Hospitalizations, resource use and outcomes of acute pulmonary embolism in Germany during the Covid-19 pandemic

Chest pain with ST-elevation in leads AVR, III, AVF, V1, V3R, V4R and V5R

We mistakenly diagnosed a patient with pulmonary embolism as ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. The case complained of chest pain with ST-elevation in leads AVR, III, AVF, V₁, V_3R, V_4R and V_5R. In addition, we also found ST- elevation _{AVR, III}>ST- elevation _AVF, Q_III>Q_AVF and Q_V1. Multi-site pulmonary embolism can lead to type 2 myocardial infarction or special type of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries through multiple pathological mechanisms.

Potential Contributors to Increased Pulmonary Embolism Hospitalizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights From the German-Wide Helios Hospital Network

Background: After the first COVID-19 infection wave, a constant increase of pulmonary embolism (PE) hospitalizations not linked with active PCR-confirmed COVID-19 was observed, but potential contributors to this observation are unclear. Therefore, we analyzed associations between changes in PE hospitalizations and (1) the incidence of non-COVID-19 pneumonia, (2) the use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), (3) volume depletion, and (4) preceding COVID-19 infection numbers in Germany.

Methods: Claims data of Helios hospitals in Germany were used, and consecutive cases with a hospital admission between May 6 and December 15, 2020 (PE surplus period), were analyzed and compared to corresponding periods covering the same weeks in 2016–2019 (control period). We analyzed the number of PE cases in the target period with multivariable Poisson general linear mixed models (GLMM) including (a) cohorts of 2020 versus 2016–2019, (b) the number of cases with pneumonia, (c) CTPA, and (d) volume depletion and adjusted for age and sex. In order to associate the daily number of PE cases in 2020 with the number of preceding SARS-CoV-2 infections in Germany, we calculated the average number of daily infections (divided by 10,000) occurring between 14 up to 90 days with increasing window sizes before PE cases and modeled the data with Poisson regression.

Results: There were 2,404 PE hospitalizations between May 6 and December 15, 2020, as opposed to 2,112–2,236 (total 8,717) in the corresponding 2016–2019 control periods (crude rate ratio [CRR] 1.10, 95% CI 1.05–1.15, P < 0.01). With the use of multivariable Poisson GLMM adjusted for age, sex, and volume depletion, PE cases were significantly associated with the number of cases with pneumonia (CRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.07–1.10, P < 0.01) and with CTPA (CRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.09–1.10, P < 0.01). The increase of PE cases in 2020 compared with the control period remained significant (CRR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.12, P < 0.01) when controlling for those factors. In the 2020 cohort, the number of preceding average daily COVID-19 infections was associated with increased PE case incidence in all investigated windows, i.e., including preceding infections from 14 to 90 days. The best model (log likelihood −576) was with a window size of 4 days, i.e., average COVID-19 infections 14–17 days before PE hospitalization had a risk of 1.20 (95% CI 1.12–1.29, P < 0.01).

Conclusions: There is an increase in PE cases since early May 2020 compared to corresponding periods in 2016–2019. This surplus was significant even when controlling for changes in potential modulators such as demographics, volume depletion, non-COVID-19 pneumonia, CTPA use, and preceding COVID-19 infections. Future studies are needed (1) to investigate a potential causal link for increased risk of delayed PE with preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection and (2) to define optimal screening for SARS-CoV-2 in patients presenting with pneumonia and PE.