Bioactive glass ceramic nanoparticles-coated poly(l-lactic acid) scaffold improved osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells in equine. Tissue Cell. 2017;49:565-572. [PMID: 28851519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.07.003]

Incorporating bioactive glass nanoparticles in silk fibroin/bacterial nanocellulose composite scaffolds improves their biological and osteogenic properties for bone tissue engineering applications

Blend polymers composed of natural polymers are a ubiquitous biomaterial class due to their suitable mechanical and biological characterization. In the present study, composite scaffolds based on bacterial cellulose (BC)/silk fibroin (SF) with bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNPs) were developed to enhance osteogenesis in human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results of BGNPs indicated a spherical morphology and size ranging from 15 to 30 nm. The presence of BC and BGNPs reduced the pore diameter of SF scaffolds to about 210 ± 10 μm and 205 ± 10 μm, respectively, while increasing their compressive strength and compressive modulus. FTIR analyses proved the presence of BGNPs, BC and SF in the scaffolds. Flow cytometry data confirmed the surface markers for hASCs. The results also showed that BC and BGNPs addition to BC/SF scaffolds decreased degradation and swelling rate. The gene expression (Runx2, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) studies signified the osteogenic potential of BGNPs in BC/SF scaffolds on hASCs. Eventually, the increased cell adhesion, viability and differentiation in the BC/SF and BC/SF/BGNPs composite scaffolds drawn from MTT, SEM, Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity confirmed that these scaffolds promise to serve as a therapeutic candidate for bone defects.

3-Dimentional printing of polysaccharides for water-treatment: A review

Biological polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, chitosan, sodium alginate, etc., serve as excellent substrates for 3D printing due to their inherent advantages of biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and absence of secondary pollution. In this review we comprehensively overviewed the principles and processes involved in 3D printing of polysaccharides. We then delved into the diverse application of 3D printed polysaccharides in wastewater treatment, including their roles as adsorbents, photocatalysts, biological carriers, micro-devices, and solar evaporators. Furthermore, we assessed the technical superiority and future potential of polysaccharide 3D prints, envisioning its widespread application. Lastly, we remarked the challenging scientific and engineering aspects that require attention in the scientific research, industrial production, and engineering utilization. By addressing these key points, we aimed to advance the field and facilitate the practical implementation of polysaccharide-based 3D printing technologies in wastewater treatment and beyond.

Effect of exogenous genistein on osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in laying hens

Previous literature revealed that genistein might play a preventive role in osteoporosis. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of genistein on the osteogenic potency of laying hens' adipose-derived stem cells (LHASCs). The viability of LHASCs after isolation was investigated on tissue culture plastic (TCP) under exposure to genistein up to 50 μg/mL by MTT assay. Our preliminary result revealed that LHASCs cultured under genistein exposure up to 20 μg/mL are feasible. Then, we evaluated the osteogenic induction of LHASCs under exposure to 0, 10, and 20 μg/mL genistein. The Alizarin Red staining confirmed the calcium deposition. Our findings showed that osteogenic differentiation under exposure to 20 μg/mL genistein led to higher ALP activity and more calcium content. We then tried to see the probable additive effect of the genistein-plus Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold on the cell viability and osteogenic capacity of LHASCs. For this, cells were cultured on a PLLA scaffold and exposed to 20 μg/mL genistein. Cell growth rate, as indicated by the MTT assay, revealed no differences between the groups. LHASCs cultured on a genistein-plus PLLA scaffold showed higher ALP activity and more calcium content. The expressions of Osteocalcin, COL1A2, ALP, and Runx2 genes were increased in the genistein-plus PLLA group as compared with PLLA and TCP groups. Adequate proliferation rates and higher expression of osteogenic markers provide genistein as a suitable substrate to support the proliferation and differentiation of LHASCs. Genistein supports osteogenic induction as a further positive effect if such a PLLA scaffold is available.

Influence of the Anatomical Site on Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells' Biological Profile and Osteogenic Potential in Companion Animals

Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) have generated considerable interest in the field of veterinary medicine, particularly for their potential in therapeutic strategies focused on bone regeneration. These cells possess unique biological characteristics, including their regenerative capacity and their ability to produce bioactive molecules. However, it is crucial to recognize that the characteristics of ADSCs can vary depending on the animal species and the site from which they are derived, such as the subcutaneous and visceral regions (SCAT and VAT, respectively). Thus, the present work aimed to comprehensively review the different traits of ADSCs isolated from diverse anatomical sites in companion animals, i.e., dogs, cats, and horses, in terms of immunophenotype, morphology, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation potential. The findings indicate that the immunophenotype, proliferation, and osteogenic potential of ADSCs differ according to tissue origin and species. Generally, the proliferation rate is higher in VAT-derived ADSCs in dogs and horses, whereas in cats, the proliferation rate appears to be similar in both cells isolated from SCAT and VAT regions. In terms of osteogenic differentiation potential, VAT-derived ADSCs demonstrate the highest capability in cats, whereas SCAT-derived ADSCs exhibit superior potential in horses. Interestingly, in dogs, VAT-derived cells appear to have greater potential than those isolated from SCAT. Within the VAT, ADSCs derived from the falciform ligament and omentum show increased osteogenic potential, compared to cells isolated from other anatomical locations. Consequently, considering these disparities, optimizing isolation protocols becomes pivotal, tailoring them to the specific target species and therapeutic aims, and judiciously selecting the anatomical site for ADSC isolation. This approach holds promise to enhance the efficacy of ADSCs-based bone regenerative therapies.

Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Biomaterials and Their Effect on Cell Differentiation

Biomaterials for tissue scaffolds are key components in modern tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Targeted reconstructive therapies require a proper choice of biomaterial and an adequate choice of cells to be seeded on it. The introduction of stem cells, and the transdifferentiation procedures, into regenerative medicine opened a new era and created new challenges for modern biomaterials. They must not only fulfill the mechanical functions of a scaffold for implanted cells and represent the expected mechanical strength of the artificial tissue, but furthermore, they should also assure their survival and, if possible, affect their desired way of differentiation. This paper aims to review how modern biomaterials, including synthetic (i.e., polylactic acid, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene terephthalate, ceramics) and natural (i.e., silk fibroin, decellularized scaffolds), both non-biodegradable and biodegradable, could influence (tissue) stem cells fate, regulate and direct their differentiation into desired target somatic cells.

Structure and Properties of Bioactive Glass-Modified Calcium Phosphate/Calcium Sulfate Biphasic Porous Self-Curing Bone Repair Materials and Preliminary Research on Their Osteogenic Effect

In this study, calcium phosphate (CP)/calcium sulfate biphasic bone repair materials were modified with bioactive-glass (BG) to construct a self-curing bone repair material. Tetracalcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) with different BG ratios and phosphate solution were reacted to prepare a porous self-curing bone repair material (CP/CSH/BG). The solidification time was about 12 min, and the material was morphologically stable in 24 h. The porosity was about 50%, with a pore size around 200 μm. The strength of CP/CSH/BG was approaching trabecular bone, and could be gradually degraded in Tris-HCl solution. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the leaching solution of the materials. Cytotoxicity was detected using Cell Counting Kit 8 assays, and the expression of osteogenesis-related biomarkers was detected using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that all BG groups had increased ALP and ARS staining, implying that the BG groups could promote osteoblast mineralization in vitro. qRT-PCR showed significant upregulation of bone-related gene expression (Osx, Ocn, Runx2, and Col1) in the 20% BG group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the CP/CSH/BG self-curing bone repair materials can promote osteogenesis, and might be applied for bone regeneration, especially for polymorphic bone defect repair.

Peptide Mediated Adhesion to Beta-Lactam Ring of Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Pilot Study

Simple Summary

In recent years, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising potential treatment for chronic wounds in both human and veterinary medicine. Particularly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be an attractive therapeutic tool for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering because these cells play a critical role in wound repair and tissue regeneration due to their immunosuppressive properties and multipotency. The use of biomaterials with integrin agonists could promote cell adhesion increasing tissue repair processes. This pilot study focuses on the adhesion ability of equine adult (adipose tissue) and fetal adnexa (Wharton’s jelly) derived MSCs mediated by GM18, an α4β1 integrin agonist, alone and combined with a biodegradable polymeric scaffold. Results show that a 24 h exposition to soluble GM18 affects equine MSCs adhesion ability with a donor-related variability and might suggest that WJ-MSCs more easily adhere to poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofibers combined with GM18. These preliminary results need to be confirmed by further studies on the interactions between the different types of equine MSCs and GM18 incorporated PLLA scaffolds before drawing definitive conclusions on which cells and scaffolds could be successfully used for the treatment of decubitus ulcers.

Abstract

Regenerative medicine applied to skin lesions is a field in constant improvement. The use of biomaterials with integrin agonists could promote cell adhesion increasing tissue repair processes. The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the effect of an α4β1 integrin agonist on cell adhesion of equine adipose tissue (AT) and Wharton’s jelly (WJ) derived MSCs and to investigate their adhesion ability to GM18 incorporated poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds. Adhesion assays were performed after culturing AT- and WJ-MSCs with GM18 coating or soluble GM18. Cell adhesion on GM18 containing PLLA scaffolds after 20 min co-incubation was assessed by HCS. Soluble GM18 affects the adhesion of equine AT- and WJ-MSCs, even if its effect is variable between donors. Adhesion to PLLA scaffolds containing GM18 is not significantly influenced by GM18 for AT-MSCs after 20 min or 24 h of culture and for WJ-MSCs after 20 min, but increased cell adhesion by 15% GM18 after 24 h. In conclusion, the α4β1 integrin agonist GM18 affects equine AT- and WJ-MSCs adhesion ability with a donor-related variability. These preliminary results represent a first step in the study of equine MSCs adhesion to PLLA scaffolds containing GM18, suggesting that WJ-MSCs might be more suitable than AT-MSCs. However, the results need to be confirmed by increasing the number of samples before drawing definite conclusions.

Treatment of Traumatic Cartilage Defects of Rabbit Knee Joint by Adipose Derived Stem Cells Combined with Kartogenin Hydroxyapatite Nano-Microsphere Complex

Kartogenin (KGN) can effectively promote the differentiation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) into chondrocytes. With the help of three-dimensional slow-release technology, nano-microspheres are generated and used for cartilage repair. First, KGN solution was prepared, which was dissolved in distilled water, and NaOH solution, HEPES buffer, sodium chloride particles, and hydroxyapatite (HA) solution were added to prepare KGN-HA gel solution containing KGN. ADSCs were isolated from the posterior iliac of four-week-old New Zealand rabbits. After 0.5 mL of rabbit second-generation ADSCs suspension was taken, 2 mL KGN-HA gel solution was added, and they were mixed well to obtain ADSCs/KGN-HA gel. After drying treatment, ADSCs/KGN-HA nanospheres were precipitated. In the experiment, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC) > 2 μg/mL in each group of KGN-HA gel solution was reached within 30 days. Group K3 had the highest KGN encapsulation rate and the largest cumulative release. The biological activity of ADSCs was good in the ADSCs/KGN-HA nanoparticle solution. After two weeks of incubation, the nanospheres were positive for type II collagen staining/toluidine blue staining, that was, chondrocyte phenotype. The rabbit knee articular cartilage defect model was established. The defect part was filled with ADSCs/KGN-HA gel, which was similar in color to the surrounding tissues. The two sides of the tissue section and the surrounding cartilage tissue healed well, and no carrier material remained. Moreover, the cells were round, with cartilage lacuna formed around them, and after the simple periosteum was covered and repaired, the surface was sunken. The cell structure changed, and the healing with the surroundings was poor. In summary, under the slow release of KGN, ADSCs/KGN-HA nanospheres made ADSCs maintain a good biological form, which grew and proliferated normally. The ADSCs/KGN-HA nanoparticles cultured in vitro had a good repair effect on the animal model of articular cartilage defects.

Effect of bioactive Biosilicate® /F18 glass scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells

This study evaluated the gene expression profile of the human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) grown on the Biosilicate^® /F18 glass (BioS-2P/F18) scaffolds. hASCs were cultured using the osteogenic medium (control), the scaffolds, and their ionic extract. We observed that ALP activity was higher in hASCs grown on the BioS-2P/F18 scaffolds than in hASCs cultured with the ionic extract or the osteogenic medium on day 14. Moreover, the dissolution product group and the control exhibited deposited calcium, which peaked on day 21. Gene expression profiles of cell cultured using the BioS-2P/F18 scaffolds and their extract were evaluated in vitro using the RT² Profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microarray on day 21. Mineralizing tissue-associated proteins, differentiation factors, and extracellular matrix enzyme expressions were measured using quantitative PCR. The gene expression of different proteins involved in osteoblast differentiation was significantly up-regulated in hASCs grown on the scaffolds, especially BMP1, BMP2, SPP1, BMPR1B, ITGA1, ITGA2, ITGB1, SMAD1, and SMAD2, showing that both the composition and topographic features of the biomaterial could stimulate osteogenesis. This study demonstrated that gene expression of hASCs grown on the scaffold surface showed significantly increased gene expression related to hASCs cultured with the ionic extract or the osteogenic medium, evidencing that the BioS-2P/F18 scaffolds have a substantial effect on cellular behavior of hASCs.

Bioactive borate glass triggers phenotypic changes in adipose stem cells

A bioactive borate glass, 13-93B3 (B3), has been used successfully in the clinic to treat chronic, nonhealing wounds without scarring. However, the mechanism by which B3 stimulates wound healing is poorly understood. Because adipose stem cells (ASCs) have been shown to have multiple roles in wound repair, we hypothesized that B3 triggers ASCs. In this study, we evaluate the effects of B3 on ASC survival, migration, differentiation, and protein secretion in vitro. In concentrations ≤10 mg/ml, B3 did not affect ASC viability under static conditions. B3 promoted the migration of ASCs but did not increase differentiation into bone or fat. B3 also decreased ASCs secretion of collagen I, PAI-1, MCP-1, DR6, DKK-1, angiogenin, IL-1, IGFBP-6, VEGF, and TIMP-2; increased expression of IL-1R and E-selectin; had a transient decrease in IL-6 secretion; and had a transient increase in bFGF secretion. Together, these results show that B3 alters the protein secretion of ASCs.

Use of Adipose-Derived Orthobiologics for Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Narrative Review

Musculoskeletal injuries are among the most prevalent, disabling, and costly conditions that Americans face, affecting over half of those over 18 and nearly 75% of those over 65 years old. Current treatments are largely palliative for many of these conditions and unmet needs have warranted the emergence of alternative treatments. Orthobiologics, such as adipose tissue derivatives (ATDs), are of high interest because they can be obtained in the office setting and their cellular components, including adipose stem cells and stromal cells, are thought to be beneficial in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries. Microfragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) are two ATD injectates that are used in the clinical setting to treat musculoskeletal conditions. Our review aimed to clarify the terminology describing the various ATDs used for orthopedic indications while discussing the promising but low-quality evidence, heterogeneity in MFAT and SVF processing methods, and inconsistencies in reported information such as injectate characterization with cell counts, injection technique, and postprocedural rehabilitation.

Nanomaterials for bone tissue regeneration: updates and future perspectives

Joint replacement and bone reconstructive surgeries are on the rise globally. Current strategies for implants and bone regeneration are associated with poor integration and healing resulting in repeated surgeries. A multidisciplinary approach involving basic biological sciences, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and clinical research is required to overcome this problem. Considering the nanostructured nature of bone, expertise and resources available through recent advancements in nanobiotechnology enable researchers to design and fabricate devices and drug delivery systems at the nanoscale to be more compatible with the bone tissue environment. The focus of this review is to present the recent progress made in the rationale and design of nanomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery relevant to bone regeneration.

Enhancing survival, engraftment, and osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for bone regeneration therapies due to their plasticity and easiness of sourcing. MSC-based treatments are generally considered a safe procedure, however, the long-term results obtained up to now are far from satisfactory. The main causes of these therapeutic limitations are inefficient homing, engraftment, and osteogenic differentiation. Many studies have proposed modifications to improve MSC engraftment and osteogenic differentiation of the transplanted cells. Several strategies are aimed to improve cell resistance to the hostile microenvironment found in the recipient tissue and increase cell survival after transplantation. These strategies could range from a simple modification of the culture conditions, known as cell-preconditioning, to the genetic modification of the cells to avoid cellular senescence. Many efforts have also been done in order to enhance the osteogenic potential of the transplanted cells and induce bone formation, mainly by the use of bioactive or biomimetic scaffolds, although alternative approaches will also be discussed. This review aims to summarize several of the most recent approaches, providing an up-to-date view of the main developments in MSC-based regenerative techniques.

Biomineralization guided by polydopamine-modifed poly(L-lactide) fibrous membrane for promoted osteoconductive activity

A method to mediate biomineralization of electrospinning poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) fibrous membrane assisted by polydopamine (PDA) coating was developed to obtain enhanced osteoconductive activity. The biomineralization mechanism, surface composition, morphology and hydrophilicity of the original and modified PLLA fibrous membranes were characterized. Results revealed that the PDA coating effectively accelerated the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) on PLLA fibrous membrane and resulted a great increase in hydrophilicity. Moreover, the tensile property of PLLA fibrous membrane was enhanced by the PDA coating while almost kept unchanged by further immobilized with HA. Cells culture results indicated that the successive introduction of PDA and HA contributed to an obvious improvement in the adhesion and proliferation, as well as up-regulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and promoted osteogenic-related genes and proteins expression of MC3T3-E1 cells. Overall, the as-prepared PLLA-PDA-HA fibrous membrane can be expected as a favorable scaffold for bone tissue repair.

Baghdadite nanoparticle-coated poly l-lactic acid (PLLA) ceramics scaffold improved osteogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Bone repair has been a new approach in regenerative medicine especially by application of stem cells. Discovering a suitable combination of scaffolds to stimulate osteogenesis is one of the major concerns in this issue. Porous polymeric scaffolds such as poly l-lactic acid (PLLA) have been attracted a lot of attention because of their biodegradability. In the present study, we have been coated Baghdadite on the plasma-treated surface of PLLA and evaluated osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were cultured on PLLA and PLLA-Baghdadite scaffolds, and cell properties were characterized by MTT assay, scanning electron microscope, and FTIR analysis. Then, osteogenic differentiation potential of AD-MSCs has been investigated, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium mineral deposition, and the expression of bone-related genes (RUNX2, ALP, and OCN). The results have been indicated that calcium content and ALP activity of cells cultured on PLLA-Baghdadite nanofibers were higher than that of tissue culture polystyrenes (TCPs). Gene expression analysis showed that PLLA-Baghdadite had effectively induced osteogenesis-related genes. Taken together, these results suggest that porous nanofiber scaffolds which coated with Baghdadite can enhance osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSC, and PLLA-Baghdadite can be used as a new biodegradable scaffold for bone regeneration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1284-1293, 2019.

Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Properties, Sources, Characterization, and Potential Therapeutic Applications

Properties like sustained multiplication and self-renewal, and homing and multilineage differentiation to undertake repair of the damaged tissues make stem cells the lifeline for any living system. Therefore, stem cell therapy is regarded to carry immense therapeutic potential. Though the dearth of understanding about the basic biological properties and pathways involved in therapeutic benefits currently limit the application of stem cells in humans as well as animals, there are innumerable reports that suggest clinical benefits of stem cell therapy in equine. Among various stem cell sources, currently adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are preferred for therapeutic application in horse owing to their easy availability, capacity to modulate inflammation, and promote healing. Also the cells carry very limited teratogenic risk compared to the pluripotent stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells were earlier considered mainly for musculoskeletal tissues, but now may also be utilized in other diverse clinical problems in horse, and the results may be extrapolated even for human medicine. The current review highlights biological properties, sources, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications of stem cells in equine practice.

Elastic materials for tissue engineering applications: Natural, synthetic, and hybrid polymers

Elastin and collagen are the two main components of elastic tissues and provide the tissue with elasticity and mechanical strength, respectively. Whereas collagen is adequately produced in vitro, production of elastin in tissue-engineered constructs is often inadequate when engineering elastic tissues. Therefore, elasticity has to be artificially introduced into tissue-engineered scaffolds. The elasticity of scaffold materials can be attributed to either natural sources, when native elastin or recombinant techniques are used to provide natural polymers, or synthetic sources, when polymers are synthesized. While synthetic elastomers often lack the biocompatibility needed for tissue engineering applications, the production of natural materials in adequate amounts or with proper mechanical strength remains a challenge. However, combining natural and synthetic materials to create hybrid components could overcome these issues. This review explains the synthesis, mechanical properties, and structure of native elastin as well as the theories on how this extracellular matrix component provides elasticity in vivo. Furthermore, current methods, ranging from proteins and synthetic polymers to hybrid structures that are being investigated for providing elasticity to tissue engineering constructs, are comprehensively discussed.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Tissue engineered scaffolds are being developed as treatment options for malfunctioning tissues throughout the body. It is essential that the scaffold is a close mimic of the native tissue with regards to both mechanical and biological functionalities. Therefore, the production of elastic scaffolds is of key importance to fabricate tissue engineered scaffolds of the elastic tissues such as heart valves and blood vessels. Combining naturally derived and synthetic materials to reach this goal proves to be an interesting area where a highly tunable material that unites mechanical and biological functionalities can be obtained.