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Ade L, Ren J, Wu J, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Hou F. Forage taste agents manage plant communities through modifying grazing behavior of yak in alpine meadow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169999. [PMID: 38242471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The use of taste agents to regulate the grazing behavior of livestock is a new attempt in pasture management, but the effects on grassland plant communities are not clear at present. Therefore, the following scientific questions need to be addressed: (1) how do different taste agents affected plant community structure by changing feed intake? (2) What was the mechanism of this effect? We proposed the following hypotheses: (1) Salt and sweetener increased feed intake of livestock and decreased the biomass of plant community, while bitters did the opposite. (2) Taste agents can regulate the relationship between plant species, and different taste agents can enhance or weaken the competitiveness of the different plants. In order to test the hypothesis, a grazing experiment with yaks was conducted in the alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau. Denatonium benzoate (Bitterant), NaCl (Salt), and sodium cyclamate (Sweetener) were sprayed onto the meadows twice a year, along with a control treatment of tap water. The results showed that (1) Salt increased the feed intake of yak significantly; bitterant decreased the feed intake of livestock and increased the biomass of plant community. (2) Salt increased the Pielou index of the plant community significantly. (3) The stability of plant community ranking from high to low is as follows: Control > Bitterant > Sweetener > Salt. (4) Bitterant and salt improved grazing tolerance of grassland and salt reduced the edibility of grassland. (5) The use of taste agents reduced the correlation between dominant species and led to the fragmentation of the relationship chain. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for using taste agents to regulate the community, species biodiversity management, restoration of degraded grassland, promoting utilization of grassland though controlling livestock selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luji Ade
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Jingfei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Zhouwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
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2
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Peng WC, Lei Z, Lin QH, Wu Y, Yang JY, Wang H, Zhou W, Zhang DW, Li ZT, Ma D. Acyclic Cucurbit[n]urils: Effective Taste Masking Nanocontainers for Cationic Bitter Compounds. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300465. [PMID: 37752086 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
New acyclic cucurbit[n]urils (ACBs) with eight carboxylate groups were synthesized. These hosts are highly soluble in water, and can form stable inclusion complexes with cationic bitter compounds. ACBs are confirmed to be non-toxic and biocompatible. Two-bottle preference (TBP) tests on mice show that all ACBs are tasteless to mammals. ACBs are discovered to mask the bitterness of berberine and denatonium benzoate, but not quinine hydrochloride, due to different binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Han Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Da Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Shifu Avenue 1139 Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China
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3
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Xu L, Zang E, Sun S, Li M. Main flavor compounds and molecular regulation mechanisms in fruits and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11859-11879. [PMID: 35816297 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2097195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables (F&V) are an indispensable part of a healthy diet. The volatile and nonvolatile compounds present in F&V constitute unique flavor substances. This paper reviews the main flavor substances present in F&V, as well as the biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation mechanisms of these compounds. A series of compounds introduced include aromatic substances, soluble sugars and organic acids, which constitute the key flavor substances of F&V. Esters, phenols, alcohols, amino acids and terpenes are the main volatile aromatic substances, and nonvolatile substances are represented by amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates; The combination of these ingredients is the cause of the sour, sweet, bitter, astringent and spicy taste of these foods. This provides a theoretical basis for the study of the interaction between volatile and nonvolatile substances in F&V, and also provides a research direction for the healthy development of food in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Erhuan Zang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Shuying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Minhui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, China
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4
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Adamkiewicz L, Szeleszczuk Ł. Review of Applications of Cyclodextrins as Taste-Masking Excipients for Pharmaceutical Purposes. Molecules 2023; 28:6964. [PMID: 37836807 PMCID: PMC10574773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have a disagreeable taste that affects patient acceptability, particularly in children. Consequently, developing dosage forms with a masked taste has attracted a lot of interest. The application of cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical excipients is highly appreciated and well established, including their roles as drug delivery systems, solubilizers and absorption promoters, agents that improve drug stability, or even APIs. The first work describing the application of the taste-masking properties of CDs as pharmaceutical excipients was published in 2001. Since then, numerous studies have shown that these cyclic oligosaccharides can be effectively used for such purposes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide insight into studies in this area. To achieve this aim, a systematic evaluation was conducted, which resulted in the selection of 67 works representing both successful and unsuccessful works describing the application of CDs as taste-masking excipients. Particular attention has been given to the methods of evaluation of the taste-masking properties and the factors affecting the outcomes, such as the choice of the proper cyclodextrin or guest-host molar ratio. The conclusions of this review reveal that the application of CDs is not straightforward; nevertheless, this solution can be an effective, safe, and inexpensive method of taste masking for pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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5
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Huang J, Li Y, Yu C, Mo R, Zhu Z, Dong Z, Hu X, Deng W. Metabolome and Transcriptome Integrated Analysis of Mulberry Leaves for Insight into the Formation of Bitter Taste. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1282. [PMID: 37372462 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves are excellent for health care, confirmed as a 'drug homologous food' by the Ministry of Health, China. The bitter taste of mulberry leaves is one of the main problems that hinders the development of the mulberry food industry. The bitter, unique taste of mulberry leaves is difficult to eliminate by post-processing. In this study, the bitter metabolites in mulberry leaves were identified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, coumarins and L-amino acids by a combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome of mulberry leaves. The analysis of the differential metabolites showed that the bitter metabolites were diverse and the sugar metabolites were down-regulated, indicating that the bitter taste of mulberry leaves was a comprehensive reflection of various bitter-related metabolites. Multi-omics analysis showed that the main metabolic pathway related to bitter taste in mulberry leaves was galactose metabolism, indicating that soluble sugar was one of the main factors of bitter taste difference in mulberry leaves. Bitter metabolites play a great role in the medicinal and functional food of mulberry leaves, but the saccharides in mulberry leaves have a great influence on the bitter taste of mulberry. Therefore, we propose to retain bitter metabolites with drug activity in mulberry leaves and increase the content of sugars to improve the bitter taste of mulberry leaves as strategies for mulberry leaf food processing and mulberry breeding for vegetable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yong Li
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Cui Yu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Rongli Mo
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhixian Zhu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xingming Hu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
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6
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Hu S, Liu X, Zhang S, Quan D. An Overview of Taste-Masking Technologies: Approaches, Application, and Assessment Methods. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:67. [PMID: 36788171 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that plenty of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) inherently possess an unpleasant taste, which influences the acceptance of patients, especially children. Therefore, manufacturing taste-masked dosage forms has attracted a lot of attention. This review describes in detail the taste-masking technologies based on the difference in the taste transmission mechanism which is currently available. In particular, the review highlights the application of various methods, with a special focus on how to screen the appropriate masking technology according to the properties of API. Subsequently, we overviewed how to assess taste-masking efficacy, guiding researchers to rationally design taste-masking formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Hu
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China.,China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyi Quan
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Wu X, Toko K. Taste sensor with multiarray lipid/polymer membranes. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Zhang HX, Wang ZZ, Du ZZ. Sensory-guided isolation and identification of new sweet-tasting dammarane-type saponins from Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) herbal tea. Food Chem 2022; 388:132981. [PMID: 35468461 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the chemical basis for the sweet property produced by Gynostemma pentaphyllum and find new natural high-potency (HP) sweeteners. Sixteen new compounds (gypenosides YN 1-16) were obtained by sensory-guided isolation and identification, in which fifteen of them were sweet-tasting constituents with sweetness intensities 10-100 times higher than that of sucrose evaluated by human sensory panel test. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and chemical method. Gypenoside YN 4 was the sweetest compound with a concentration of 15.504 ± 1.343 mg/kg, while gypenoside YN 12 has the highest concentration (1397.674 ± 12.948 mg/kg), as shown by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Structure-activity relationship analysis implied that the compounds' sweetness intensity was associated with side-chain substitutions at C-20 or the number of glucosyl groups at C-3. These new plant-derived natural products may be potential natural sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources in the Southwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhong-Ze Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Du
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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9
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Jung W, Kwon J, Cho W, Yeom J. Chiral Biomaterials for Nanomedicines: From Molecules to Supraparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091951. [PMID: 36145699 PMCID: PMC9505685 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality, the property whereby an object or a system cannot be superimposed on its mirror image, prevails amongst nature over various scales. Especially in biology, numerous chiral building blocks and chiral-specific interactions are involved in many essential biological activities. Despite the prevalence of chirality in nature, it has been no longer than 70 years since the mechanisms of chiral-specific interactions drew scientific attention and began to be studied. Owing to the advent of chiral-sensitive equipment such as circular dichroism spectrometers or chiral liquid columns for chromatography, it has recently been possible to achieve a deeper understanding of the chiral-specific interactions and consequential impacts on the functionality and efficiency of nanomedicine. From this point of view, it is worthwhile to examine previously reported chiral biomaterials with their compositions and possible applications to achieve new paradigms of biomaterials. This review discusses chiral materials on various scales and their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wookjin Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Junyoung Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Wonjoon Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence:
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10
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Liang L, Zhou C, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhao J, Sun B, Zhang Y. Characteristics of umami peptides identified from porcine bone soup and molecular docking to the taste receptor T1R1/T1R3. Food Chem 2022; 387:132870. [PMID: 35398684 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To study the umami peptides derived from porcine bone soup, ultrafiltration fractions with molecular weight less than 1 kDa were screened by sensory analysis which showed higher umami intensity. Four potential umami peptides were identified from the screened fractions by Nano-LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, among which FSGLDGAK, FAGDDAPR and FSGLDGSK were proved to have dominant umami taste by sensory evaluation and electronic tongue. The threshold of the three peptides ranged from 0.1 mM to 0.89 mM. In addition, FSGLDGSK had the highest umami intensity and exhibited a significant umami-enhancing effect in a 0.35% monosodium glutamate solution. The results of molecular docking simulation showed that the key binding sites of taste receptor type 1 member 1 (His71, Asp108 and Glu301) and taste receptor type 1 member 3 (Glu48, Ser104 and His145) were crucial to the interaction with the umami peptides. Besides, electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bond mainly contributed to the mechanism of umami taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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11
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Motoki K, Yamada A, Spence C. Color‐nutrient associations: Implications for product design of dietary supplements. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Motoki
- Department of Management The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Department of Food Science and Business Miyagi University Sendai Japan
| | - Asumi Yamada
- Department of Food Science and Business Miyagi University Sendai Japan
| | - Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford UK
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12
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Dubovski N, Ben Shoshan-Galeczki Y, Malach E, Niv MY. Taste and chirality: l-glucose sweetness is mediated by TAS1R2/TAS2R3 receptor. Food Chem 2022; 373:131393. [PMID: 34715629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring sugars usually have d-chirality. While a change in chirality typically affects ligand-receptor interaction, non-caloric l-glucose was reported as sweet for humans. Here we show that l- and d-glucose have similar sensory detection thresholds (0.041 ± 0.006 M for d-glucose, and 0.032 ± 0.007 M for l-glucose) and similar sweetness intensities at suprathreshold concentrations. We demonstrate that l-glucose acts via the sweet taste receptor TAS1R2/TAS1R3, eliciting a dose-dependent activation in cell-based functional assays. Computational docking of glucose to the VFT domain of TAS1R2 suggests two sub-pockets, each compatible with each of the enantiomers. While some polar residues (Y103, D142, N143, S144, Y215) are unique for sub-pocket A and others (D307, T326, E382, R383) for sub-pocket B, no interaction is unique for only one enantiomer. The many options for creating hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl moieties of glucose explain how both enantiomers can fit each one of the sub-pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Dubovski
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Yaron Ben Shoshan-Galeczki
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Einav Malach
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Coleman B, Van Poucke C, Dewitte B, Ruttens A, Moerdijk-Poortvliet T, Latsos C, De Reu K, Blommaert L, Duquenne B, Timmermans K, van Houcke J, Muylaert K, Robbens J. Potential of microalgae as flavoring agents for plant-based seafood alternatives. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Tian X, Zhong F, Xia Y. Dynamic characteristics of sweetness and bitterness and their correlation with chemical structures for six steviol glycosides. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110848. [PMID: 34980386 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Time-intensity (TI) dynamic sensory characterization was used to evaluate the temporal sweet and bitter perception of six commonly available steviol glycosides (Rubusoside, Stevioside, Rebaudioside C, Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside D and Rebaudioside M). All parameters extracted from TI curves significantly varied among the six samples for both sweetness and bitterness. Compared to other compounds, Rebaudioside M and Rebaudioside D had faster onset of sweetness, quicker decay of aftertaste, and were nearly devoid of bitterness. Conversely, Rubusoside and Stevioside demonstrated an immediate distinct bitter taste and lingering aftertaste. Based on these results, a further investigation into the relationship between temporal properties and chemical structures was conducted. It was found that fewer glucosyl groups on C-19 would result in shorter time for initial stimulation and longer perception of bitterness, whereas more glucosyl groups on C-13 could trigger a faster increase and stronger intensity of sweetness. A shorter time to the peak for sweetness was obtained when the ratio of the number of glucosyl groups on C-13 to that on C-19 was lower, although there was no such effect on bitter taste. These relationships were explained by the adsorption and desorption of these compounds on the taste receptors. Higher numbers and larger sizes of substitutions at the C-19 position of steviol glycosides can increase their desorption percentages and lead to a quicker decay of sweetness. Meanwhile, compounds with fewer glucosyl groups, such as Rubusoside and Stevioside, presented lower desorption and thus longer bitter aftertaste. Overall, the addition of glucosyl groups would generate stronger sweetness and less bitterness if the substituent number on C-13 was closer to that on C-19. These findings conveyed insights into how to modify steviol glycosides to enhance their quality as sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yixun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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15
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Teo PS, Tso R, van Dam RM, Forde CG. Taste of Modern Diets: The Impact of Food Processing on Nutrient Sensing and Dietary Energy Intake. J Nutr 2021; 152:200-210. [PMID: 34642758 PMCID: PMC8754564 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both fresh and processed foods are available in the modern food environment where taste can signal presence of nutrients. However, whether these taste-nutrient relationships are maintained across different degrees of food processing is not well understood, and less is known about the relative contribution of different taste qualities to population energy intakes. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between perceived intensity of 6 taste modalities and a food's nutrient content in the context of food processing and to further examine the relative contribution of different taste clusters to total energy intakes, stratified by weight status. METHODS Diet and lifestyle data from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort Phase 2 (N = 7011; aged 21-75 y) were collected through interviewer-administrated questionnaires. Taste and nutrient profiles for each of the 269 Singaporean foods were derived using a published taste database and food composition table. Each food was then categorized into the NOVA food-processing classification (unprocessed, processed, ultra-processed) to compare the strength of taste-nutrient relationships. Multivariable-adjusted models were used to examine associations between relative consumption of foods from different taste clusters and processing categories, energy intake, and BMI (in kg/m2) within a population cohort. RESULTS Sweet taste and mono- and disaccharide content of foods were significantly associated across all processing categories, although this association was weaker among ultra-processed foods (UPFs) (r = 0.42) than among unprocessed foods (r = 0.72). In contrast, associations between fat sensation and fat content (r = 0.74), as well as salt taste and sodium content (r = 0.84), were stronger for UPFs. Individuals who had higher energy intakes or were overweight (BMI >23) derived significantly greater percentage of energy from processed foods rather than UPFs, and this energy was higher from "savory-fatty" and lower from "neutral" tasting foods than those with lower energy intakes and normal weight (all P < 0.001). Eighty percent of individuals' dietary energy was from both "savory-fatty" and "neutral" foods, independent of differences in total energy intake and weight status. CONCLUSIONS Taste-nutrient relationships are maintained across different degrees of food processing. Greater consumption of foods that have a high "savory-fatty" taste was associated with increased energy intakes and overweight in the Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pey Sze Teo
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Rachel Tso
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Zhu W, Luan H, Bu Y, Li X, Li J, Zhang Y. Identification, taste characterization and molecular docking study of novel umami peptides from the Chinese anchovy sauce. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3140-3155. [PMID: 33185275 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish sauce has a subtle flavor with prominent umami and salty taste, and is accompanied by a certain sweetness and bitterness. In order to identify a wider range of umami peptides, Chinese southern and northern anchovy sauce were selected for the study. RESULTS Seventeen peptides were obtained by separation and purification, and their taste activity was predicted. Through the taste characterization and descriptive analysis, it was found that the synthesized peptides were umami and umami-enhancing peptides. Seventeen umami peptides were simulated and embedded into the umami receptor T1R1/T1R3 by inserting into the Venus flytrap domain (VFTD) of the T1R3 subunit; the interaction forces were mainly hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, van der Waals force and hydrophobic interaction. According to the docking interaction energies, long-chain peptides may be easier to bind to the receptor than short-chain peptides. Asp196, Glu128 and Glu197 were the main binding sites for docking, and could affect umami synergism. CONCLUSION For the first time, novel umami peptides in Chinese anchovy sauce have been reported. This study is helpful for discovering umami marine resource peptides, and can provide a basis for further understanding the flavor system of anchovy sauce. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Luan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ying Bu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xuepeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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17
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18
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Shao M, Li S, Tan CP, Kraithong S, Gao Q, Fu X, Zhang B, Huang Q. Encapsulation of caffeine into starch matrices: Bitterness evaluation and suppression mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:118-127. [PMID: 33444656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, caffeine (CA) was encapsulated into food-grade starch matrices, including swelled starch (SS), porous starch (PS), and V-type starch (VS). The bitterness of the microcapsules and suppression mechanisms were investigated using an electronic tongue, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the in vitro release kinetics of CA. All the CA-loaded microcapsules showed a lower bitterness intensity than the control. The MD results proved that the weak interactions between starch and CA resulted in a moderate CA release rate for SS-CA microcapsules. The PS-CA microcapsule presented the longest CA release, up to 40 min, whereas the VS-CA microcapsule completely released CA in 9 min. The CA release rate was found to be related to the microcapsule structure and rehydration properties. A low CA bitterness intensity could be attributed to a delay in the CA release rate and resistance to erosion of the microcapsules. The results of this work are valuable for improving starch-based microcapsules (oral-targeted drug-delivery systems) by suppressing the bitterness of alkaloid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Shao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 511363, China
| | - Songnan Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Supaluck Kraithong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiong Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 511363, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 511363, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China.
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19
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Andrews D, Salunke S, Cram A, Bennett J, Ives RS, Basit AW, Tuleu C. Bitter-blockers as a taste masking strategy: A systematic review towards their utility in pharmaceuticals. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 158:35-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Hayward L, Jantzi H, Smith A, McSweeney MB. How do consumers describe cool climate wines using projective mapping and ultra-flash profile? Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Tang N, Liu J, Cheng Y. Potential improvement of the thermal stability of sweet-tasting proteins by structural calculations. Food Chem 2020; 345:128750. [PMID: 33302109 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The low thermal stability of the sweet-tasting proteins limited their applications in food industry. Improve their thermal stability is the key to developing their applications in food processing. In the present study, saturation mutagenesis was performed on 4 sweet-tasting proteins, brazzein (988 mutations), curculin (2109 mutations), monellin (1824 mutations) and thaumatin (3933 mutations), using structural calculations in order to find more thermal stable mutations. The obtained results indicated that our calculated ΔΔG value (ΔΔG < 0 stabilizing, ΔΔG > 0 destabilizing) was a good predictor for predicting changes in thermal stability caused by mutations. Moreover, mutating the negatively charged residues to the other non-negatively charged amino acids was an efficient way to improve the thermal stability of the investigated sweet-tasting proteins. In addition, some promising mutations sites were identified for improving thermal stability using mutagenesis. This study provides useful information for future protein engineering to improve the thermal stability of the sweet-tasting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiachen Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, Beijing 100083, China
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22
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Ahmad R, Dalziel JE. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Taste Physiology and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587664. [PMID: 33390961 PMCID: PMC7774309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest receptor family in mammals and are responsible for the regulation of most physiological functions. Besides mediating the sensory modalities of olfaction and vision, GPCRs also transduce signals for three basic taste qualities of sweet, umami (savory taste), and bitter, as well as the flavor sensation kokumi. Taste GPCRs reside in specialised taste receptor cells (TRCs) within taste buds. Type I taste GPCRs (TAS1R) form heterodimeric complexes that function as sweet (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) or umami (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) taste receptors, whereas Type II are monomeric bitter taste receptors or kokumi/calcium-sensing receptors. Sweet, umami and kokumi receptors share structural similarities in containing multiple agonist binding sites with pronounced selectivity while most bitter receptors contain a single binding site that is broadly tuned to a diverse array of bitter ligands in a non-selective manner. Tastant binding to the receptor activates downstream secondary messenger pathways leading to depolarization and increased intracellular calcium in TRCs, that in turn innervate the gustatory cortex in the brain. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between agonist binding and the conformational changes required for receptor activation, several major challenges and questions remain in taste GPCR biology that are discussed in the present review. In recent years, intensive integrative approaches combining heterologous expression, mutagenesis and homology modeling have together provided insight regarding agonist binding site locations and molecular mechanisms of orthosteric and allosteric modulation. In addition, studies based on transgenic mice, utilizing either global or conditional knock out strategies have provided insights to taste receptor signal transduction mechanisms and their roles in physiology. However, the need for more functional studies in a physiological context is apparent and would be enhanced by a crystallized structure of taste receptors for a more complete picture of their pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Yeom J, Guimaraes PPG, Ahn HM, Jung B, Hu Q, McHugh K, Mitchell MJ, Yun CO, Langer R, Jaklenec A. Chiral Supraparticles for Controllable Nanomedicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903878. [PMID: 31686433 PMCID: PMC6986383 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature and hard-wired into every biological system. Despite the prevalence of chirality in biological systems, controlling biomaterial chirality to influence interactions with cells has only recently been explored. Chiral-engineered supraparticles (SPs) that interact differentially with cells and proteins depending on their handedness are presented. SPs coordinated with d-chirality demonstrate greater than threefold enhanced cell membrane penetration in breast, cervical, and multiple myeloma cancer cells. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements reveal the mechanism of these chiral-specific interactions. Thermodynamically, d-SPs show more stable adhesion to lipid layers composed of phospholipids and cholesterol compared to l-SPs. In vivo, d-SPs exhibit superior stability and longer biological half-lives likely due to opposite chirality and thus protection from endogenous proteins including proteases. This work shows that incorporating d-chirality into nanosystems enhances uptake by cancer cells and prolonged in vivo stability in circulation, providing support for the importance of chirality in biomaterials. Thus, chiral nanosystems may have the potential to provide a new level of control for drug delivery systems, tumor detection markers, biosensors, and other biomaterial-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Yeom
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Pedro P. G. Guimaraes
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - BoKyeong Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanyin Hu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kevin McHugh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Michael J. Mitchell
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Tian M, Heng J, Song H, Shi K, Lin X, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Regulate Food Intake Partly through Intestinal and Hypothalamic Amino Acid Receptors in Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6809-6818. [PMID: 31134808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to increase feed intake are of great importance for producing more meat in swine production. Intestinal and hypothalamic amino acid receptors are found to largely participate in feed intake regulation. The purpose of the current research is to study the function of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation in the regulation of feed intake through sensors that can detect amino acids in piglets. Twenty-four piglets were assigned one of four treatments and fed one of the experimental diets for either a short period (Expt. 1) or a long period (Expt. 2): a normal protein diet (NP, 20.04% CP), a reduced-protein diet (RP, 17.05% CP), or a reduced-protein test diet supplemented with one of two doses of BCAAs (BCAA1, supplemented with 0.13% l-isoleucine, 0.09% l-leucine, and 0.23% l-valine; BCAA2, supplemented with the 150% standardized ileal digestibility BCAA requirement, as recommended by the National Research Council (2012)). In Expt. 1, no differences were observed in the feed intake among piglets fed different diets ( P > 0.05). In Expt. 2, compared with the RP group, the feed intake of piglets was significantly increased after sufficient BCAAs were supplemented in the BCAA1 group, which was associated with decreased cholecystokinin secretion ( P < 0.05), down-regulated expression of type-1 taste receptors 1/3 (T1R1/T1R3) in the intestine, as well as increased expression of pro-opiomelanocortin, activated general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the hypothalamus ( P < 0.05). However, the feed intake was decreased for unknown reasons when the piglets were fed a BCAA over-supplemented diet. Our study confirmed that a BCAA-deficient diet inhibited feed intake through two potential ways: regulating the amino acid T1R1/T1R3 receptor in the intestine or activating GCN2/eIF2α pathways in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Jinghui Heng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Hanqing Song
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Kui Shi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Pereira LL, Guarçoni RC, Moreira TR, de Sousa LHBP, Cardoso WS, Moreli AP, da Silva SF, Ten Caten CS. Very beyond subjectivity: The limit of accuracy of Q-Graders. J Texture Stud 2019; 50:172-184. [PMID: 30676645 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When it comes to the sensory analysis of specialty coffees, it is necessary to discuss the protocol of tests of the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) and the formation of Q-Graders as reliable parameters in the sensory analysis. However, the training of these Q-Graders and the use of the SCA protocol has generated discussions in the scientific community and demonstrated the importance of talking about the level of professional precision as well as the use of the protocol. This study sought to understand the relation of accuracy and efficiency of the Q-Graders and protocol in the sensory analysis of coffees. Three experiments were carried out to evaluate and test the hypotheses regarding the level of precision in relation to the shift, the number of samples and the judgment abilities of Q-Graders due to the quality of the specialty coffee and nonspecialty coffee. These three experiments were performed by seven Q-Graders in an isolated environment during three consecutive days with 137 specialty coffee samples and 7 nonspecialty coffee samples as defined by the SCA. The results indicate that the Q-Graders present high precision when evaluating excellent and outstanding coffees, as defined by the SCA. In addition, the effect of the shift did not exert fatigue on the Q-Graders. However, evaluation errors were made by the Q-Graders on very good coffee (77.00-80.00 points), which are considered as nonspecialty by the SCA, thus allowing a more in-depth discussion on what would be the boundary between a specialty and nonspecialty coffee. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The article deals with the sensory evaluation process of coffees, and it has great importance to teaching and research institutions in Brazil, the largest producer, largest exporter and the country with the highest concentration of coffee scholars in the world. The article focuses on a new approach and a new way of looking at the sensory evaluation process of coffees, using the methodology of the Specialty Coffee Association to analyze the accuracy and efficiency of the Q-Graders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Louzada Pereira
- Instituto Federal de Ciência Tecnologia e Educação do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Venda Nova do Imigrante, Brazil
| | - Rogério Carvalho Guarçoni
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto Capixaba de Assistência Técnica, Pesquisa e Extensão - INCAPER, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Taís Rizzo Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Jerônimo Monteiro, Brazil
| | | | - Wilton Soares Cardoso
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Venda Nova do Imigrante, Brazil
| | - Aldemar Polonini Moreli
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Venda Nova do Imigrante, Brazil
| | - Samuel Ferreira da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Jerônimo Monteiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Schwengber Ten Caten
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Acevedo W, Temussi PA. The Origin of Unpleasant Aftertastes in Synthetic Sweeteners: A Hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 5:119. [PMID: 30713843 PMCID: PMC6345712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most sweeteners are plagued with unwanted unpleasant aftertastes. Here we examined the possibility that one of the main reasons for this is the similarity of sweet and umami receptors. We performed docking calculations on models of sweet and umami receptors using as template the recently determined solid state structure of the first taste receptor, the medaka fish T1R2-T1R3 receptor. Our results show convincingly that sweeteners can be recognized also by the T1R1-T1R3 umami receptor, owing to the similarity of its architecture to that of the sweet receptor. We hypothesize that the T1R1-T1R3 receptor plays a key role in modulating the quality of sweet tastants, hinting at a simple explanation of their aftertaste. The prevailing ideas on taste coding favor strict labeling of taste cells, which would exclude that umami receptors can recognize other taste sensations. If some cross-talk based on the combinatorial model of taste is accepted, some sweet ligands can exert a bitter sensation. However, even if cross-talk is not admitted, direct stimulation of the umami receptor is bound to cause an aftertaste incompatible with good sweet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Acevedo
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Piero A Temussi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Multimodal Ligand Binding Studies of Human and Mouse G-Coupled Taste Receptors to Correlate Their Species-Specific Sweetness Tasting Properties. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102531. [PMID: 30282936 PMCID: PMC6214618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste signaling is a complex process that is linked to obesity and its associated metabolic syndromes. The sweet taste is mediated through a heterodimeric G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in a species-specific manner and at multi-tissue specific levels. The sweet receptor recognizes a large number of ligands with structural and functional diversities to modulate different amplitudes of downstream signaling pathway(s). The human sweet-taste receptor has been extremely difficult to study by biophysical methods due to the difficulty in producing large homogeneous quantities of the taste-receptor protein and the lack of reliable in vitro assays to precisely measure productive ligand binding modes that lead to activation of the receptor protein. We report here a multimodal high throughput assay to monitor ligand binding, receptor stability and conformational changes to model the molecular ligand-receptor interactions. We applied saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (STD-NMR) complemented by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (IF) to characterize binding interactions. Our method using complementary NMR and biophysical analysis is advantageous to study the mechanism of ligand binding and signaling processes in other GPCRs.
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Teo PS, van Langeveld AW, Pol K, Siebelink E, de Graaf C, Yan SW, Mars M. Similar taste-nutrient relationships in commonly consumed Dutch and Malaysian foods. Appetite 2018; 125:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Teo PS, van Langeveld AW, Pol K, Siebelink E, de Graaf C, Martin C, Issanchou S, Yan SW, Mars M. Training of a Dutch and Malaysian sensory panel to assess intensities of basic tastes and fat sensation of commonly consumed foods. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Valente C, Alvarez L, Marques PI, Gusmão L, Amorim A, Seixas S, João Prata M. Genes from the TAS1R and TAS2R Families of Taste Receptors: Looking for Signatures of Their Adaptive Role in Human Evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1139-1152. [PMID: 29635333 PMCID: PMC5905477 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste perception is crucial in monitoring food intake and, hence, is thought to play a significant role in human evolution. To gain insights into possible adaptive signatures in genes encoding bitter, sweet, and umami taste receptors, we surveyed the available sequence variation data from the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 for TAS1R (TAS1R1-3) and TAS2R (TAS2R16 and TAS2R38) families. Our study demonstrated that genes from these two families have experienced contrasting evolutionary histories: While TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 showed worldwide evidence of positive selection, probably correlated with improved umami and sweet perception, the patterns of variation displayed by TAS2R16 and TAS2R38 were more consistent with scenarios of balancing selection that possibly conferred a heterozygous advantage associated with better capacity to perceive a wide range of bitter compounds. In TAS2R16, such adaptive events appear to have occurred restrictively in mainland Africa, whereas the strongest evidence in TAS2R38 was detected in Europe. Despite plausible associations between taste perception and the TAS1R and TAS2R selective signatures, we cannot discount other biological mechanisms as driving the evolutionary trajectories of those TAS1R and TAS2R members, especially given recent findings of taste receptors behaving as the products of pleiotropic genes involved in many functions outside the gustatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valente
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Alvarez
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Isabel Marques
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gusmão
- DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil
| | - António Amorim
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Seixas
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Prata
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
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Biomimetic Sensors for the Senses: Towards Better Understanding of Taste and Odor Sensation. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122881. [PMID: 29232897 PMCID: PMC5750803 DOI: 10.3390/s17122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Taste and smell are very important chemical senses that provide indispensable information on food quality, potential mates and potential danger. In recent decades, much progress has been achieved regarding the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of taste and odor senses. Recently, biosensors have been developed for detecting odorants and tastants as well as for studying ligand-receptor interactions. This review summarizes the currently available biosensing approaches, which can be classified into two main categories: in vitro and in vivo approaches. The former is based on utilizing biological components such as taste and olfactory tissues, cells and receptors, as sensitive elements. The latter is dependent on signals recorded from animals' signaling pathways using implanted microelectrodes into living animals. Advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches, as well as differences in terms of sensing principles and applications are highlighted. The main current challenges, future trends and prospects of research in biomimetic taste and odor sensors are discussed.
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Yangyu L, Ranhui X, Xin Z, Jinzhi H, Xin X. [Taste signal transduction and the role of taste receptors in the regulation of microbial infection]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:549-554. [PMID: 29188655 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Taste receptors guide individuals to consume nutrients while avoiding potentially noxious substances. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that taste receptors are also expressed beyond the taste buds, including brain, respiratory system, and digestive system, etc. These extragustatory taste receptors play important roles in microbial infection, nutrient uptake and host homeostasis. Mang extragustatory taste receptors have been proposed to sense microorganisms and regulate host innate defense. More importantly, polymorphisms of genes encoding taste receptor, particularly bitter taste receptor, are linked to different innate defensive responses. This review introduces the molecular basis of taste signal transduction, and the role of taste receptors in the regulation of innate immunity during microbial infection were further discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yangyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Ranhui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zheng Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - He Jinzhi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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33
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McConnell MW, Fitzpatrick MJ. 'Foraging' for a place to lay eggs: A genetic link between foraging behaviour and oviposition preferences. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179362. [PMID: 28622389 PMCID: PMC5473555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravid female arthropods in search of egg-laying substrates embark on foraging-like forays: they survey the environment assessing multiple patches, tasting each with their tarsi and proboscis, and then, if interested, they deposit an egg (or eggs). In fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, allelic variation in the foraging gene (for) underlies the rover/sitter foraging behaviour polymorphism. Rover flies (forR) are more active foragers (both within and between food patches) compared to sitters (fors). In nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans, a mutation in egl-4, the ortholog of for, leads to aberrations in egg laying. Given this and the notion that females may 'forage' for a place to oviposit, we hypothesized that for may underlie egg-laying decisions in the fruit fly. Indeed, when given a choice between patches of low- and high-nutrient availability, rovers lay significantly more eggs on the low-nutrient patches than sitters and also a sitter mutant (fors2). We confirm the role of for by inducing rover-like oviposition preferences in a sitter fly using the transgenic overexpression of for-mRNA in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray W. McConnell
- Integrative Behaviour & Neuroscience Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J. Fitzpatrick
- Integrative Behaviour & Neuroscience Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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van Langeveld AW, Gibbons S, Koelliker Y, Civille GV, de Vries JH, de Graaf C, Mars M. The relationship between taste and nutrient content in commercially available foods from the United States. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Pooja K, Rani S, Kanwate B, Pal GK. Physico-chemical, Sensory and Toxicity Characteristics of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitory Peptides from Rice Bran-derived Globulin Using Computational Approaches. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Lu L, Hu X, Zhu Z. Biomimetic sensors and biosensors for qualitative and quantitative analyses of five basic tastes. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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37
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Sun G, Dai Q, Zhang HX, Li ZJ, Du ZZ. New Sweet-Tasting C21-Pregnane Glycosides from Pericarps of Myriopteron extensum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9381-9389. [PMID: 27960285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten novel C21 pregnane glycosides, extensumside C-L (1-10), were isolated as highly sweet-tasting substances from the edible pericarps of Myriopteron extensum (Wight) K. Schum by sensory-guided fractionation and purification. Their structures were determined through 1D and 2D NMR, such as HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC-TOCSY, and ROESY, as well as other spectroscopic analysis combined with chemical evidence. These compounds shared the same aglycone, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one, and contained the deoxysugar chain and the glucose chain which were linked to C-3 and C-16 of the aglycone, respectively. The sweetness potency was evaluated by a human sensory panel test and preliminary structure-taste relationship was discussed. The sweetness intensities of these compounds are between 50 and 400 times greater than that of sucrose. Furthermore, quantitation analyses of compounds 1, 3, 4, and 6 in different parts of M. extensum indicated that the concentrations of these sweet components in the pericarps are obviously higher than those in stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Du
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanhei Road 132, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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38
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Zhang Y, Venkitasamy C, Pan Z, Liu W, Zhao L. Novel Umami Ingredients: Umami Peptides and Their Taste. J Food Sci 2016; 82:16-23. [PMID: 27926796 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Umami substances are very important for food seasoning and healthy eating. In addition to monosodium glutamate and some nucleotides, recent investigations have revealed that several peptides also exhibit umami taste. In recent years, 52 peptides have been reported to show umami taste, including 24 dipeptides, 16 tripeptides, 5 octapeptides, 2 pentapeptides, 2 hexapeptides, 1 tetrapeptide, 1 heptapeptide, and 1 undecapeptide. Twenty of these peptides have been examined for the present of umami taste. In this review, we have listed these umami peptides based on their category, source, taste, and threshold concentration. The evidence for peptides showing umami taste, the umami taste receptors on the human tongue, and the peptides whose umami taste is controversial are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu Univ, Chengdu, 610106, China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Univ, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chandrasekar Venkitasamy
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A
| | - Zhongli Pan
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, U.S.A.,Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS-WRRC, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, U.S.A
| | - Wenlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu Univ, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu Univ, Chengdu, 610106, China
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39
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Food protein-originating peptides as tastants - Physiological, technological, sensory, and bioinformatic approaches. Food Res Int 2016; 89:27-38. [PMID: 28460914 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Taste is one of the factors based on which the organism makes the selection of what to ingest. It also protects humans from ingesting toxic compounds and is one of the main attributes when thinking about food quality. Five basic taste sensations are recognized by humans: bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. The taste of foods is affected by some molecules of some specific chemical nature. One of them are peptides derived from food proteins. Although they are not the major natural compounds originating from food sources that are responsible for the taste, they are in the area of scientific research due to the specific composition of amino acids which are well-known for their sensory properties. Literature data implicate that sweet, bitter, and umami are the tastes attributable to peptides. Moreover, the bitter peptide tastants are the dominant among the other tastes. Additionally, other biological activities like, e.g., inhibiting enzymes that regulate the body functions and acting as preventive food agents of civilization diseases, are also associated with the taste of peptides. The advance in information technologies has contributed to the elaboration of internet archives (databases) as well as in silico tools for the analysis of biological compounds. It also concerns peptides - namely taste carriers originating from foods. Thus, our paper provides a summary of knowledge about peptides as tastants with special attention paid to the following aspects: a) basis of taste perception, b) taste peptides detected in food protein sequences with special emphasis put on the role of bitter peptides, c) peptides that may enhance/suppress the taste of foods, d) databases as well as bioinformatic approaches suitable to study the taste of peptides, e) taste-taste interactions, f) basis of sensory analysis in the evaluation of the taste of molecules, including peptides, and g) the methodology applied to reduce/eliminate the undesired taste of peptides. The list of taste peptides serving some biological functions is presented in the Supplement file. The information provided includes database resources, whereas peptide sequences are given with InChiKeys, which is aimed at facilitating the Google® search. Our collection of data regarding taste peptides may be supportive for the scientists working with the set of peptide data in the context of structure-function activity of peptides.
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40
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Hwang LD, Breslin PAS, Reed DR, Zhu G, Martin NG, Wright MJ. Is the Association Between Sweet and Bitter Perception due to Genetic Variation? Chem Senses 2016; 41:737-744. [PMID: 27506221 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived intensities of sweetness and bitterness are correlated with one another and each is influenced by genetics. The extent to which these correlations share common genetic variation, however, remains unclear. In a mainly adolescent sample ( n = 1901, mean age 16.2 years), including 243 monozygotic (MZ) and 452 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, we estimated the covariance among the perceived intensities of 4 bitter compounds (6- n -propylthiouracil [PROP], sucrose octa-acetate, quinine, caffeine) and 4 sweeteners (the weighted mean ratings of glucose, fructose, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, aspartame) with multivariate genetic modeling. The sweetness factor was moderately correlated with sucrose octa-acetate, quinine, and caffeine ( rp = 0.35-0.40). This was mainly due to a shared genetic factor ( rg = 0.46-0.51) that accounted for 17-37% of the variance in the 3 bitter compounds' ratings and 8% of the variance in general sweetness ratings. In contrast, an association between sweetness and PROP only became evident after adjusting for the TAS2R38 diplotype ( rp increased from 0.18 to 0.32) with the PROP genetic factor accounting for 6% of variance in sweetness. These genetic associations were not inflated by scale use bias, as the cross-trait correlations for both MZ and DZ twins were weak. There was also little evidence for mediation by cognition or behavioral factors. This suggests an overlap of genetic variance between perceptions of sweetness and bitterness from a variety of stimuli, which includes PROP when considering the TAS2R38 diplotype. The most likely sources of shared variation are within genes encoding post-receptor transduction mechanisms common to the various taste G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Dar Hwang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia.,School of Medicine , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Paul A S Breslin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences , School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , NJ 08901 , USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia and.,Centre for Advanced Imaging , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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41
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Mouritsen OG. Deliciousness of food and a proper balance in fatty acid composition as means to improve human health and regulate food intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s13411-016-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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42
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Kojima I, Nakagawa Y, Hamano K, Medina J, Li L, Nagasawa M. Glucose-Sensing Receptor T1R3: A New Signaling Receptor Activated by Glucose in Pancreatic β-Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:674-9. [PMID: 25947913 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Subunits of the sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 are expressed in pancreatic β-cells. Compared with T1R3, mRNA expression of T1R2 is considerably lower. At the protein level, expression of T1R2 is undetectable in β-cells. Accordingly, a major component of the sweet taste-sensing receptor in β-cells may be a homodimer of T1R3 rather than a heterodimer of T1R2/T1R3. Inhibition of this receptor by gurmarin or deletion of the T1R3 gene attenuates glucose-induced insulin secretion from β-cells. Hence the T1R3 homodimer functions as a glucose-sensing receptor (GSR) in pancreatic β-cells. When GSR is activated by the T1R3 agonist sucralose, elevation of intracellular ATP concentration ([ATP]i) is observed. Sucralose increases [ATP]i even in the absence of ambient glucose, indicating that sucralose increases [ATP]i not simply by activating glucokinase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. In addition, sucralose augments elevation of [ATP]i induced by methylsuccinate, suggesting that sucralose activates mitochondrial metabolism. Nonmetabolizable 3-O-methylglucose also increases [ATP]i and knockdown of T1R3 attenuates elevation of [ATP]i induced by high concentration of glucose. Collectively, these results indicate that the T1R3 homodimer functions as a GSR; this receptor is involved in glucose-induced insulin secretion by activating glucose metabolism probably in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Kojima
- Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University
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43
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Liu J, Yu K, Zhu W. Amino acid sensing in the gut and its mediation in gut-brain signal transduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:69-73. [PMID: 29767064 PMCID: PMC5940996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal gastrointestinal tract is not only a digestive organ, but also a nutrient sensing organ which detects luminal nutrient and thus can regulate food intake. There are many amino acid sensing receptors and transporters in the gut. Amino acids sensing by these receptors and transporters can stimulate the intestinal endocrine cells to release a variety of gut hormones. These hormones trigger a series of physiological effects via the nerve system. This review summarized the recent advance on the amino acid sensing receptors and transporters in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut hormones released from the intestinal endocrine cells and the hormones-induced signal transduction between the gut and brain. A better understanding of these processes may help to gain further insight into the specific role of amino acids in digestion and provide guidelines in developing strategy for the better use of amino acids in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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44
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Modification of the Sweetness and Stability of Sweet-Tasting Protein Monellin by Gene Mutation and Protein Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3647173. [PMID: 26881217 PMCID: PMC4736911 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3647173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural sweet protein monellin has a high sweetness and low calorie, suggesting its potential in food applications. However, due to its low heat and acid resistance, the application of monellin is limited. In this study, we show that the thermostability of monellin can be improved with no sweetness decrease by means of sequence, structure analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis. We analyzed residues located in the α-helix as well as an ionizable residue C41. Of the mutants investigated, the effects of E23A and C41A mutants were most remarkable. The former displayed significantly improved thermal stability, while its sweetness was not changed. The mutated protein was stable after 30 min incubation at 85°C. The latter showed increased sweetness and slight improvement of thermostability. Furthermore, we found that most mutants enhancing the thermostability of the protein were distributed at the two ends of α-helix. Molecular biophysics analysis revealed that the state of buried ionizable residues may account for the modulated properties of mutated proteins. Our results prove that the properties of sweet protein monellin can be modified by means of bioinformatics analysis, gene manipulation, and protein modification, highlighting the possibility of designing novel effective sweet proteins based on structure-function relationships.
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45
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Gong T, Wei Q, Mao D, Shi F. Expression patterns of taste receptor type 1 subunit 3 and α-gustducin in the mouse testis during development. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:20-30. [PMID: 26589384 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Taste receptor type 1 subunit 3 (T1R3) and its associated heterotrimeric G protein α-gustducin (Gα) are involved in sweet and umami sensing in taste cells. They are also strongly expressed in the testis and sperm, but their expression patterns and potential roles involved were previously unknown. In present study, we investigated the expression patterns of T1R3 and Gα in the mouse testis at critical stages of postnatal life, and throughout the spermatogenic cycle. Our results indicated that T1R3 and Gα exhibited a stage-dependent expression pattern during mouse development, and a cell-specific pattern during the spermatogenic cycle. Their expressions have been increased significantly from prepubertal to pubertal periods (P<005), and decreased significantly in aged mice (P<005). The changes were mainly attributed to the differential expression of T1R3 or Gα in elongated spermatids and Leydig cells at different stages of the spermatogenic cycle. In addition, the expression of T1R3 and Gα were first observed in residual bodies of spermatozoa and endothelial cells of blood vessels at post-pubertal mice, while Gα was located in apoptotic spermatogonia of postnatal mice. These novel expression patterns suggest a role of T1R3 and Gα in the onset of spermatogenesis, pace of spermatogenic cycle, and aging of the testis.
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46
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Beckett EL, Martin C, Yates Z, Veysey M, Duesing K, Lucock M. Bitter taste genetics--the relationship to tasting, liking, consumption and health. Food Funct 2015; 5:3040-54. [PMID: 25286017 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bitter is the most complex of human tastes, and is arguably the most important. Aversion to bitter taste is important for detecting toxic compounds in food; however, many beneficial nutrients also taste bitter and these may therefore also be avoided as a consequence of bitter taste. While many polymorphisms in TAS2R genes may result in phenotypic differences that influence the range and sensitivity of bitter compounds detected, the full extent to which individuals differ in their abilities to detect bitter compounds remains unknown. Simple logic suggests that taste phenotypes influence food preferences, intake and consequently health status. However, it is becoming clear that genetics only plays a partial role in predicting preference, intake and health outcomes, and the complex, pleiotropic relationships involved are yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Beckett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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Modulation of sweet taste by umami compounds via sweet taste receptor subunit hT1R2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124030. [PMID: 25853419 PMCID: PMC4390298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the five basic taste qualities—sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami—can be recognized by the respective gustatory system, interactions between these taste qualities are often experienced when food is consumed. Specifically, the umami taste has been investigated in terms of whether it enhances or reduces the other taste modalities. These studies, however, are based on individual perception and not on a molecular level. In this study we investigated umami-sweet taste interactions using umami compounds including monosodium glutamate (MSG), 5’-mononucleotides and glutamyl-dipeptides, glutamate-glutamate (Glu-Glu) and glutamate-aspartic acid (Glu-Asp), in human sweet taste receptor hT1R2/hT1R3-expressing cells. The sensitivity of sucrose to hT1R2/hT1R3 was significantly attenuated by MSG and umami active peptides but not by umami active nucleotides. Inhibition of sweet receptor activation by MSG and glutamyl peptides is obvious when sweet receptors are activated by sweeteners that target the extracellular domain (ECD) of T1R2, such as sucrose and acesulfame K, but not by cyclamate, which interact with the T1R3 transmembrane domain (TMD). Application of umami compounds with lactisole, inhibitory drugs that target T1R3, exerted a more severe inhibitory effect. The inhibition was also observed with F778A sweet receptor mutant, which have the defect in function of T1R3 TMD. These results suggest that umami peptides affect sweet taste receptors and this interaction prevents sweet receptor agonists from binding to the T1R2 ECD in an allosteric manner, not to the T1R3. This is the first report to define the interaction between umami and sweet taste receptors.
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48
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Bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates: research trends and challenges for application as nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Erdoğan S, Villar Arias S, Pérez W. Morphology of the lingual surface of South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and sea lion (Otaria flavescens). Microsc Res Tech 2014; 78:140-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Erdoğan
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namık Kemal University; 59030 Tekirdağ Turkey
| | - Silvia Villar Arias
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República; 11400 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - William Pérez
- Área de Anatomía; Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República; 11600 Montevideo Uruguay
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Rega MF, Di Monaco R, Leone S, Donnarumma F, Spadaccini R, Cavella S, Picone D. Design of sweet protein based sweeteners: hints from structure-function relationships. Food Chem 2014; 173:1179-86. [PMID: 25466141 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sweet proteins represent a class of natural molecules, which are extremely interesting regarding their potential use as safe low-calories sweeteners for individuals who need to control sugar intake, such as obese or diabetic subjects. Punctual mutations of amino acid residues of MNEI, a single chain derivative of the natural sweet protein monellin, allow the modulation of its taste. In this study we present a structural and functional comparison between MNEI and a sweeter mutant Y65R, containing an extra positive charge on the protein surface, in conditions mimicking those of typical beverages. Y65R exhibits superior sweetness in all the experimental conditions tested, has a better solubility at mild acidic pH and preserves a significant thermal stability in a wide range of pH conditions, although slightly lower than MNEI. Our findings confirm the advantages of structure-guided protein engineering to design improved low-calorie sweeteners and excipients for food and pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fortunato Rega
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Monaco
- Food Science and Agricultural Department, University of Naples - Federico II, Italy; Centre for Food Innovation and Development, University of Naples, Portici, Italy
| | - Serena Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Donnarumma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Spadaccini
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Silvana Cavella
- Food Science and Agricultural Department, University of Naples - Federico II, Italy; Centre for Food Innovation and Development, University of Naples, Portici, Italy
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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