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Mendes LFS, Gimenes CO, da Silva MDO, Rout SK, Riek R, Costa‐Filho AJ. The potential role of liquid-liquid phase separation in the cellular fate of the compartments for unconventional protein secretion. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5085. [PMID: 38923199 PMCID: PMC11201811 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed intricate mechanisms for biomolecule transport, particularly in stressful conditions. This interdisciplinary study delves into unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways activated during starvation, facilitating the export of proteins bypassing most of the components of the classical secretory machinery. Specifically, we focus on the underexplored mechanisms of the GRASP's role in UPS, particularly in biogenesis and cargo recruitment for the vesicular-like compartment for UPS. Our results show that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) plays a key role in the coacervation of Grh1, the GRASP yeast homologue, under starvation-like conditions. This association seems a precursor to the Compartment for Unconventional Protein Secretion (CUPS) biogenesis. Grh1's self-association is regulated by electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Importantly, our study demonstrates that phase-separated states of Grh1 can recruit UPS cargo under starvation-like situations. Additionally, we explore how the coacervate liquid-to-solid transition could impact cells' ability to return to normal post-stress states. Our findings offer insights into intracellular protein dynamics and cell adaptive responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe S. Mendes
- Group of Biophysics and Structural Biology "Sergio Mascarenhas". São Carlos Institute of PhysicsUniversity of São PauloSão CarlosSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Physics, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science, and LiteratureUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH HönggerbergZürichSwitzerland
| | - Carolina O. Gimenes
- Department of Physics, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science, and LiteratureUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Marília D. O. da Silva
- Group of Biophysics and Structural Biology "Sergio Mascarenhas". São Carlos Institute of PhysicsUniversity of São PauloSão CarlosSão PauloBrazil
| | - Saroj K. Rout
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH HönggerbergZürichSwitzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH HönggerbergZürichSwitzerland
| | - Antonio J. Costa‐Filho
- Department of Physics, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science, and LiteratureUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
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2
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Wang Y, Li X, Zhou Q, Zhang S. GOLPH3 knockdown alleviates the inflammation and apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting Golgi stress mediated autophagy. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 174:106865. [PMID: 38945355 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Pneumonia, an acute inflammatory lesion of the lung, is the leading cause of death in children aged < 5 years. We aimed to study the function and mechanism of Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) in infantile pneumonia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mice and injury of MLE-12 cells were used as the pneumonia model in vitro. After GOLPH3 was knocked down, the histopathological changes of lung tissues were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The Wet/Dry ratio of lung tissues was calculated. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detecte the contents of inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The damaged DNA in apoptotic cells in lung tissues was tested by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP Nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Immunofluorescence staining analyzed LC3II and Golgi matrix protein 130 (GM130) expression in lung tissues and MLE-12 cells. The apoptosis of MLE-12 cells was measured by flow cytometry analysis. Additionally, the expression of proteins related to apoptosis, autophagy and Golgi stress was examined with immunoblotting. Results indicated that GOLPH3 knockdown alleviated lung tissue pathological changes in LPS-triggered ALI mice. LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in lung tissues and MLE-12 cells were remarkably alleviated by GOLPH3 deficiency. Besides, GOLPH3 depletion suppressed autophagy and Golgi stress in lung tissues and MLE-12 cells challenged with LPS. Moreover, Rapamycin (Rap), an autophagy inhibitor, counteracted inflammation and apoptosis inhibited by GOLPH3 silencing in LPS-induced MLE-12 cells. Furthermore, brefeldin A (BFA) pretreatment apparently abrogated the inhibitory effect of GOLPH3 knockdown on autophagy in MLE-12 cells exposed to LPS. To be concluded, GOLPH3 knockdown exerted lung protective effect against LPS-triggered inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting Golgi stress mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 314408, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 314408, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 314408, China.
| | - Su Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College,Hangzhou, Zhejiang 314408, China.
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3
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Mendes LFS, Oliveira CG, Simões KF, Kava E, Costa-Filho AJ. Exploring liquid-liquid phase separation in the organisation of Golgi matrix proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:141029. [PMID: 38917877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2024.141029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a critical organelle in protein sorting and lipid metabolism. Characterized by its stacked, flattened cisternal structure, the Golgi exhibits distinct polarity with its cis- and trans-faces orchestrating various protein maturation and transport processes. At the heart of its structural integrity and organisation are the Golgi Matrix Proteins (GMPs), predominantly comprising Golgins and GRASPs. These proteins contribute to this organelle's unique stacked and polarized structure and ensure the precise localization of Golgi-resident enzymes, which is crucial for accurate protein processing. Despite over a century of research since its discovery, the Golgi architecture's intricate mechanisms still need to be fully understood. Here, we discuss that GMPs across different Eukaryotic lineages present a significant tendency to form biomolecular condensates. Moreover, we validated experimentally that members of the GRASP family also exhibit a strong tendency. Our findings offer a new perspective on the possible roles of protein disorder and condensation of GMPs in the Golgi organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe S Mendes
- Group of Biophysics and Structural Biology "Sergio Mascarenhas". São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina G Oliveira
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin F Simões
- Group of Biophysics and Structural Biology "Sergio Mascarenhas". São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Kava
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Umapathi P, Aggarwal A, Zahra F, Narayanan B, Zachara NE. The multifaceted role of intracellular glycosylation in cytoprotection and heart disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107296. [PMID: 38641064 PMCID: PMC11126959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins by O-linked β-N-actylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential posttranslational modification that is common in metozoans. O-GlcNAc is cycled on and off proteins in response to environmental and physiological stimuli impacting protein function, which, in turn, tunes pathways that include transcription, translation, proteostasis, signal transduction, and metabolism. One class of stimulus that induces rapid and dynamic changes to O-GlcNAc is cellular injury, resulting from environmental stress (for instance, heat shock), hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, ischemia reperfusion injury (heart attack, stroke, trauma hemorrhage), and sepsis. Acute elevation of O-GlcNAc before or after injury reduces apoptosis and necrosis, suggesting that injury-induced changes in O-GlcNAcylation regulate cell fate decisions. However, prolonged elevation or reduction in O-GlcNAc leads to a maladaptive response and is associated with pathologies such as hypertrophy and heart failure. In this review, we discuss the impact of O-GlcNAc in both acute and prolonged models of injury with a focus on the heart and biological mechanisms that underpin cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Umapathi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Akanksha Aggarwal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fiddia Zahra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhargavi Narayanan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha E Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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5
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Kumar K, Basak R, Rai A, Mukhopadhyay A. GRASP negatively regulates the secretion of the virulence factor gp63 in Leishmania. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1063-1078. [PMID: 38558112 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Metalloprotease-gp63 is a virulence factor secreted by Leishmania. However, secretory pathway in Leishmania is not well defined. Here, we cloned and expressed the GRASP homolog from Leishmania. We found that Leishmania expresses one GRASP homolog of 58 kDa protein (LdGRASP) which localizes in LdRab1- and LPG2-positive Golgi compartment in Leishmania. LdGRASP was found to bind with COPII complex, LdARF1, LdRab1 and LdRab11 indicating its role in ER and Golgi transport in Leishmania. To determine the function of LdGRASP, we generated LdGRASP knockout parasites using CRISPR-Cas9. We found fragmentation of Golgi in Ld:GRASPKO parasites. Our results showed enhanced transport of non-GPI-anchored gp63 to the cell surface leading to higher secretion of this form of gp63 in Ld:GRASPKO parasites in comparison to Ld:WT cells. In contrast, we found that transport of GPI-anchored gp63 to the cell surface is blocked in Ld:GRASPKO parasites and thereby inhibits its secretion. The overexpression of dominant-negative mutant of LdRab1 or LdSar1 in Ld:GRASPKO parasites significantly blocked the secretion of non-GPI-anchored gp63. Interestingly, we found that survival of transgenic parasites overexpressing Ld:GRASP-GFP is significantly compromised in macrophages in comparison to Ld:WT and Ld:GRASPKO parasites. These results demonstrated that LdGRASP differentially regulates Ldgp63 secretory pathway in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rituparna Basak
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Aakansha Rai
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Xing Y, Jian Y, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhang X. Morphological determination of localization and function of Golgi proteins. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2024; 10:121-132. [PMID: 38774352 PMCID: PMC11103716 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2024.240008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In animal cells, the Golgi apparatus serves as the central hub of the endomembrane secretory pathway. It is responsible for the processing, modification, and sorting of proteins and lipids. The unique stacking and ribbon-like architecture of the Golgi apparatus forms the foundation for its precise functionality. Under cellular stress or pathological conditions, the structure of the Golgi and its important glycosylation modification function may change. It is crucial to employ suitable methodologies to study the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus, particularly when assessing the involvement of a target protein in Golgi regulation. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse microscopy techniques used to determine the specific location of the target protein within the Golgi apparatus. Additionally, it outlines methods for assessing changes in the Golgi structure and its glycosylation modification function following the knockout of the target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Xing
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yannan Jian
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Vang S, Helton ES, Guo Y, Burpee B, Rose E, Easter M, Bollenbecker S, Hirsch MJ, Matthews EL, Jones LI, Howze PH, Rajasekaran V, Denson R, Cochran P, Attah IK, Olson H, Clair G, Melkani G, Krick S, Barnes JW. O-GlcNAc transferase regulates collagen deposition and fibrosis resolution in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387197. [PMID: 38665916 PMCID: PMC11043510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic pulmonary disease that is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g. collagens) in the parenchyma, which ultimately leads to respiratory failure and death. While current therapies exist to slow the progression, no therapies are available to resolve fibrosis. Methods We characterized the O-linked N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT)/O-GlcNAc axis in IPF using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data and human lung sections and isolated fibroblasts from IPF and non-IPF donors. The underlying mechanism(s) of IPF were further investigated using multiple experimental models to modulate collagen expression and accumulation by genetically and pharmacologically targeting OGT. Furthermore, we hone in on the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) effector molecule, Smad3, by co-expressing it with OGT to determine if it is modified and its subsequent effect on Smad3 activation. Results We found that OGT and O-GlcNAc levels are upregulated in patients with IPF compared to non-IPF. We report that the OGT regulates collagen deposition and fibrosis resolution, which is an evolutionarily conserved process demonstrated across multiple species. Co-expression of OGT and Smad3 showed that Smad3 is O-GlcNAc modified. Blocking OGT activity resulted in decreased phosphorylation at Ser-423/425 of Smad3 attenuating the effects of TGF-β1 induced collagen expression/deposition. Conclusion OGT inhibition or knockdown successfully blocked and reversed collagen expression and accumulation, respectively. Smad3 is discovered to be a substrate of OGT and its O-GlcNAc modification(s) directly affects its phosphorylation state. These data identify OGT as a potential target in pulmonary fibrosis resolution, as well as other diseases that might have aberrant ECM/collagen accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shia Vang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eric Scott Helton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yiming Guo
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bailey Burpee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Elex Rose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Molly Easter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Seth Bollenbecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Meghan June Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Emma Lea Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Luke Isaac Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Patrick Henry Howze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vasanthi Rajasekaran
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rebecca Denson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Phillip Cochran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Isaac Kwame Attah
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Heather Olson
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Girish Melkani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stefanie Krick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jarrod Wesley Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Read CB, Ali AN, Stephenson DJ, Macknight HP, Maus KD, Cockburn CL, Kim M, Xie X, Carlyon JA, Chalfant CE. Ceramide-1-phosphate is a regulator of Golgi structure and is co-opted by the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. mBio 2024; 15:e0029924. [PMID: 38415594 PMCID: PMC11005342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00299-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens structurally disrupt the Golgi apparatus as an evolutionarily conserved promicrobial strategy. Yet, the host factors and signaling processes involved are often poorly understood, particularly for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. We found that A. phagocytophilum elevated cellular levels of the bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), to promote Golgi fragmentation that enables bacterial proliferation, conversion from its non-infectious to infectious form, and productive infection. A. phagocytophilum poorly infected mice deficient in ceramide kinase, the Golgi-localized enzyme responsible for C1P biosynthesis. C1P regulated Golgi morphology via activation of a PKCα/Cdc42/JNK signaling axis that culminates in phosphorylation of Golgi structural proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65. siRNA-mediated depletion of Cdc42 blocked A. phagocytophilum from altering Golgi morphology, which impaired anterograde trafficking of trans-Golgi vesicles into and maturation of the pathogen-occupied vacuole. Cells overexpressing phosphorylation-resistant versions of GRASP55 and GRASP65 presented with suppressed C1P- and A. phagocytophilum-induced Golgi fragmentation and poorly supported infection by the bacterium. By studying A. phagocytophilum, we identify C1P as a regulator of Golgi structure and a host factor that is relevant to disease progression associated with Golgi fragmentation.IMPORTANCECeramide-1-phosphate (C1P), a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates diverse processes vital to mammalian physiology, is linked to disease states such as cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. By studying the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, we discovered that C1P is a major regulator of Golgi morphology. A. phagocytophilum elevated C1P levels to induce signaling events that promote Golgi fragmentation and increase vesicular traffic into the pathogen-occupied vacuole that the bacterium parasitizes. As several intracellular microbial pathogens destabilize the Golgi to drive their infection cycles and changes in Golgi morphology is also linked to cancer and neurodegenerative disorder progression, this study identifies C1P as a potential broad-spectrum therapeutic target for infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis B. Read
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Anika N. Ali
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J. Stephenson
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - H. Patrick Macknight
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Maus
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chelsea L. Cockburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Xiujie Xie
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jason A. Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles E. Chalfant
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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9
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Zhu Z, Ren W, Li S, Gao L, Zhi K. Functional significance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modification in regulating autophagy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107120. [PMID: 38417774 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a core molecular pathway that preserves cellular and organismal homeostasis. Being susceptible to nutrient availability and stress, eukaryotic cells recycle or degrade internal components via membrane transport pathways to provide sustainable biological molecules and energy sources. The dysregulation of this highly conserved physiological process has been strongly linked to human disease. Post-translational modification, a mechanism that regulates protein function, plays a crucial role in autophagy regulation. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation), a monosaccharide post-translational modification of intracellular proteins, is essential in nutritional and stress regulatory mechanisms. O-GlcNAcylation has emerged as an essential regulatory mechanism of autophagy. It regulates autophagy throughout its lifetime by targeting the core components of the autophagy regulatory network. This review provides an overview of the O-GlcNAcylation of autophagy-associated proteins and their regulation and function in the autophagy pathway. Therefore, this article may contribute to further understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc-regulated autophagy and provide new perspectives for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Shaoming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
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10
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Zhang J, Kennedy A, de Melo Jorge DM, Xing L, Reid W, Bui S, Joppich J, Rose M, Ercan S, Tang Q, Tai AW, Wang Y. SARS-CoV-2 remodels the Golgi apparatus to facilitate viral assembly and secretion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2022.03.04.483074. [PMID: 35291301 PMCID: PMC8923104 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.04.483074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2, an enveloped RNA virus. Despite extensive investigation, the molecular mechanisms for its assembly and secretion remain largely elusive. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces global alterations of the host endomembrane system, including dramatic Golgi fragmentation. SARS-CoV-2 virions are enriched in the fragmented Golgi. Disrupting Golgi function with small molecules strongly inhibits viral infection. Significantly, SARS-CoV-2 infection down-regulates GRASP55 but up-regulates TGN46 protein levels. Surprisingly, GRASP55 expression reduces both viral secretion and spike number on each virion, while GRASP55 depletion displays opposite effects. In contrast, TGN46 depletion only inhibits viral secretion without affecting spike incorporation into virions. TGN46 depletion and GRASP55 expression additively inhibit viral secretion, indicating that they act at different stages. Taken together, we show that SARS-CoV-2 alters Golgi structure and function to control viral assembly and secretion, highlighting the Golgi as a potential therapeutic target for blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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11
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Shirai R, Yamauchi J. Emerging Evidence of Golgi Stress Signaling for Neuropathies. Neurol Int 2024; 16:334-348. [PMID: 38525704 PMCID: PMC10961782 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is an intracellular organelle that modifies cargo, which is transported extracellularly through the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane in order. First, the general function of the Golgi is reviewed and, then, Golgi stress signaling is discussed. In addition to the six main Golgi signaling pathways, two pathways that have been increasingly reported in recent years are described in this review. The focus then shifts to neurological disorders, examining Golgi stress reported in major neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. The review also encompasses findings related to other diseases, including hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, frontotemporal spectrum disorder/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, microcephaly, Wilson's disease, and prion disease. Most of these neurological disorders cause Golgi fragmentation and Golgi stress. As a result, strong signals may act to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan;
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12
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Zhang J, Wang Y. Emerging roles of O-GlcNAcylation in protein trafficking and secretion. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105677. [PMID: 38272225 PMCID: PMC10907171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The emerging roles of O-GlcNAcylation, a distinctive post-translational modification, are increasingly recognized for their involvement in the intricate processes of protein trafficking and secretion. This modification exerts its influence on both conventional and unconventional secretory pathways. Under healthy and stress conditions, such as during diseases, it orchestrates the transport of proteins within cells, ensuring timely delivery to their intended destinations. O-GlcNAcylation occurs on key factors, like coat protein complexes (COPI and COPII), clathrin, SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), and GRASP55 (Golgi reassembly stacking protein of 55 kDa) that control vesicle budding and fusion in anterograde and retrograde trafficking and unconventional secretion. The understanding of O-GlcNAcylation offers valuable insights into its critical functions in cellular physiology and the progression of diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest findings elucidating the involvement of O-GlcNAc in protein trafficking and its significance in various human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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13
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Zhao SS, Qian Q, Chen XX, Lu Q, Xing G, Qiao S, Li R, Zhang G. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus triggers Golgi apparatus fragmentation-mediated autophagy to facilitate viral self-replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0184223. [PMID: 38179942 PMCID: PMC10878038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01842-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling process that maintains the homeostasis of organisms. A growing number of studies have reported that autophagy participates in infection by a variety of viruses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe financial losses to the global swine industry. Although much research has shown that PRRSV triggers autophagy for its own benefits, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in PRRSV-triggered autophagy remain to be fully elucidated. In the current study, we demonstrated that PRRSV infection significantly induced Golgi apparatus (GA) fragmentation, which promoted autophagy to facilitate viral self-replication. Mechanistically, PRRSV nonstructural protein 2 was identified to interact with and degrade the Golgi reassembly and stacking protein 65 dependent on its papain-like cysteine protease 2 activity, resulting in GA fragmentation. Upon GA fragmentation, GA-resident Ras-like protein in brain 2 was disassociated from Golgi matrix protein 130 and subsequently bound to unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), which enhanced phosphorylation of ULK1 and promoted autophagy. Taken together, all these results expand the knowledge of PRRSV-triggered autophagy as well as PRRSV pathogenesis to support novel potential avenues for prevention and control of the virus. More importantly, these results provide the detailed mechanism of GA fragmentation-mediated autophagy, deepening the understanding of autophagic processes.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection results in a serious swine disease affecting pig farming worldwide. Despite that numerous studies have shown that PRRSV triggers autophagy for its self-replication, how PRRSV induces autophagy is incompletely understood. Here, we identify that PRRSV Nsp2 degrades GRASP65 to induce GA fragmentation, which dissociates RAB2 from GM130 and activates RAB2-ULK1-mediated autophagy to enhance viral replication. This work expands our understanding of PRRSV-induced autophagy and PRRSV replication, which is beneficial for anti-viral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-shuang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qisheng Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin-xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Modern Immunology Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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14
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Yang H, Fan T, Xun M, Wu B, Guo S, Li X, Zhao X, Yao H, Wang H. N-terminal acetyltransferase 6 facilitates enterovirus 71 replication by regulating PI4KB expression and replication organelle biogenesis. J Virol 2024; 98:e0174923. [PMID: 38189249 PMCID: PMC10878262 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01749-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease in children under 5 years old, which can result in severe neurological complications and even death. Due to limited treatments for EV71 infection, the identification of novel host factors and elucidation of mechanisms involved will help to counter this viral infection. N-terminal acetyltransferase 6 (NAT6) was identified as an essential host factor for EV71 infection with genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening. NAT6 facilitates EV71 viral replication depending on its acetyltransferase activity but has little effect on viral release. In addition, NAT6 is also required for Echovirus 7 and coxsackievirus B5 infection, suggesting it might be a pan-enterovirus host factor. We further demonstrated that NAT6 is required for Golgi integrity and viral replication organelle (RO) biogenesis. NAT6 knockout significantly inhibited phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) expression and PI4P production, both of which are key host factors for enterovirus infection and RO biogenesis. Further mechanism studies confirmed that NAT6 formed a complex with its substrate actin and one of the PI4KB recruiters-acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3). Through modulating actin dynamics, NAT6 maintained the integrity of the Golgi and the stability of ACBD3, thereby enhancing EV71 infection. Collectively, these results uncovered a novel mechanism of N-acetyltransferase supporting EV71 infection.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important pathogen for children under the age of five, and currently, no effective treatment is available. Elucidating the mechanism of novel host factors supporting viral infection will reveal potential antiviral targets and aid antiviral development. Here, we demonstrated that a novel N-acetyltransferase, NAT6, is an essential host factor for EV71 replication. NAT6 could promote viral replication organelle (RO) formation to enhance viral replication. The formation of enterovirus ROs requires numerous host factors, including acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB). NAT6 could stabilize the PI4KB recruiter, ACBD3, by inhibiting the autophagy degradation pathway. This study provides a fresh insight into the relationship between N-acetyltransferase and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Shangrui Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Haoyan Yao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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15
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Wijaya CS, Xu S. Reevaluating Golgi fragmentation and its implications in wound repair. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:4. [PMID: 38349608 PMCID: PMC10864233 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi Apparatus (GA) is pivotal in vesicle sorting and protein modifications within cells. Traditionally, the GA has been described as a perinuclear organelle consisting of stacked cisternae forming a ribbon-like structure. Changes in the stacked structure or the canonical perinuclear localization of the GA have been referred to as "GA fragmentation", a term widely employed in the literature to describe changes in GA morphology and distribution. However, the precise meaning and function of GA fragmentation remain intricate. This review aims to demystify this enigmatic phenomenon, dissecting the diverse morphological changes observed and their potential contributions to cellular wound repair and regeneration. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research, we hope to pave the way for future advancements in GA research and their important role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sugiarto Wijaya
- Department of Burns and Wound Repair and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Department of Burns and Wound Repair and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- International Biomedicine-X Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China.
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16
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Zobaroğlu-Özer P, Bora-Akoğlu G. Split but merge: Golgi fragmentation in physiological and pathological conditions. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:214. [PMID: 38280063 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is a highly dynamic and tightly regulated cellular organelle with essential roles in the processing as well as the sorting of proteins and lipids. Its structure undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during normal physiological processes, including cell division, migration, polarization, differentiation, and cell death. Golgi dispersal or fragmentation also occurs in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, congenital disorders of glycosylation diseases, and cancer. In this review, current knowledge about both structural organization and morphological alterations in the Golgi in physiological and pathological conditions is summarized together with the methodologies that help to reveal its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Zobaroğlu-Özer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Gamze Bora-Akoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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17
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Liang BB, Liu Q, Liu B, Yao HG, He J, Tang CF, Peng K, Su XX, Zheng Y, Ding JY, Shen J, Cao Q, Mao ZW. A Golgi-Targeted Platinum Complex Plays a Dual Role in Autophagy Regulation for Highly Efficient Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312170. [PMID: 37710398 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulating autophagy to control the homeostatic recycling process of cancer cells is a promising anticancer strategy. Golgi apparatus is a substrate of autophagy but the Golgi-autophagy (Golgiphagy) mediated antitumor pathway is rarely reported. Herein, we have developed a novel Golgi-targeted platinum (II) complex Pt3, which is ca. 20 times more cytotoxic to lung carcinoma than cisplatin and can completely eliminate tumors after intratumoral administration in vivo. Its nano-encapsulated system for tail vein administration also features a good anti-tumor effect. Mechanism studies indicate that Pt3 induces substantial Golgi stress, indicated by the fragmentation of Golgi structure, down-regulation of Golgi proteins (GM130, GRASP65/55), loss of Golgi-dependent transport and glycosylation. This triggers Golgiphagy but blocks the subsequent fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, that is a dual role in autophagy regulation, resulting in loss of proteostasis and apoptotic cell death. As far as we know, Pt3 is the first Golgi-targeted Pt complex that can trigger Golgi stress-mediated dual-regulation of autophagic flux and autophagy-apoptosis crosstalk for highly efficient cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Bing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hua-Gang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, 528458, China
| | - Juan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, 528458, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Tang
- Wenshan University, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, 532600, China
| | - Kun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xu-Xian Su
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jia-Yi Ding
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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18
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Ben Ahmed A, Lemaire Q, Scache J, Mariller C, Lefebvre T, Vercoutter-Edouart AS. O-GlcNAc Dynamics: The Sweet Side of Protein Trafficking Regulation in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1396. [PMID: 37408229 PMCID: PMC10216988 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of proteins between the different cellular compartments and the cell surface is governed by the secretory pathway. Alternatively, unconventional secretion pathways have been described in mammalian cells, especially through multivesicular bodies and exosomes. These highly sophisticated biological processes rely on a wide variety of signaling and regulatory proteins that act sequentially and in a well-orchestrated manner to ensure the proper delivery of cargoes to their final destination. By modifying numerous proteins involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking, post-translational modifications (PTMs) participate in the tight regulation of cargo transport in response to extracellular stimuli such as nutrient availability and stress. Among the PTMs, O-GlcNAcylation is the reversible addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine monosaccharide (GlcNAc) on serine or threonine residues of cytosolic, nuclear, and mitochondrial proteins. O-GlcNAc cycling is mediated by a single couple of enzymes: the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) which catalyzes the addition of O-GlcNAc onto proteins, and the O-GlcNAcase (OGA) which hydrolyses it. Here, we review the current knowledge on the emerging role of O-GlcNAc modification in the regulation of protein trafficking in mammalian cells, in classical and unconventional secretory pathways.
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19
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Lin X, Fu B, Xiong Y, Xing N, Xue W, Guo D, Zaky M, Pavani K, Kunec D, Trimpert J, Wu H. Unconventional secretion of unglycosylated ORF8 is critical for the cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011128. [PMID: 36689483 PMCID: PMC9894554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is a respiratory infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is accumulating rapidly. In addition to structural proteins such as Spike and Envelope, the functional roles of non-structural and accessory proteins in regulating viral life cycle and host immune responses remain to be understood. Here, we show that open reading frame 8 (ORF8) acts as messenger for inter-cellular communication between alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, ORF8 is a secretory protein that can be secreted by infected epithelial cells via both conventional and unconventional secretory pathways. Conventionally secreted ORF8 is glycosylated and loses the ability to recognize interleukin 17 receptor A of macrophages, possibly due to the steric hindrance imposed by N-glycosylation at Asn78. However, unconventionally secreted ORF8 does not undergo glycosylation without experiencing the ER-Golgi trafficking, thereby activating the downstream NF-κB signaling pathway and facilitating a burst of cytokine release. Furthermore, we show that ORF8 deletion in SARS-CoV-2 attenuates inflammation and yields less lung lesions in hamsters. Our data collectively highlights a role of ORF8 protein in the development of cytokine storms during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Xing
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mohamed Zaky
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Krishna Pavani
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dusan Kunec
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Chen X, Wang Y. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Purified Rat Liver Golgi. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2557:417-430. [PMID: 36512229 PMCID: PMC10174226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi is the central organelle in the secretory pathway, essential for post-translational modifications, sorting and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins and lipids in all eukaryotic cells. During mitosis, the mammalian Golgi membranes undergo continuous disassembly and reassembly processes which are critical for Golgi biogenesis during the cell division. To better understand the underlying molecular mechanism of this highly dynamic process, we analyzed the proteins that are in or associated with interphase and mitotic Golgi membranes using an in vitro Golgi assembly assay and quantitative proteomics. In this study, by combining an isobaric mass tag labeling strategy with OFFGEL peptide fractionation, LC-MS/MS analyses identified and quantified a total of 1193 Golgi-resident or -associated proteins. These proteins included Golgi structural proteins, Golgi-resident enzymes, Rab GTPases, and SNARE proteins. This systematic quantitative proteomic study revealed the comprehensive molecular machinery of the Golgi and the dynamic protein changes in its disassembly and reassembly processes. Here we describe the detailed procedures and protocols for this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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21
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Wang Y, Gandy S. The Golgi apparatus: Site for convergence of COVID-19 brain fog and Alzheimer's disease? Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:67. [PMID: 36271398 PMCID: PMC9587685 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sam Gandy
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and the Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 10029, New York, NY, USA. .,The James J Peters VA Medical Center, 10468, Bronx, NY, USA.
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22
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Choi W, Kang S, Kim J. New insights into the role of the Golgi apparatus in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of human diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:671-692. [PMID: 36178581 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is an essential cellular organelle that mediates homeostatic functions, including vesicle trafficking and the post-translational modification of macromolecules. Its unique stacked structure and dynamic functions are tightly regulated, and several Golgi proteins play key roles in the functioning of unconventional protein secretory pathways triggered by cellular stress responses. Recently, an increasing number of studies have implicated defects in Golgi functioning in human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative, and immunological disorders. Understanding the extraordinary characteristics of Golgi proteins is important for elucidating its associated intracellular signaling mechanisms and has important ramifications for human health. Therefore, analyzing the mechanisms by which the Golgi participates in disease pathogenesis may be useful for developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review articulates the structural features and abnormalities of the Golgi apparatus reported in various diseases and the suspected mechanisms underlying the Golgi-associated pathologies. Furthermore, we review the potential therapeutic strategies based on Golgi function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Shinwon Kang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
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23
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Nondegradable ubiquitinated ATG9A organizes Golgi integrity and dynamics upon stresses. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111195. [PMID: 35977480 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATG9A is a highly conserved membrane protein required for autophagy initiation. It is trafficked from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the phagophore to act as a membrane source for autophagosome expansion. Here, we show that ATG9A is not just a passenger protein in the TGN but rather works in concert with GRASP55, a stacking factor for Golgi structure, to organize Golgi dynamics and integrity. Upon heat stress, the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH9 is promoted to ubiquitinate ATG9A in the form of K63 conjugation, and the nondegradable ubiquitinated ATG9A disperses from the Golgi apparatus to the cytoplasm more intensely, accompanied by inhibiting GRASP55 oligomerization, further resulting in Golgi fragmentation. Knockout of ATG9A or MARCH9 largely prevents Golgi fragmentation and protects Golgi functions under heat and other Golgi stresses. Our results reveal a noncanonical function of ATG9A for Golgi dynamics and suggest the pathway for sensing Golgi stress via the MARCH9/ATG9A axis.
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24
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Jiang Z, Kuo YH, Zhong M, Zhang J, Zhou XX, Xing L, Wells JA, Wang Y, Arkin MR. Adaptor-Specific Antibody Fragment Inhibitors for the Intracellular Modulation of p97 (VCP) Protein-Protein Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13218-13225. [PMID: 35819848 PMCID: PMC9335864 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) form complex networks to drive cellular signaling and cellular functions. Precise modulation of a target PPI helps explain the role of the PPI in cellular events and possesses therapeutic potential. For example, valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) is a hub protein that interacts with more than 30 adaptor proteins involved in various cellular functions. However, the role of each p97 PPI during the relevant cellular event is underexplored. The development of small-molecule PPI modulators remains challenging due to a lack of grooves and pockets in the relatively large PPI interface and the fact that a common binding groove in p97 binds to multiple adaptors. Here, we report an antibody fragment-based modulator for the PPI between p97 and its adaptor protein NSFL1C (p47). We engineered these antibody modulators by phage display against the p97-interacting domain of p47 and minimizing binding to other p97 adaptors. The selected antibody fragment modulators specifically disrupt the intracellular p97/p47 interaction. The potential of this antibody platform to develop PPI inhibitors in therapeutic applications was demonstrated through the inhibition of Golgi reassembly, which requires the p97/p47 interaction. This study presents a unique approach to modulate specific intracellular PPIs using engineered antibody fragments, demonstrating a method to dissect the function of a PPI within a convoluted PPI network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Jiang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States,Small
Molecule Discovery Center, University of
California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States,Small
Molecule Discovery Center, University of
California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Mengqi Zhong
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States,Small
Molecule Discovery Center, University of
California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085, United States
| | - Xin X. Zhou
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States,Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States,Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085, United States
| | - James A. Wells
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085, United States
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States,Small
Molecule Discovery Center, University of
California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States,
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25
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Ahat E, Bui S, Zhang J, da Veiga Leprevost F, Sharkey L, Reid W, Nesvizhskii AI, Paulson HL, Wang Y. GRASP55 regulates the unconventional secretion and aggregation of mutant huntingtin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102219. [PMID: 35780830 PMCID: PMC9352920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that the Golgi reassembly stacking proteins (GRASPs), especially GRASP55, regulate Golgi-independent unconventional secretion of certain cytosolic and transmembrane cargoes; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we surveyed several neurodegenerative disease-related proteins, including mutant huntingtin (Htt-Q74), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), tau, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), for unconventional secretion; our results show that Htt-Q74 is most robustly secreted in a GRASP55-dependent manner. Using Htt-Q74 as a model system, we demonstrate that unconventional secretion of Htt is GRASP55 and autophagy dependent and is enhanced under stress conditions such as starvation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mechanistically, we show that GRASP55 facilitates Htt secretion by tethering autophagosomes to lysosomes to promote autophagosome maturation and subsequent lysosome secretion and by stabilizing p23/TMED10, a channel for translocation of cytoplasmic proteins into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Moreover, we found that GRASP55 levels are upregulated by various stresses to facilitate unconventional secretion, whereas inhibition of Htt-Q74 secretion by GRASP55 KO enhances Htt aggregation and toxicity. Finally, comprehensive secretomic analysis identified novel cytosolic cargoes secreted by the same unconventional pathway, including transgelin (TAGLN), multifunctional protein ADE2 (PAICS), and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1). In conclusion, this study defines the pathway of GRASP55-mediated unconventional protein secretion and provides important insights into the progression of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Lisa Sharkey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry L. Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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26
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Rui Q, Tan X, Liu F, Bao Y. An Update on the Key Factors Required for Plant Golgi Structure Maintenance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933283. [PMID: 35837464 PMCID: PMC9274083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant Golgi apparatus serves as the central station of the secretory pathway and is the site where protein modification and cell wall matrix polysaccharides synthesis occur. The polarized and stacked cisternal structure is a prerequisite for Golgi function. Our understanding of Golgi structure maintenance and trafficking are largely obtained from mammals and yeast, yet, plant Golgi has many different aspects. In this review, we summarize the key players in Golgi maintenance demonstrated by genetic studies in plants, which function in ER-Golgi, intra-Golgi and post-Golgi transport pathways. Among these, we emphasize on players in intra-Golgi trafficking.
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27
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Ayala I, Colanzi A. Structural Organization and Function of the Golgi Ribbon During Cell Division. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:925228. [PMID: 35813197 PMCID: PMC9263219 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.925228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex has a central role in the secretory traffic. In vertebrate cells it is generally organized in polarized stacks of cisternae that are laterally connected by membranous tubules, forming a structure known as Golgi ribbon. The steady state ribbon arrangement results from a dynamic equilibrium between formation and cleavage of the membrane tubules connecting the stacks. This balance is of great physiological relevance as the unlinking of the ribbon during G2 is required for mitotic entry. A block of this process induces a potent G2 arrest of the cell cycle, indicating that a mitotic “Golgi checkpoint” controls the correct pre-mitotic segregation of the Golgi ribbon. Then, after mitosis onset, the Golgi stacks undergo an extensive disassembly, which is necessary for proper spindle formation. Notably, several Golgi-associated proteins acquire new roles in spindle formation and mitotic progression during mitosis. Here we summarize the current knowledge about the basic principle of the Golgi architecture and its functional relationship with cell division to highlight crucial aspects that need to be addressed to help us understand the physiological significance of the ribbon and the pathological implications of alterations of this organization.
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28
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Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061130. [PMID: 35746603 PMCID: PMC9228512 DOI: 10.3390/v14061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a small non-enveloped virus that establishes lifelong, persistent infection in most of the adult population. Immune-competent patients are generally asymptomatic, but immune-compromised and immune-suppressed patients are at risk for the neurodegenerative disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Studies with purified JCPyV found it undergoes receptor-dependent infectious entry requiring both lactoseries tetrasaccharide C (LSTc) attachment and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 entry receptors. Subsequent work discovered the major targets of JCPyV infection in the central nervous system (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) do not express the required attachment receptor at detectable levels, virus could not bind these cells in tissue sections, and viral quasi-species harboring recurrent mutations in the binding pocket for attachment. While several research groups found evidence JCPyV can use novel receptors for infection, it was also discovered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate receptor independent JCPyV infection. Recent work also found JCPyV associated EVs include both exosomes and secretory autophagosomes. EVs effectively present a means of immune evasion and increased tissue tropism that complicates viral studies and anti-viral therapeutics. This review focuses on JCPyV infection mechanisms and EV associated and outlines key areas of study necessary to understand the interplay between virus and extracellular vesicles.
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29
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Morris‐Love J, O'Hara BA, Gee GV, Dugan AS, O'Rourke RS, Armstead BE, Assetta B, Haley SA, Atwood WJ. Biogenesis of JC polyomavirus associated extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e43. [PMID: 36688929 PMCID: PMC9854252 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a small, non-enveloped virus that persists in the kidney in about half the adult population. In severely immune-compromised individuals JCPyV causes the neurodegenerative disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in the brain. JCPyV has been shown to infect cells by both direct and indirect mechanisms, the latter involving extracellular vesicle (EV) mediated infection. While direct mechanisms of infection are well studied indirect EV mediated mechanisms are poorly understood. Using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches we show that several overlapping intracellular pathways are responsible for the biogenesis of virus containing EV. Here we show that targeting neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) with the drug cambinol decreased the spread of JCPyV over several viral life cycles. Genetic depletion of nSMase2 by either shRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 reduced EV-mediated infection. Individual knockdown of seven ESCRT-related proteins including HGS, ALIX, TSG101, VPS25, VPS20, CHMP4A, and VPS4A did not significantly reduce JCPyV associated EV (JCPyV(+) EV) infectivity, whereas knockdown of the tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 or trafficking and/or secretory autophagy-related proteins RAB8A, RAB27A, and GRASP65 all significantly reduced the spread of JCPyV and decreased EV-mediated infection. These findings point to a role for exosomes and secretory autophagosomes in the biogenesis of JCPyV associated EVs with specific roles for nSMase2, CD9, CD81, RAB8A, RAB27A, and GRASP65 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Morris‐Love
- Graduate Program in PathobiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of Molecular biologyCellular Biologyand BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Bethany A. O'Hara
- Department of Molecular biologyCellular Biologyand BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Gretchen V. Gee
- Department of Molecular biologyCellular Biologyand BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- MassBiologicsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolFall RiverMAUSA
| | - Aisling S. Dugan
- Department of BiologyAssumption UniversityWorcesterMAUSA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Ryan S. O'Rourke
- Graduate Program in PathobiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of Molecular biologyCellular Biologyand BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | | | - Benedetta Assetta
- Department of Molecular biologyCellular Biologyand BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Sheila A. Haley
- Department of Molecular biologyCellular Biologyand BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Walter J. Atwood
- Department of Molecular biologyCellular Biologyand BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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30
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Maricchiolo E, Panfili E, Pompa A, De Marchis F, Bellucci M, Pallotta MT. Unconventional Pathways of Protein Secretion: Mammals vs. Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895853. [PMID: 35573696 PMCID: PMC9096121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, many proteins contain an N-terminal signal peptide that allows their translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum followed by secretion outside the cell according to the classical secretory system. However, an increasing number of secreted proteins lacking the signal peptide sequence are emerging. These proteins, secreted in several alternative ways collectively known as unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways, exert extracellular functions including cell signaling, immune modulation, as well as moonlighting activities different from their well-described intracellular functions. Pathways for UPS include direct transfer across the plasma membrane, secretion from endosomal/multivesicular body-related components, release within plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, or use of elements of autophagy. In this review we describe the mammals and plants UPS pathways identified so far highlighting commonalities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maricchiolo
- Section of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Section of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Bellucci, ; Maria Teresa Pallotta,
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Bellucci, ; Maria Teresa Pallotta,
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31
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Mascanzoni F, Iannitti R, Colanzi A. Functional Coordination among the Golgi Complex, the Centrosome and the Microtubule Cytoskeleton during the Cell Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030354. [PMID: 35159164 PMCID: PMC8834581 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex of mammalian cells is organized in a ribbon-like structure often closely associated with the centrosome during interphase. Conversely, the Golgi complex assumes a fragmented and dispersed configuration away from the centrosome during mitosis. The structure of the Golgi complex and the relative position to the centrosome are dynamically regulated by microtubules. Many pieces of evidence reveal that this microtubule-mediated dynamic association between the Golgi complex and centrosome is of functional significance in cell polarization and division. Here, we summarize findings indicating how the Golgi complex and the centrosome cooperate in organizing the microtubule network for the directional protein transport and centrosome positioning required for cell polarization and regulating fundamental cell division processes.
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32
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Golgi Metal Ion Homeostasis in Human Health and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020289. [PMID: 35053405 PMCID: PMC8773785 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane organelle located in the center of the protein processing and trafficking pathway. It consists of sub-compartments with distinct biochemical compositions and functions. Main functions of the Golgi, including membrane trafficking, protein glycosylation, and sorting, require a well-maintained stable microenvironment in the sub-compartments of the Golgi, along with metal ion homeostasis. Metal ions, such as Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+, are important cofactors of many Golgi resident glycosylation enzymes. The homeostasis of metal ions in the secretory pathway, which is required for proper function and stress response of the Golgi, is tightly regulated and maintained by transporters. Mutations in the transporters cause human diseases. Here we provide a review specifically focusing on the transporters that maintain Golgi metal ion homeostasis under physiological conditions and their alterations in diseases.
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33
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Resurrecting Golgi proteins to grasp Golgi ribbon formation and self-association under stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:264-275. [PMID: 34861272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex is an essential organelle of the eukaryotic exocytic pathway. A subfamily of Golgi matrix proteins, called GRASPs, is central in stress-induced unconventional secretion, Golgi dynamics during mitosis/apoptosis, and Golgi ribbon formation. The Golgi ribbon is vertebrate-specific and correlates with the appearance of two GRASP paralogues and two Golgins (GM130/Golgin45), which form specific GRASP-Golgin pairs. The molecular details of their appearance only in Metazoans are unknown. Moreover, despite new functionalities supported by GRASP paralogy, little is known about their structural and evolutionary differences. Here, we used ancestor sequence reconstruction and biophysical/biochemical approaches to assess the evolution of GRASPs structure/dynamics, fibrillation, and how they started anchoring their Golgin partners. Our data showed that a GRASP ancestor anchored Golgins before gorasp gene duplication in Metazoans. After gene duplication, variations within the GRASP binding pocket determined which paralogue would recruit which Golgin. These interactions are responsible for their specific Golgi location and Golgi ribbon appearance. We also suggest that GRASPs have a long-standing capacity to form supramolecular structures, affecting their participation in stress-induced processes.
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34
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D’Souza Z, Sumya FT, Khakurel A, Lupashin V. Getting Sugar Coating Right! The Role of the Golgi Trafficking Machinery in Glycosylation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123275. [PMID: 34943782 PMCID: PMC8699264 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi is the central organelle of the secretory pathway and it houses the majority of the glycosylation machinery, which includes glycosylation enzymes and sugar transporters. Correct compartmentalization of the glycosylation machinery is achieved by retrograde vesicular trafficking as the secretory cargo moves forward by cisternal maturation. The vesicular trafficking machinery which includes vesicular coats, small GTPases, tethers and SNAREs, play a major role in coordinating the Golgi trafficking thereby achieving Golgi homeostasis. Glycosylation is a template-independent process, so its fidelity heavily relies on appropriate localization of the glycosylation machinery and Golgi homeostasis. Mutations in the glycosylation enzymes, sugar transporters, Golgi ion channels and several vesicle tethering factors cause congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) which encompass a group of multisystem disorders with varying severities. Here, we focus on the Golgi vesicle tethering and fusion machinery, namely, multisubunit tethering complexes and SNAREs and their role in Golgi trafficking and glycosylation. This review is a comprehensive summary of all the identified CDG causing mutations of the Golgi trafficking machinery in humans.
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35
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Si J, Pei Y, Ji P, Zhang X, Xu R, Qiao H, Shen D, Peng H, Dou D. PsGRASP, a Golgi Reassembly Stacking Protein in Phytophthora sojae, Is Required for Mycelial Growth, Stress Responses, and Plant Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702632. [PMID: 34305870 PMCID: PMC8297711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi reassembly stacking proteins (GRASPs) play important roles in Golgi structure formation, ER stress response, and unconventional secretion in eukaryotic cells. However, GRASP functions in oomycetes haven’t been adequately characterized. Here, we report the identification and functional analysis of PsGRASP, a GRASP-encoding gene from the soybean-infecting oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Transcriptional profiling showed that PsGRASP expression is up-regulated at the infection stages. PsGRASP knockout mutants were created using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These mutants exhibited impaired vegetative growth, zoospore release and virulence. PsGRASP was involved ER stress responses and altered laccase activity. Our work suggests that PsGRASP is crucial for P. sojae development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Si
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Qiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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36
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Zhang X. Alterations of Golgi Structural Proteins and Glycosylation Defects in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665289. [PMID: 34055798 PMCID: PMC8149618 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the central hub in the secretory and endocytic pathways, the Golgi apparatus continually receives the flow of cargos and serves as a major processing station in the cell. Due to its dynamic nature, a sophisticated and constantly remodeling mechanism needs to be set up to maintain the Golgi architecture and function in the non-stop trafficking of proteins and lipids. Abundant evidence has been accumulated that a well-organized Golgi structure is required for its proper functions, especially protein glycosylation. Remarkably, altered glycosylation has been a hallmark of most cancer cells. To understand the causes of Golgi defects in cancer, efforts have been made to characterize Golgi structural proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of crucial Golgi structural proteins and their connections with tumor progression. We foresee that understanding the Golgi structural and functional defects may help solve the puzzle of whether glycosylation defect is a cause or effect of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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