is associated with high in-hospital mortality and the development of acute and chronic complications. New approaches aimed at improving the prognosis of patients with PE are largely dependent on reliable animal models. Mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits, are currently most commonly used for PE modeling because of their ethical acceptability and economic feasibility. This article provides an overview of the main approaches to PE modeling, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Special attention is paid to experimental endpoints, including morphological, functional, and molecular endpoints. All approaches to PE modeling can be broadly divided into three main groups: 1) induction of thromboembolism, either by thrombus formation in vivo or by injection of in vitro prepared blood clots; 2) introduction of particles of non-thrombotic origin; and 3) surgical procedures. The choice of a specific model and animal species is determined based on the objectives of the study. Rodent models of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), which is the most devastating complication of PE, are also described. CTEPH models are especially challenging because of insufficient knowledge about the pathogenesis and high fibrinolytic activity of rodent plasma. The CTEPH model should demonstrate a persistent increase in pulmonary artery pressure and stable reduction of the vascular bed due to recurrent embolism. Based on the analysis of available evidence, one might conclude that currently, there is no single optimal method for modeling PE and CTEPH.
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Li Y, Shao J, Song J, Yu S, Wang J, Sun K. MiR-34a-3p suppresses pulmonary vascular proliferation in acute pulmonary embolism rat by targeting DUSP1. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20210116. [PMID: 34778900 PMCID: PMC8703022 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a prevalent reason of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have underscored the positive effects of microRNAs (miRNAs) on many diseases. The present study aimed to identify the critical miRNA with differential expressions and explore its role in APE. METHODS The critical miRNA with its target gene was screened by bioinformatics analysis. Their binding relationship was analyzed by TargetScan, Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. A rat model of APE was established by self-blood coagulum. Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were exposed to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) for excessive proliferation, and transfected with miR-34a-3p mimic. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) of rat was measured, and the pulmonary tissues were used for the pathological observation by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining. Cell viability and proliferation were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU assays. The expressions of miR-34a-3p with its target genes (including dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (DUSP1)), neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or/and Western blot. RESULTS MiR-34a-3p expression was down-regulated in APE patients, which attenuated the increment of mPAP and thickening of the pulmonary arterial walls in APE rats, accompanied with regulation of NOR-1 and PCNA levels. MiR-34a-3p suppressed DUSP1 expression by directly binding to its 3'-untranslated region (UTR), and attenuated cell viability, proliferation, and the expressions of NOR-1 and PCNA in PDGF-BB-induced PASMCs by inhibiting DUSP1 expression. CONCLUSION Up-regulated miR-34a-3p negatively regulates DUSP1 expression to inhibit PASMC proliferation, which, thus, may act on APE treatment by negatively regulating pulmonary vascular proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1/genetics
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/enzymology
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Embolism/enzymology
- Pulmonary Embolism/genetics
- Pulmonary Embolism/pathology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Emergency, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyan Shao
- Department of Emergency, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Song
- Department of Emergency, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuili Yu
- Department of Emergency, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqin Wang
- Department of Emergency, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyu Sun
- Department of Emergency, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y, Tang S, Yang W, Du F. let-7b-5p suppresses the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via down-regulating IGF1. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100051. [PMID: 35636162 PMCID: PMC9156868 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some previous studies indicated that the excessive proliferation and migration of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells (PASMCs) could be observed in pulmonary artery intima after Pulmonary Embolism (PE) occurred. In addition, recent studies identified some miRNAs that are differentially expressed in the blood of PE patients, which might be used as a diagnostic biomarker for PE, including let-7a-5p, let-7b-5p, and miR-150-5p. Hence, the authors sought to explore the effects of let-7b-5p in PASMC proliferation and migration and the corresponding regulatory mechanism. METHODS Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) was utilized to induce the hyper-proliferation model in PASMCs. The mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. The proliferation of PASMCs was evaluated by the detection of PCNA expression, as well as CCK-8 and Edu assays. Wound healing and Transwell assays were exploited to assess the migration ability of PASMCs. The targets of let-7b-5p were predicted based on two bioinformatics online tools. Dual-luciferase and Ago2 pull-down assays were applied to confirm the interaction between let-7b-5p and IGF1. RESULTS 40 ng/mL PDGF was selected as the optimal concentration to induce PASMCs. let-7b-5p mimics suppressed the proliferation and migration of PDGF-induced PASMCs, while let-7b-5p inhibitor led to the opposite result. In further mechanism exploration, IGF1 was predicted and confirmed as the direct target gene of let-7b-5p. The promotion role of IGF1 overexpression on the proliferation and migration of PDGF-induced PASMCs was dramatically countered by let-7b-5p mimics. CONCLUSION let-7b-5p prohibits the proliferation and migration of PDGF-induced PASMCs by modulating IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230011, China
| | - Sihui Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230011, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230011, China
| | - Fangbing Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230011, China.
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DeOre BJ, Tran KA, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH, Galie PA. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Disrupts Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity via RhoA Activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:722-728. [PMID: 34687399 PMCID: PMC8536479 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been shown to disrupt blood–brain barrier (BBB) function, but its pathogenic mechanism of action is unknown. Whether angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the viral binding site for SARS-CoV-2, contributes to the spike protein-induced barrier disruption also remains unclear. Here, a 3D-BBB microfluidic model was used to interrogate mechanisms by which the spike protein may facilitate barrier dysfunction. The spike protein upregulated the expression of ACE2 in response to laminar shear stress. Moreover, interrogating the role of ACE2 showed that knock-down affected endothelial barrier properties. These results identify a possible role of ACE2 in barrier homeostasis. Analysis of RhoA, a key molecule in regulating endothelial cytoskeleton and tight junction complex dynamics, reveals that the spike protein triggers RhoA activation. Inhibition of RhoA with C3 transferase rescues its effect on tight junction disassembly. Overall, these results indicate a possible means by which the engagement of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 facilitates disruption of the BBB via RhoA activation. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates the BBB may lead to strategies to prevent the neurological deficits seen in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J DeOre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kiet A Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Center for Substance Abuse Research Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Center for Substance Abuse Research Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,The Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Peter A Galie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.
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Binding of the Andes Virus Nucleocapsid Protein to RhoGDI Induces the Release and Activation of the Permeability Factor RhoA. J Virol 2021; 95:e0039621. [PMID: 34133221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00396-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) nonlytically infects pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMECs), causing acute pulmonary edema termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). In HPS patients, virtually every PMEC is infected; however, the mechanism by which ANDV induces vascular permeability and edema remains to be resolved. The ANDV nucleocapsid (N) protein activates the GTPase RhoA in primary human PMECs, causing VE-cadherin internalization from adherens junctions and PMEC permeability. We found that ANDV N protein failed to bind RhoA but coprecipitates RhoGDI (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor), the primary RhoA repressor that normally sequesters RhoA in an inactive state. ANDV N protein selectively binds the RhoGDI C terminus (residues 69 to 204) but fails to form ternary complexes with RhoA or inhibit RhoA binding to the RhoGDI N terminus (residues 1 to 69). However, we found that ANDV N protein uniquely inhibits RhoA binding to an S34D phosphomimetic RhoGDI mutant. Hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increase RhoA-induced PMEC permeability by directing protein kinase Cα (PKCα) phosphorylation of S34 on RhoGDI. Collectively, ANDV N protein alone activates RhoA by sequestering and reducing RhoGDI available to suppress RhoA. In response to hypoxia and VEGF-activated PKCα, ANDV N protein additionally directs the release of RhoA from S34-phosphorylated RhoGDI, synergistically activating RhoA and PMEC permeability. These findings reveal a fundamental edemagenic mechanism that permits ANDV to amplify PMEC permeability in hypoxic HPS patients. Our results rationalize therapeutically targeting PKCα and opposing protein kinase A (PKA) pathways that control RhoGDI phosphorylation as a means of resolving ANDV-induced capillary permeability, edema, and HPS. IMPORTANCE HPS-causing hantaviruses infect pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs), causing vascular leakage, pulmonary edema, and a 35% fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Hantaviruses do not lyse or disrupt the endothelium but dysregulate normal EC barrier functions and increase hypoxia-directed permeability. Our findings reveal a novel underlying mechanism of EC permeability resulting from ANDV N protein binding to RhoGDI, a regulatory protein that normally maintains edemagenic RhoA in an inactive state and inhibits EC permeability. ANDV N sequesters RhoGDI and enhances the release of RhoA from S34-phosphorylated RhoGDI. These findings indicate that ANDV N induces the release of RhoA from PKC-phosphorylated RhoGDI, synergistically enhancing hypoxia-directed RhoA activation and PMEC permeability. Our data suggest inhibiting PKC and activating PKA phosphorylation of RhoGDI as mechanisms of inhibiting ANDV-directed EC permeability and therapeutically restricting edema in HPS patients. These findings may be broadly applicable to other causes of ARDS.
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Calò LA, Rigato M, Sgarabotto L, Gianesello L, Bertoldi G, Ravarotto V, Davis PA. ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk: Insights From Patients With Two Rare Genetic Tubulopathies, Gitelman's and Bartter's Syndromes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:647319. [PMID: 34017843 PMCID: PMC8129173 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.647319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is spreading globally with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2 serving as the entry point of SARS-CoV-2 virus. This raised concerns how ACE2 and the Renin-Angiotensin (Ang)-System (RAS) are to be dealt with given their roles in hypertension and their involvement in COVID-19's morbidity and mortality. Specifically, increased ACE2 expression in response to treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) might theoretically increase COVID-19 risk by increasing SARS-CoV-2 binding sites. However, ACE2 is part of the protective counter-regulatory ACE2-Ang1-7-MasR axis, which opposes the classical ACE-AngII-AT1R regulatory axis. We used Gitelman's and Bartter's syndromes (GS/BS) patients, rare genetic tubulopathies that have endogenously increased levels of ACE2, to explore these issues. Specifically, 128 genetically confirmed GS/BS patients, living in Lombardia, Emilia Romagna and Veneto, the Northern Italy hot spots for COVID-19, were surveyed via telephone survey regarding COVID-19. The survey found no COVID-19 infection and absence of COVID-19 symptoms in any patient. Comparison analysis with the prevalence of COVID-19 in those regions showed statistical significance (p < 0.01). The results of the study strongly suggest that increased ACE2 does not increase risk of COVID-19 and that ACEi and ARBs by blocking excessive AT1R-mediated Ang II activation might favor the increase of ACE2-derived Ang 1-7. GS/BS patients' increased ACE2 and Ang 1-7 levels and their characteristic chronic metabolic alkalosis suggest a mechanism similar to that of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine effect on ACE2 glycosylation alteration with resulting SARS-COV-2 binding inhibition and blockage/inhibition of viral entry. Studies from our laboratory are ongoing to explore GS/BS ACE2 glycosylation and other potential beneficial effects of BS/GS. Importantly, the absence of frank COVID-19 or of COVID-19 symptoms in the BS/GS patients cohort, given no direct ascertainment of COVID-19 status, suggest that elevated ACE2 levels as found in GS/BS patients at a minimum render COVID-19 infection asymptomatic and thus that COVID-19 symptoms are driven by ACE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Calò
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Rigato
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Sgarabotto
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lisa Gianesello
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldi
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paul A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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12
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Crisan-Dabija R, Pavel CA, Popa IV, Tarus A, Burlacu A. "A Chain Only as Strong as Its Weakest Link": An Up-to-Date Literature Review on the Bidirectional Interaction of Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4327-4338. [PMID: 32883081 PMCID: PMC7640958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly became a worldwide healthcare emergency affecting millions of people, with poor outcomes for patients with chronic conditions and enormous pressure on healthcare systems. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) has been cited as a risk factor for a more severe evolution of COVID-19, primarily because its acute exacerbations are already associated with high mortality. We reviewed the available literature on biochemical, pathophysiological, and pharmacological mechanisms of PF and COVID-19 in an attempt to foresee the particular risk of infection and possible evolution of PF patients if infected with SARS-COV-2. We also analyzed the possible role of medication and risk factors (such as smoking) in the disease's evolution and clinical course. We found out that there is a complexity of interactions between coexisting idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/interstitial lung disease (ILD) and COVID-19 disease. Also, patients recovering from severe COVID-19 disease are at serious risk of developing PF. Smokers seem to have, in theory, a chance for a better outcome if they develop a severe form of COVID-19 but statistically are at much higher risk of dying if they become critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Crisan-Dabija
- Clinic
of Pulmonary Diseases Iasi, Iasi, Romania
- ‘Grigore
T. Popa’ University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Iolanda Valentina Popa
- ‘Grigore
T. Popa’ University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
- Institute
of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Tarus
- ‘Grigore
T. Popa’ University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular
Diseases Institute, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Burlacu
- ‘Grigore
T. Popa’ University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Interventional Cardiology, Cardiovascular
Diseases Institute, Iasi Romania
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13
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Segura de la Cal T, Nuche J, Jiménez López-Guarch C, Pérez-Olivares C, Velázquez M, López-Medrano F, López Gude MJ, Alonso Charterina S, Arribas Ynsaurriaga F, Escribano Subías P. Unexpected Favourable Course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Patients. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 56:749-752. [PMID: 32741643 PMCID: PMC7318953 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Segura de la Cal
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Nuche
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Jiménez López-Guarch
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Olivares
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite Velázquez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Arribas Ynsaurriaga
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano Subías
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Anderson G, Carbone A, Mazzoccoli G. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Role in Co-Ordinating SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Symptomatology: Linking Cytotoxicity Changes in COVID-19 and Cancers; Modulation by Racial Discrimination Stress. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E249. [PMID: 32867244 PMCID: PMC7564943 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an under-recognized role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in co-ordinating the entry and pathophysiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that underpins the COVID-19 pandemic. The rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines during the 'cytokine storm' induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), leading to an increase in kynurenine that activates the AhR, thereby heightening the initial pro-inflammatory cytokine phase and suppressing the endogenous anti-viral response. Such AhR-driven changes underpin the heightened severity and fatality associated with pre-existent high-risk medical conditions, such as type II diabetes, as well as to how racial discrimination stress contributes to the raised severity/fatality in people from the Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities. The AhR is pivotal in modulating mitochondrial metabolism and co-ordinating specialized, pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), the melatonergic pathways, acetyl-coenzyme A, and the cyclooxygenase (COX) 2-prostaglandin (PG) E2 pathway that underpin 'exhaustion' in the endogenous anti-viral cells, paralleling similar metabolic suppression in cytolytic immune cells that is evident across all cancers. The pro-inflammatory cytokine induced gut permeability/dysbiosis and suppression of pineal melatonin are aspects of the wider pathophysiological underpinnings regulated by the AhR. This has a number of prophylactic and treatment implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancers and future research directions that better investigate the biological underpinnings of social processes and how these may drive health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 1PB, UK;
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
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15
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Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Pulmonary Circulation. The Particular Scenario of Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080548. [PMID: 32752129 PMCID: PMC7459745 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has supposed a global health emergency affecting millions of people, with particular severity in the elderly and patients with previous comorbidities, especially those with cardiovascular disease. Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) could represent an especially vulnerable population because of the high mortality rates reported for respiratory infections. However, the number of COVID-19 cases reported among PAH and CTEPH patients is surprisingly low. Furthermore, the clinical picture that has been described in these patients is far from the severity that experts would expect. Endothelial dysfunction is a common feature between patients with PAH/CTEPH and COVID-19, leading to ventilation/perfusion mismatch, vasoconstriction, thrombosis and inflammation. In this picture, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 plays an essential role, being directly involved in the pathophysiology of both clinical entities. Some of these common characteristics could explain the good adaptation of PAH and CTEPH patients to COVID-19, who could also have obtained a benefit from the disease's specific treatments (anticoagulant and pulmonary vasodilators), probably due to its protective effect on the endothelium. Additionally, these common features could also lead to PAH/CTEPH as a potential sequelae of COVID-19. Throughout this comprehensive review, we describe the similarities and differences between both conditions and the possible pathophysiological and therapeutic-based mechanisms leading to the low incidence and severity of COVID-19 reported in PAH/CTEPH patients to date. Nevertheless, international registries should look carefully into this population for better understanding and management.
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16
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Noroozi R, Omrani MD, Branicki W, Pośpiech E, Sayad A, Pyrc K, Łabaj PP, Vafaee R, Taheri M, Sanak M. Angiotensin converting enzyme: A review on expression profile and its association with human disorders with special focus on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 130:106680. [PMID: 32423553 PMCID: PMC7211701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue, ACE2, have been mostly associated with hypertensive disorder. However, recent pandemia of SARS-CoV-2 has put these proteins at the center of attention, as this virus has been shown to exploit ACE2 protein to enter cells. Clear difference in the response of affected patients to this virus has urged researchers to find the molecular basis and pathophysiology of the cell response to this virus. Different levels of expression and function of ACE proteins, underlying disorders, consumption of certain medications and the existence of certain genomic variants within ACE genes are possible explanations for the observed difference in the response of individuals to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the current review, we discuss the putative mechanisms for this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pośpiech
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł P Łabaj
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Reza Vafaee
- Proteomics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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17
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Abedi F, Rezaee R, Karimi G. Plausibility of therapeutic effects of Rho kinase inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19). Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104808. [PMID: 32283223 PMCID: PMC7195000 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Abedi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Chen H, Ma Q, Zhang J, Meng Y, Pan L, Tian H. miR‑106b‑5p modulates acute pulmonary embolism via NOR1 in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1525-1533. [PMID: 32323756 PMCID: PMC7138273 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a common cause of acute cardiovascular failure and has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Inhibiting the excessive proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a potential treatment strategy following an APE. Various microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have been shown to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and other physiological processes. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the action of multiple miRNAs are still not understood in APE. In the present study, the role of miR‑106b‑5p on APE was demonstrated in platelet‑derived growth factor (PDGF)‑induced PASMCs in vitro and in an APE‑mouse model in vivo. The results showed that miR‑106b‑5p expression was downregulated in PDGF‑induced PASMCs and APE mice, and NOR1 levels were upregulated. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression levels in cells and proliferation of PASMCs proliferation and migration were reduced following treatment with miR‑106b‑5p agomiR, and increased following treatment with miR‑106b‑5p antagomiR. miR‑106b‑5p targeted the 3' untranslated region of NOR‑1 mRNA and reduced NOR1 expression. NOR1 overexpression reversed the effects of miR‑106‑5p on PDGF‑induced PASMCs. The functional roles of miR‑106b‑5p in PDGF‑induced PASMCs and an APE mouse‑model, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were evaluated. AgomiR‑106b‑5p improved APE‑induced mortality and pulmonary vascular proliferation in mice. These data suggest that miR‑106‑5p is a novel regulator of proliferation of PASMCs and of pulmonary vascular remodeling through PDGF‑induced PASMCs in an APE mouse model via targeting NOR1. These results expand the understanding of the pathogenesis underlying APE and highlight potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Chen
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Tian
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is an important component of the cardiovascular system. Mounting evidence suggests that the metabolic products of angiotensin I and II - initially thought to be biologically inactive - have key roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. This non-canonical axis of the renin-angiotensin system consists of angiotensin 1-7, angiotensin 1-9, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the type 2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R), the proto-oncogene Mas receptor and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the classical renin-angiotensin system. This counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the pathogenesis and development of various cardiovascular diseases and, therefore, represents a potential therapeutic target. In this Review, we provide the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the components of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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