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Cre/Lox-based RMCE for Site-specific Integration in CHO Cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics (or gene therapy) has to date failed to deliver on promise but rapid improvements in the understanding and use of delivery technologies should reverse this situation. In this review of work performed in and in collaboration with the Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, progress towards safe nanoparticles for efficient delivery of functional nucleic acids in vivo is described. The intention is to demonstrate the fruits of a journey from the results of initial studies in animal models of disease that suggested that so much should be possible so quickly, to the realization that new technologies are rarely successful so quickly, through to developments in the present day that appear to be approaching the preclinical/clinical threshold with realism but measured confidence. New chemistry is central to the design and formulation of safe nanotechnologies. Chemistry should have a central role to play in ensuring that nucleic acid therapeutics truly live up to their potential for therapy and cure, none more so than in the derivation of newer and better therapies for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Miller
- Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Department of Chemistry, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Abstract
Understanding and exploiting molecular mechanisms in biology is central to chemical biology. In 20 years, chemical biology research has advanced from simple mechanistic studies using isolated biological macromolecules to molecular-level and nanomolecular-level mechanistic studies involving whole organisms. This review documents the best of my personal and collaborative academic research work that has made use of a solid organic chemistry and chemical biology approach toward nanomedicine, in which my focus has been on the design, creation and use of synthetic, self-assembly lipid-based nanoparticle technologies for the functional delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to target cells in vivo. This research is now leading to precision therapeutics approaches (PTAs) for the treatment of diseases that may define the future of nanomedicine.
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Kolb AF, Knowles C, Pultinevicius P, Harbottle JA, Petrie L, Robinson C, Sorrell DA. Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange Using Adenoviral Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1642:127-150. [PMID: 28815498 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7169-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases are important tools for the modification of mammalian genomes. In conjunction with viral vectors, they can be utilized to mediate site-specific gene insertions in animals and in cell lines which are difficult to transfect. Here we describe a method for the generation and analysis of an adenovirus vector supporting a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange reaction and discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Kolb
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK. .,Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, UK.
| | - Christopher Knowles
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Patrikas Pultinevicius
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Jennifer A Harbottle
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Linda Petrie
- Metabolic Health Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | | | - David A Sorrell
- Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, UK.,Horizon Biodiscovery, Cambridge, UK
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Inniss MC, Bandara K, Jusiak B, Lu TK, Weiss R, Wroblewska L, Zhang L. A novel Bxb1 integrase RMCE system for high fidelity site-specific integration of mAb expression cassette in CHO Cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1837-1846. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara C. Inniss
- Cell Line Development; Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Science; Pfizer Inc; Andover 01810 Massachusetts
| | - Kalpanie Bandara
- Cell Line Development; Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Science; Pfizer Inc; Andover 01810 Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Jusiak
- Synthetic Biology Center; Department of Biological Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Timothy K. Lu
- Synthetic Biology Center; Department of Biological Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Ron Weiss
- Synthetic Biology Center; Department of Biological Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Cell Line Development; Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Science; Pfizer Inc; Andover 01810 Massachusetts
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6
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Zhang L, Inniss MC, Han S, Moffat M, Jones H, Zhang B, Cox WL, Rance JR, Young RJ. Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) for monoclonal antibody expression in the commercially relevant CHOK1SV cell line. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1645-56. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Cell Line Development, World Wide Pharmaceutical Sciences; BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.; Andover MA 01810
| | - Mara C. Inniss
- Cell Line Development, World Wide Pharmaceutical Sciences; BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.; Andover MA 01810
| | - Shu Han
- Cell Line Development, World Wide Pharmaceutical Sciences; BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.; Andover MA 01810
| | - Mark Moffat
- Cell Line Development, World Wide Pharmaceutical Sciences; BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.; Chesterfield MO 63017
| | - Heather Jones
- Cell Line Development, World Wide Pharmaceutical Sciences; BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.; Chesterfield MO 63017
| | - Baohong Zhang
- BioTX Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc.; Cambridge MA 02140
| | - Wendy L. Cox
- Cell Culture Development, Lonza Biologics; Slough SL1 4DX U.K
| | - James R. Rance
- Development Services Singapore, Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd; Singapore
| | - Robert J. Young
- New Expression Technologies Group, Research & Technology, Lonza Biologics; Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS U.K
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7
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Voziyanova E, Malchin N, Anderson RP, Yagil E, Kolot M, Voziyanov Y. Efficient Flp-Int HK022 dual RMCE in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e125. [PMID: 23630322 PMCID: PMC3695500 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange, or RMCE, is a clean approach of gene delivery into a desired chromosomal location, as it is able to insert only the required sequences, leaving behind the unwanted ones. RMCE can be mediated by a single site-specific DNA recombinase or by two recombinases with different target specificities (dual RMCE). Recently, using the Flp–Cre recombinase pair, dual RMCE proved to be efficient, provided the relative ratio of the enzymes during the reaction is optimal. In the present report, we analyzed how the efficiency of dual RMCE mediated by the Flp–Int (HK022) pair depends on the variable input of the recombinases—the amount of the recombinase expression vectors added at transfection—and on the order of the addition of these vectors: sequential or simultaneous. We found that both in the sequential and the simultaneous modes, the efficiency of dual RMCE was critically dependent on the absolute and the relative concentrations of the Flp and Int expression vectors. Under optimal conditions, the efficiency of ‘simultaneous’ dual RMCE reached ∼12% of the transfected cells. Our results underline the importance of fine-tuning the reaction conditions for achieving the highest levels of dual RMCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Voziyanova
- School of Biosciences, Louisiana Tech University, 1 Adams Boulveard, Ruston, LA 71272, USA.
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8
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Owens JB, Urschitz J, Stoytchev I, Dang NC, Stoytcheva Z, Belcaid M, Maragathavally KJ, Coates CJ, Segal DJ, Moisyadi S. Chimeric piggyBac transposases for genomic targeting in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:6978-91. [PMID: 22492708 PMCID: PMC3413120 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating vectors such as viruses and transposons insert transgenes semi-randomly and can potentially disrupt or deregulate genes. For these techniques to be of therapeutic value, a method for controlling the precise location of insertion is required. The piggyBac (PB) transposase is an efficient gene transfer vector active in a variety of cell types and proven to be amenable to modification. Here we present the design and validation of chimeric PB proteins fused to the Gal4 DNA binding domain with the ability to target transgenes to pre-determined sites. Upstream activating sequence (UAS) Gal4 recognition sites harbored on recipient plasmids were preferentially targeted by the chimeric Gal4-PB transposase in human cells. To analyze the ability of these PB fusion proteins to target chromosomal locations, UAS sites were randomly integrated throughout the genome using the Sleeping Beauty transposon. Both N- and C-terminal Gal4-PB fusion proteins but not native PB were capable of targeting transposition nearby these introduced sites. A genome-wide integration analysis revealed the ability of our fusion constructs to bias 24% of integrations near endogenous Gal4 recognition sequences. This work provides a powerful approach to enhance the properties of the PB system for applications such as genetic engineering and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B. Owens
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ilko Stoytchev
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nong C. Dang
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zoia Stoytcheva
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mahdi Belcaid
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kommineni J. Maragathavally
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Craig J. Coates
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David J. Segal
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, Entomology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 and Genome Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Tuteja N, Verma S, Sahoo RK, Raveendar S, Reddy INBL. Recent advances in development of marker-free transgenic plants: Regulation and biosafety concern. J Biosci 2012; 37:167-97. [PMID: 22357214 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-012-9187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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Wang N, Jiang CY, Jiang MX, Zhang CX, Cheng JA. Using chimeric piggyBac transposase to achieve directed interplasmid transposition in silkworm Bombyx mori and fruit fly Drosophila cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011; 11:728-34. [PMID: 20803777 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The piggyBac transposon has been long used to integrate foreign DNA into insect genomes. However, undesirable transgene expression can result from random insertions into the genome. In this study, the efficiency of chimeric Gal4-piggyBac transposase in directing integration onto a DNA target plasmid was evaluated in cultured silkworm Bombyx mori Bm-12 and fruit fly Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells. The Gal4-piggyBac transposase has a Gal4 DNA-binding domain (DBD), and the target plasmid has upstream activating sequences (UAS) to which the Gal4 DBD can bind with high affinity. The results indicate that, in the Bm-12 and S2 cells, transpositional activity of Gal4-piggyBac transposase was increased by 4.0 and 7.5 times, respectively, compared to controls, where Gal4-UAS interaction was absent. Moreover, the Gal4-piggyBac transposase had the ability of directing piggyBac element integration to certain sites of the target plasmid, although the target-directing specificity was not as high as expected. The chimeric piggyBac transposase has the potential for use in site-directed transgenesis and gene function research in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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11
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Kustikova O, Brugman M, Baum C. The genomic risk of somatic gene therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:269-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Olsen PA, Gelazauskaite M, Randøl M, Krauss S. Analysis of illegitimate genomic integration mediated by zinc-finger nucleases: implications for specificity of targeted gene correction. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:35. [PMID: 20459736 PMCID: PMC2875229 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formation of site specific genomic double strand breaks (DSBs), induced by the expression of a pair of engineered zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), dramatically increases the rates of homologous recombination (HR) between a specific genomic target and a donor plasmid. However, for the safe use of ZFN induced HR in practical applications, possible adverse effects of the technology such as cytotoxicity and genotoxicity need to be well understood. In this work, off-target activity of a pair of ZFNs has been examined by measuring the ratio between HR and illegitimate genomic integration in cells that are growing exponentially, and in cells that have been arrested in the G2/M phase. RESULTS A reporter cell line that contained consensus ZFN binding sites in an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene was used to measure ratios between HR and non-homologous integration of a plasmid template. Both in human cells (HEK 293) containing the consensus ZFN binding sites and in cells lacking the ZFN binding sites, a 3.5 fold increase in the level of illegitimate integration was observed upon ZFN expression. Since the reporter gene containing the consensus ZFN target sites was found to be intact in cells where illegitimate integration had occurred, increased rates of illegitimate integration most likely resulted from the formation of off-target genomic DSBs. Additionally, in a fraction of the ZFN treated cells the co-occurrence of both specific HR and illegitimate integration was observed. As a mean to minimize unspecific effects, cell cycle manipulation of the target cells by induction of a transient G2/M cell cycle arrest was shown to stimulate the activity of HR while having little effect on the levels of illegitimate integration, thus resulting in a nearly eight fold increase in the ratio between the two processes. CONCLUSIONS The demonstration that ZFN expression, in addition to stimulating specific gene targeting by HR, leads to increased rates of illegitimate integration emphasizes the importance of careful characterization of ZFN treated cells. In order to reduce off-target events, reversible cell cycle arrest of the target cells in the G2/M phase is an efficient way for increasing the ratio between specific HR and illegitimate integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter A Olsen
- Section for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Gausdadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika Gelazauskaite
- Section for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Gausdadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Randøl
- Section for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Gausdadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Section for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Gausdadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway
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Sorrell DA, Robinson CJ, Smith JA, Kolb AF. Recombinase mediated cassette exchange into genomic targets using an adenovirus vector. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:e123. [PMID: 20371519 PMCID: PMC2887974 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) is a process in which site-specific recombinases exchange one gene cassette flanked by a pair of incompatible target sites for another cassette flanked by an identical pair of sites. Typically one cassette is present in the host genome, whereas the other gene cassette is introduced into the host cell by chemical or biological means. We show here that the frequency of cassette exchange is dependent on the relative and absolute quantities of the transgene cassette and the recombinase. We were able to successfully modify genomic targets not only by electroporation or chemically mediated gene transfer but also by using an adenovirus vector carrying both the transgene cassette to be inserted and the recombinase coding region. RMCE proceeds efficiently in cells in which the adenovirus vector is able to replicate. In contrast, insufficient quantities of the transgene cassette are produced in cells in which the virus cannot replicate. Additional transfection of the transgene cassette significantly enhances the RMCE frequency. This demonstrates that an RMCE system in the context of a viral vector allows the site directed insertion of a transgene into a defined genomic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sorrell
- Molecular Recognition Group, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, KA6 5HL, UK
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Hackett PB, Largaespada DA, Cooper LJN. A transposon and transposase system for human application. Mol Ther 2010; 18:674-83. [PMID: 20104209 PMCID: PMC2862530 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable introduction of therapeutic transgenes into human cells can be accomplished using viral and nonviral approaches. Transduction with clinical-grade recombinant viruses offers the potential of efficient gene transfer into primary cells and has a record of therapeutic successes. However, widespread application for gene therapy using viruses can be limited by their initially high cost of manufacture at a limited number of production facilities as well as a propensity for nonrandom patterns of integration. The ex vivo application of transposon-mediated gene transfer now offers an alternative to the use of viral vectors. Clinical-grade DNA plasmids can be prepared at much reduced cost and with lower immunogenicity, and the integration efficiency can be improved by the transient coexpression of a hyperactive transposase. This has facilitated the design of human trials using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system to introduce a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to redirect the specificity of human T cells. This review examines the rationale and safety implications of application of the SB system to genetically modify T cells to be manufactured in compliance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) for phase I/II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry B Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, Institute of Human Genetics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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15
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Tay Y, Ho C, Droge P, Ghadessy FJ. Selection of bacteriophage lambda integrases with altered recombination specificity by in vitro compartmentalization. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:e25. [PMID: 19966270 PMCID: PMC2831311 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) was employed for the first time to select for novel bacteriophage λ integrase variants displaying significantly enhanced recombination activity on a non-cognate target DNA sequence. These variants displayed up to 9-fold increased recombination activity over the parental enzyme, and one mutant recombined the chosen non-cognate substrate more efficiently than the parental enzyme recombined the wild-type DNA substrate. The in vitro specificity phenotype extended to the intracellular recombination of episomal vectors in HEK293 cells. Surprisingly, mutations conferring the strongest phenotype do not occur in the λ integrase core-binding domain, which is known to interact directly with cognate target sequences. Instead, they locate to the N-terminal domain which allosterically modulates integrase activity, highlighting a previously unknown role for this domain in directing integrase specificity. The method we describe provides a robust, completely in vitro platform for the development of novel integrase reagent tools for in vitro DNA manipulation and other biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Tay
- p53 Laboratory, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648
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16
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Meisenberg G. Designer babies on tap? Medical students' attitudes to pre-implantation genetic screening. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:149-166. [PMID: 19579681 DOI: 10.1177/0963662507079374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes two studies about the determinants of attitudes to pre-implantation genetic screening in a multicultural sample of medical students from the United States. Sample sizes were 292 in study 1 and 1464 in study 2. Attitudes were of an undifferentiated nature, but respondents did make a major distinction between use for disease prevention and use for enhancement. No strong distinctions were made between embryo selection and germ line gene manipulations, and between somatic gene therapy and germ line gene manipulations. Religiosity was negatively associated with acceptance of "designer baby" technology for Christians and Muslims but not Hindus. However, the strongest and most consistent influence was an apparently moralistic stance against active and aggressive interference with natural processes in general. Trust in individuals and institutions was unrelated to acceptance of the technology, indicating that fear of abuse by irresponsible individuals and corporations is not an important determinant of opposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Meisenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Ross University, School of Medicine, Dominica.
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Yu Y, Zuo J. The practical use of Cre and loxP technologies in mouse auditory research. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 493:87-102. [PMID: 18839343 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-523-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene manipulation, specifically in the hair cells of the inner ear during development and adulthood in mice, is crucial for understanding the physiology of hearing and the pathology of deafness in humans. Recent advances have demonstrated that gene expression can be manipulated in developing mouse hair cells in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The Cre-loxP system has been widely used for such purposes. Many laboratories, including ours, have developed and characterized transgenic mouse lines that express or induce Cre activity specifically in inner ear hair cells. These Cre lines have been used with high efficiency to inactivate several genes such as Rb in hair cells. Here we discuss the use of these Cre lines in inner ear research with emphasis on practical issues for researchers who are not familiar with these particular techniques but are interested in using these Cre mice and floxed mice to inactivate genes of their interest specifically in inner ear hair cells. We provide detailed protocols for the use of these techniques and reagents. These considerations and protocols can be easily applied to other cell types in the inner ear and other parts of the auditory pathways. Because the NIH Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) and the European Conditional Mouse Mutant Program (EUCOMM) have initiated plans to create conditional (floxed) knockout strains for every gene in the mouse genome and because numerous Cre-expressing mouse lines have already been created in various systems, including the nervous system, it is our hope that many hearing researchers will benefit from the detailed protocols and practical considerations described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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18
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Robinson C, Kolb AF. Analysis of mammary specific gene locus regulation in differentiated cells derived by somatic cell fusion. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:508-22. [PMID: 19014936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of a gene is best analysed in the context of its normal chromatin surroundings. However, most somatic cells, in contrast to embryonic stem cells, are refractory to accurate modification by homologous recombination. We show here that it is possible to introduce precise genomic modifications in ES cells and to analyse the phenotypic consequences in differentiated cells by using a combination of gene targeting, site-specific recombination and somatic cell fusion. To provide a proof of principle, we have analysed the regulation of the casein gene locus in mammary gland cells derived from modified murine ES cells by somatic cell fusion. A beta-galactosidase reporter gene was inserted in place of the beta-casein gene and the modified ES cells, which do not express the reporter gene, were fused with the mouse mammary gland cell line HC11. The resulting cell clones expressed the beta-galactosidase gene to a similar extent and with similar hormone responsiveness as the endogenous gene. However, a reporter gene under the control of a minimal beta-casein promoter (encompassing the two consensus STAT5 binding sites which mediate the hormone response of the casein genes) was unable to replicate expression levels or hormone responsiveness of the endogenous gene when inserted into the same site of the casein locus. As expected, these results implicate sequences other than the STAT5 sites in the regulation of the beta-casein gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Robinson
- Molecular Recognition Group, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL, UK
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19
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Habermann FA, Wuensch A, Sinowatz F, Wolf E. Reporter genes for embryogenesis research in livestock species. Theriogenology 2007; 68 Suppl 1:S116-24. [PMID: 17583783 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, our knowledge of early mammalian embryogenesis, stem cell differentiation and development is largely based on studies performed in mouse models. However, in important aspects, e.g. the timing of epigenetic reprogramming and embryonic genome activation, livestock species probably reflect far more closely the situation in men and other non-rodent mammals. A major challenge is the fact that in mammals, the development of individual zygotes is highly variable and vulnerable, and the outcome is uncertain. Valid indicators of the highly heterogeneous development and health status, and the actual developmental potential of individual oocytes, zygotes or embryos would be crucially important to tap the full power of holistic transcriptome and proteome analyses. Fluorescent reporter proteins opened new vistas for embryology and stem cell research: they can be used as reporters for the activity of gene promoters or tagged to functional proteins to study their intracellular localization in living cells, tissues and organisms. Fluorescent reporter genes may be used to microscopically observe key processes of early development. Thus, novel information related to developmental potential can be obtained from living embryos before processing them, e.g. for "-omic" studies. This review summarizes the main current reporter gene techniques and gene transfer approaches, which might be suitable for the investigation of early embryogenesis in livestock mammals. The potential of promoter reporter genes is exemplified by a bovine model system for quantitative monitoring of transcriptional reactivation of the so-called pluripotency gene POU5F1 in cloned bovine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Habermann
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, LMU Munich, Germany
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20
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Gueven N, Chen P, Nakamura J, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Grattan-Smith P, Lavin MF. A subgroup of spinocerebellar ataxias defective in DNA damage responses. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1418-25. [PMID: 17224243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A subgroup of human autosomal recessive ataxias is also characterized by disturbances of eye movement or oculomotor apraxia. These include ataxia telangiectasia (A-T); ataxia telangiectasia like disorder (ATLD); ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) and ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2). What appears to be emerging is that all of these have in common some form of defect in DNA damage response which could account for the neurodegenerative changes seen in these disorders. We describe here sensitivity to DNA damaging agents in AOA1 and evidence that these cells have a defect in single strand break repair. Comparison is made with what appears to be a novel form of AOA (AOA3) which also shows sensitivity to agents that lead to single strand breaks in DNA as well as a reduced capacity to repair these breaks. AOA3 cells are defective in the DNA damage-induced p53 response. This defect can be overcome by incubation with the mdm2 antagonists, nutlins, but combined treatment with nutlins and DNA damage does not enhance the response. We also show that AOA3 cells are deficient in p73 activation after DNA damage. These data provide further evidence that different forms of AOA have in common a reduced capacity to cope with damage to DNA, which may account for the neurodegeneration observed in these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gueven
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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21
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Shinohara ET, Kaminski JM, Segal DJ, Pelczar P, Kolhe R, Ryan T, Coates CJ, Fraser MJ, Handler AM, Yanagimachi R, Moisyadi S. Active integration: new strategies for transgenesis. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:333-9. [PMID: 17340207 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents novel methods for producing transgenic animals, with a further emphasis on how these techniques may someday be applied in gene therapy. There are several passive methods for transgenesis, such as pronuclear microinjection (PNI) and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection-Mediated Transgenesis (ICSI-Tr), which rely on the repair mechanisms of the host for transgene (tg) insertion. ICSI-Tr has been shown to be an effective means of creating transgenic animals with a transfection efficiency of approximately 45% of animals born. Furthermore, because this involves the injection of the transgene into the cytoplasm of oocytes during fertilization, limited mosaicism has traditionally occurred using this technique. Current active transgenesis techniques involve the use of viruses, such as disarmed retroviruses which can insert genes into the host genome. However, these methods are limited by the size of the sequence that can be inserted, high embryo mortality, and randomness of insertion. A novel active method has been developed which combines ICSI-Tr with recombinases or transposases to increase transfection efficiency. This technique has been termed "Active Transgenesis" to imply that the tg is inserted into the host genome by enzymes supplied into the oocyte during tg introduction. DNA based methods alleviate many of the costs and time associated with purifying enzyme. Further studies have shown that RNA can be used for the transposase source. Using RNA may prevent problems with continued transposase activity that can occur if a DNA transposase is integrated into the host genome. At present piggyBac is the most effective transposon for stable integration in mammalian systems and as further studies are done to elucidate modifications which improve piggyBac's specificity and efficacy, efficiency in creating transgenic animals should improve further. Subsequently, these methods may someday be used for gene therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Shinohara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Barron N, Piskareva O, Muniyappa M. Targeted genetic modification of cell lines for recombinant protein production. Cytotechnology 2007; 53:65-73. [PMID: 19003191 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable increases in productivity have been achieved in biopharmaceutical production processes over the last two decades. Much of this has been a result of improvements in media formulation and process development. Though advances have been made in cell line development, there remains considerable opportunity for improvement in this area. The wealth of transcriptional and proteomic data being generated currently hold the promise of specific molecular interventions to improve the performance of production cell lines in the bioreactor. Achieving this-particularly for multi-gene modification-will require specific, targeted and controlled genetic manipulation of these cells. This review considers some of the current and potential future techniques that might be employed to realise this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Barron
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland,
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23
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Feschotte C. The piggyBac transposon holds promise for human gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14981-2. [PMID: 17015820 PMCID: PMC1622765 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607282103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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24
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Maragathavally KJ, Kaminski JM, Coates CJ. Chimeric Mos1 and piggyBac transposases result in site-directed integration. FASEB J 2006; 20:1880-2. [PMID: 16877528 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5485fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic transformation systems based on Mos1 and piggyBac transposable elements are used to achieve stable chromosomal integration. However, integration sites are randomly distributed in the genome and transgene expression can be influenced by position effects. We developed a novel technology that utilizes chimeric transposases to direct integration into specific sites on a target DNA molecule. The Gal4 DNA binding domain was fused to the NH(2) terminus of the Mos1 and piggyBac transposases and a target plasmid was created that contained upstream activating sequences (UAS), to which the Gal4 DBD binds with high affinity. The transpositional activity of the Gal4-Mos1 transposase was 12.7-fold higher compared to controls where the Gal4-UAS interaction was absent and 96% of the recovered transposition products were identical, with integration occurring at the same TA site. In a parallel experiment, a Gal4-piggyBac transposase resulted in an 11.6-fold increase in transpositional activity compared to controls, with 67% of the integrations occurring at a single TTAA site. This technology has the potential to minimize nonspecific integration events that may result in insertional mutagenesis and reduced fitness. Site-directed integration will be advantageous to the manipulation of genomes, study of gene function, and for the development of gene therapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maragathavally
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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25
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van Gaal EVB, Hennink WE, Crommelin DJA, Mastrobattista E. Plasmid engineering for controlled and sustained gene expression for nonviral gene therapy. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1053-74. [PMID: 16715361 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy requires the introduction of genetic material in diseased cells with the aim of treating or ultimately curing a disease. Since the start of gene therapy clinical trials in 1990, gene therapy has proven to be possible, but studies to date have highlighted the difficulty of achieving efficient, specific, and long-term transgene expression. Efforts to improve gene therapy strategies over the past years were mainly aimed at solving the problem of delivery, without paying much attention to the optimization of the expression cassette. With the current understanding of the eukaryotic transcription machinery and advanced molecular biology techniques at our disposition, it has now become possible to create custom-made transgene expression cassettes optimized for gene therapy applications. In this review, we will discuss several strategies that have been explored to improve the level and duration of transgene expression, to increase control over expression, or to restrict transgene expression to specific cell types or tissues. Although still in its infancy, such strategies will eventually lead to improvement of nonviral gene therapy and expansion of the range of possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethlinn V B van Gaal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Tian Y, James S, Zuo J, Fritzsch B, Beisel KW. Conditional and inducible gene recombineering in the mouse inner ear. Brain Res 2006; 1091:243-54. [PMID: 16488403 PMCID: PMC3901521 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice have greatly improved our understanding of gene functions and disease mechanisms. Nevertheless, the traditional knock-out approach has limitations in the overall viability of mutants. The application of the Cre/loxP system in the inner ear can help bypass this difficulty by generation of conditional gene recombineering. However, to do so requires an expression system that allows ear-specific temporally inducible, gene abrogation of one or more of the increasingly available floxed genes. To date, three approaches have been successfully used to create murine inner ear-specific Cre lines: conventional transgenesis, BAC transgenesis, and gene knock-in. Unfortunately, timing of conditional Cre activity does not extend beyond the regulatory range of the gene controlling Cre expression. Rectification of this problem requires the generation of tamoxifen or tetracycline inducible systems in the inner ear. Examination of integrase expression at different loci will facilitate studies on the expression of exogenous transgenes. These genetic applications for the mouse genome will dramatically advance in vivo gene function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sally James
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kirk W. Beisel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Corresponding author: Fax: +1 402 280 2690. (K.W. Beisel)
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27
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Kolb AF, Coates CJ, Kaminski JM, Summers JB, Miller AD, Segal DJ. Site-directed genome modification: nucleic acid and protein modules for targeted integration and gene correction. Trends Biotechnol 2005; 23:399-406. [PMID: 15982766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A variety of technological advances in recent years have made permanent genetic manipulation of an organism a technical possibility. As the details of natural biological processes for genome modification are elucidated, the enzymes catalyzing these events (transposases, recombinases, integrases and DNA repair enzymes) are being harnessed or modified for the purpose of intentional gene modification. Targeted integration and gene repair can be mediated by the DNA-targeting specificity inherent to a particular enzyme, or rely on user-designed specificities. Integration sites can be defined by using DNA base-pairing or protein-DNA interaction as a means of targeting. This review will describe recent progress in the development of 'user-targetable' systems, particularly highlighting the application of custom DNA-binding proteins or nucleic acid homology to confer specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Kolb
- Hannah Research Institute, Hannah Research Park, Ayr, UK, KA6 5HL
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28
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Kostarelos K, Miller AD. Synthetic, self-assembly ABCD nanoparticles; a structural paradigm for viable synthetic non-viral vectors. Chem Soc Rev 2005; 34:970-94. [PMID: 16239997 DOI: 10.1039/b307062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy research is still in trouble owing to a paucity of acceptable vector systems to deliver nucleic acids to patients for therapy. Viral vectors are efficient but may be too dangerous. Synthetic non-viral vectors are inherently safer but are currently not efficient enough to be clinically viable. The solution for gene therapy lies with improved synthetic non-viral vectors systems. This review is focused on synthetic cationic liposome/micelle-based non-viral vector systems and is a critical review written to illustrate the increasing importance of chemistry in gene therapy research. This review should be of primary interest to synthetic chemists and biomedical researchers keen to appreciate emerging technologies, but also to biological scientists who remain to be convinced about the relevance of chemistry to biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Kostarelos
- Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Department of Chemistry, Flowers Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AY, UK
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