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Stojko M, Nocoń J, Piłat P, Szpila G, Smolarczyk J, Żmudka K, Moll M, Hawranek M. Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse-How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1439. [PMID: 37629729 PMCID: PMC10456445 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids, AAS) are testosterone-derived compounds whose popularity and use are constantly growing. Chronic use of AAS leads to many hormonal and metabolic disorders in the human body, which often lead to permanent health damage. Changes affect the following systems: cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, reproductive, digestive, and nervous. We decided to collect the existing knowledge in the literature and enrich it with the latest research reports in the field of degenerative effects of AAS on the nervous system. The work aimed to increase public awareness of the dangers and consequences of AAS use and improve it with the latest research on the neurodegenerative effects of AAS. We hope that our work will contribute to raising public awareness and reducing the use of AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stojko
- Student’s Scientific Society, III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Nocoń
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Piłat
- Student’s Scientific Society, III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Gabriela Szpila
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Smolarczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 50-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karol Żmudka
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Martyna Moll
- Student’s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Hawranek
- III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
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Jafarbeglou F, Nazari MA, Iravanimanesh S, Amanpour S, Keikha F, Rinaudo P, Azadi M. Micro-scale probing of the Rat's oviduct detects its viscoelastic property needed for creating a biologically relevant substrate for In-Vitro- Fertilization. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:16-24. [PMID: 35863475 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Techniques used in assisted reproductive technology such as In-Vitro- Fertilization (IVF) process, often only replicate the biomechanical environment for embryo. Despite its importance, the biomechanics of the Oviduct tissue that is usually called Fallopian Tube in Human, the natural site of fertilization, has not been replicated nor sufficiently studied. This work studies the time-independent and time-dependent biomechanics of the oviduct tissue by realizing a viscoelastic model that accurately fit on the experimental indentation data collected on the mucosal epithelial lining of the oviduct tissue of rats. Nano-scale experiments with varying indentation rates ranging from 0.3 to 8 μms were conducted using atomic force microscopy (AFM) resulting in instantaneous elastic modulus ranging from 0.86 MPa to 6.46 MPa correspondingly. This result showed strong time dependency of the mechanical properties of the oviduct. An improved viscoelastic equation based on the fractional viscoelastic model was proposed. This modified relation successfully captured all the experimental data found at different rates (R2 > 0.8). Using the proposed model, the pure elasticity of the oviduct (i.e., about 317.2 kPa) and the viscoelastic parameters were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Jafarbeglou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran; University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, Grenoble INP, TIMC, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sahba Iravanimanesh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Amanpour
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Keikha
- Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Paolo Rinaudo
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mojtaba Azadi
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, United States.
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Min T, Karthikeyan A, Lee KH. Assessment of testicular steroidogenic enzymes expression in experimental animal model following withdrawal of nandrolone decanoate. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1247-1264. [PMID: 34957441 PMCID: PMC8672267 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids are frequently used to increase the growth rate of
meat-producing animals. Exposure to an anabolic-androgenic steroid, nandrolone
decanoate (ND), is associated with expressional reduction of testicular
steroidogenic enzymes. However, the effect of withdrawal of ND exposure on the
expression of these testicular molecules has not been thoroughly explored. The
current research investigated expression changes of testicular steroidogenic
enzymes in rats at several recovery periods (2, 6, and 12 weeks) after the stop
of ND treatment with different doses (2 and 10 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks.
Body and testis weights were recorded, and transcript levels of molecules were
determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The
immunohistochemistry was used to examine the changes of immuno-intensities of
molecules. At 6 and 12 weeks of the recovery period, the 10 mg/kg ND-treated
rats were lighter than other experimental groups. The interstitial compartment
vanished by ND treatment filled up as the recovery period became longer. The
expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein was returned to the control
level at 12 weeks of the recovery period. Expression levels of cytochrome P450
side-chain cleavage and 17a-hydroxylase were increased in 2 mg/kg ND-treated
group at 6 weeks of the recovery period, and transcript levels of these
molecules in 2 and 10 mg/kg ND-treated groups at 12 weeks of the recovery period
were significantly lower than the control. Expression levels of
3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type I and 17β-HSD type 3 in
2 mg/kg ND-treated group were comparable with those of control at 12 weeks of
the recovery period, but not in 10 mg/kg ND-treated group. Expression of
cytochrome P450 aromatase (Cyp19) was reverted to the control
level at 2 weeks of the recovery period. Except for Cyp19,
there was a visible increase of immuno-staining intensity of other testicular
steroidogenic enzymes in the Leydig cells as the recovery period progressed.
This research has demonstrated that the cease of ND administration could restore
the expression of testicular steroidogenic enzymes close to the normal level.
Nevertheless, a relatively long recovery period, compared to the ND-exposure
period would be required to retrieve normal expression levels of testicular
steroidogenic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeSun Min
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Adhimoolam Karthikeyan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea
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Simão VA, Lupi Júnior LA, Adan Araujo Leite G, Cherici Camargo IC, de Almeida Chuffa LG. Nandrolone decanoate causes uterine injury by changing hormone levels and sex steroid receptors in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 102:98-108. [PMID: 33984419 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Different doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) were used to investigate the expression of uterine sex steroid receptors (AR, ER-α, and ER-β) and the levels of serum sex hormones after treatment and recovery periods in adult rats. ND doses of 1.87, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 mg/kg b.w. or mineral oil (control group) were injected subcutaneously for 15 days, and the experimental groups were divided into three periods of evaluation: (a) ND treatment for 15 days, (b) ND treatment followed by 30-day-recovery and (c) ND treatment followed by 60-day-recovery. Estrous cycle was monitored daily. At the end of each experimental period, rats were euthanized for the collection of serum samples and uterine tissues. All animals showed persistent diestrus and only the highest ND dose was capable of inducing persistent diestrus until 60-day-recovery. Immunoexpression of uterine sex steroid receptors varied in a time-dependent manner. While AR expression was increase after treatment period, ER-α and ER-β expressions decreased after 60- and 30-day-recovery, respectively. ND also increased the serum levels of testosterone, 17β-estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone, especially at the highest doses of 7.5 and 15 mg ND/kg until 30 days of recovery. The levels of progesterone were significantly reduced in all ND-treated animals. No significant difference was observed in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, whereas the levels of luteinizing hormone varied according to specific dose and period. We conclude that uterine sex steroid receptors and sex hormones are affected by ND administration and these alterations can be only restored following lower doses and long recovery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Augusto Simão
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Letters of Assis, FCL/UNESP, SP, 19806-900, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Antonio Lupi Júnior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, IBB/UNESP, SP, 16618-689, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Adan Araujo Leite
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Biological Sciences Center, UFSC, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, IBB/UNESP, SP, 16618-689, Brazil.
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Ali YH, Ali T. Nandrolone decanoate safely combats catabolism in burned patients: A new potential indication after recall. Burns 2021; 48:59-68. [PMID: 34172326 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hyper-catabolic state is a devastating pathophysiological response to severe injury, infection or burns. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a potent anabolic steroid have many clinical indications, but not investigated in burn injuries yet. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective randomized control study included 40 burned patients who were treated in Burn unit from burn injuries ranged from 20 to 40%. Both groups are objectively assessed, clinically and laboratory during treatment period till full recovery from burns' injury. Recall assessment of the drug safety after many years is achieved. RESULTS ND showed highly significant results supporting its use in combating catabolic insults in burns patient. Both clinical findings and laboratory findings are correlated and highly support the use of ND in burns as new effective and safe long-lasting indication. CONCLUSION This study results showed preservation of lean body mass and protein partition, as well as the near normal nitrogen balance in burn patients. Study proposes that nandrolone decanoate could be used in safe and effective way to combat hypercatabolic impact in burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Helmy Ali
- Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Medicine, Naser City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Tasnim Ali
- Nile University, Faculty of Biotechnology, 6th of October City, Egypt.
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Nandrolone Decanoate: Use, Abuse and Side Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56110606. [PMID: 33187340 PMCID: PMC7696474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Androgens play a significant role in the development of male reproductive organs. The clinical use of synthetic testosterone derivatives, such as nandrolone, is focused on maximizing the anabolic effects and minimizing the androgenic ones. Class II anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), including nandrolone, are rapidly becoming a widespread group of drugs used both clinically and illicitly. The illicit use of AAS is diffused among adolescent and bodybuilders because of their anabolic proprieties and their capacity to increase tolerance to exercise. This systematic review aims to focus on side effects related to illicit AAS abuse, evaluating the scientific literature in order to underline the most frequent side effects on AAS abusers’ bodies. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed using the PubMed database and the keywords “nandrolone decanoate”. The inclusion criteria for articles or abstracts were English language and the presence of the following words: “abuse” or “adverse effects”. After applying the exclusion and inclusion criteria, from a total of 766 articles, only 148 were considered eligible for the study. Results: The most reported adverse effects (found in more than 5% of the studies) were endocrine effects (18 studies, 42%), such as virilization, gynecomastia, hormonal disorders, dyslipidemia, genital alterations, and infertility; cardiovascular dysfunctions (six studies, 14%) such as vascular damage, coagulation disorders, and arteriosus hypertension; skin disorders (five studies, 12%) such as pricking, acne, and skin spots; psychiatric and mood disorders (four studies, 9%) such as aggressiveness, sleep disorders and anxiety; musculoskeletal disorders (two studies, 5%), excretory disorders (two studies, 5%), and gastrointestinal disorders (two studies, 5%). Conclusions: Based on the result of our study, the most common adverse effects secondary to the abuse of nandrolone decanoate (ND) involve the endocrine, cardiovascular, skin, and psychiatric systems. These data could prove useful to healthcare professionals in both sports and clinical settings.
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Santos LCDS, Lapa Neto CJC, Santos AMGD, Marinho KSDN, Nascimento BJD, Alves ER, Teixeir ÁAC, Wanderley-Teixeira V. Immunohistochemical and histophysiological study of prolonged use of nandrolone on reproductive organs and fertility. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:468-486. [PMID: 32981356 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1822545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated possible changes in morphology and immunohistochemistry of the uterus and ovaries of rats caused by nandrolone (ND); we also investigated effects on fertility. We used 30 rats divided into three experimental groups: control (C), control vehicle (CV) and 5 mg/kg ND. Rats treated with ND exhibited loss of estrous cyclicity with predominance of the estrus phase, increased body weight and an organosomatic index that was decreased for the ovaries, but increased for the uterus. In the ovary, we observed a reduction in primary and secondary follicles and an increase in tertiary follicles; no corpora lutea were observed. Estrogen and progesterone levels were reduced. In the uterus, the endometrium was edematous with hyperplasic glands. The cytokines, TNFα and IL6, and the apoptotic index were increased in rats treated with ND. VEGF-A was increased in the ovaries and decreased in the uterus. We conclude that ND disrupts ovarian and uterine histophysiology by establishing an anovulatory and inflammatory condition, which directly affects reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno José do Nascimento
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Erique Ricardo Alves
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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