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Amelio D, Garofalo F. Morpho-functional changes of lungfish Protopterus dolloi skin in the shift from freshwater to aestivating conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 266:110846. [PMID: 36894022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
African dipnoi (Protopterus sp.) are obligate air-breathing fish that, during dry season, may experience a period of dormancy named aestivation. Aestivation is characterized by complete reliance on pulmonary breathing, general decrease of metabolism and down-regulation of respiratory and cardiovascular functions. To date, little is known about morpho-functional rearrangements induced by aestivation in the skin of African lungfishes. Our study aims to identify, in the skin of P. dolloi, structural modifications and stress-induced molecules in response to short-term (6 days) and long-term (40 days) aestivation. Light microscopy showed that short-term aestivation induces major reorganization, with narrowing of epidermal layers and decrease of mucous cells; prolonged aestivation is characterized by regenerative processes and re-thickening of epidermal layers. Immunofluorescence reveals that aestivation correlates with an increased oxidative stress and changes of Heat Shock Proteins expression, suggesting a protective role for these chaperons. Our findings revealed that lungfish skin undergoes remarkable morphological and biochemical readjustments in response to stressful conditions associated with aestivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amelio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Filippo Garofalo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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2
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Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Savoca S, Fumia A, Mangano A, Albano M, Messina E, Aragona M, Lo Cascio P, Capillo G, Lauriano ER. Detecting Intestinal Goblet Cells of the Broadgilled Hagfish Eptatretus cirrhatus (Forster, 1801): A Confocal Microscopy Evaluation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091366. [PMID: 36138844 PMCID: PMC9496011 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The intestinal epithelium of fish, similar to mammals, consists mainly of enterocytes and goblet cells. Goblet cells play a key role in the secretion of mucus, which, in addition to promoting the digestion of nutrients, is the first protective barrier against bacteria, viruses, and pathogens. Our study aims to evaluate the presence, localization, and co-localization of 5-HT, TLR2, iNOS, and Piscidin1 in goblet cells of the intestine of Eptatretus cirrhatus. The results obtained by confocal microscopy show, for the first time, the positivity of goblet cells to the antibodies tested, suggesting the involvement of these cells in the intestinal immunity of broadgilled hagfish. Abstract The fish intestine operates as a complicated interface between the organism and the environment, providing biological and mechanical protections as a result of a viscous layer of mucus released by goblet cells, which serves as a barrier against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, and contributes to the functions of the immune system. Therefore, goblet cells have a role in preserving the health of the body by secreting mucus and acting as sentinels. The ancient jawless fish broadgilled hagfish (Eptatretus cirrhatus, Forster, 1801) has a very basic digestive system because it lacks a stomach. By examining the presence, localization, and co-localization of 5-HT, TLR2, iNOS, and Piscidin1, this study intends to provide insight into the potential immune system contributions arranged by the gut goblet cells of broadgilled hagfish. Our results characterize intestinal goblet cells of broadgilled hagfish, for the first time, with the former antibodies, suggesting the hypothesis of conservation of the roles played by these cells also in primitive vertebrates. Moreover, this study deepens the knowledge about the still little-known immune system of hagfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Serena Savoca
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico “G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelica Mangano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Kotlyarov S. Immune Function of Endothelial Cells: Evolutionary Aspects, Molecular Biology and Role in Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179770. [PMID: 36077168 PMCID: PMC9456046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the key problems of modern medicine, which is due to the high prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their significant share in the structure of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Atherogenesis is a complex chain of events that proceeds over many years in the vascular wall with the participation of various cells. Endothelial cells are key participants in vascular function. They demonstrate involvement in the regulation of vascular hemodynamics, metabolism, and innate immunity, which act as leading links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These endothelial functions have close connections and deep evolutionary roots, a better understanding of which will improve the prospects of early diagnosis and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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Annona G, Sato I, Pascual-Anaya J, Osca D, Braasch I, Voss R, Stundl J, Soukup V, Ferrara A, Fontenot Q, Kuratani S, Postlethwait JH, D'Aniello S. Evolution of the nitric oxide synthase family in vertebrates and novel insights in gill development. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220667. [PMID: 35946155 PMCID: PMC9363997 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an ancestral key signalling molecule essential for life and has enormous versatility in biological systems, including cardiovascular homeostasis, neurotransmission and immunity. Although our knowledge of NO synthases (Nos), the enzymes that synthesize NO in vivo, is substantial, the origin of a large and diversified repertoire of nos gene orthologues in fishes with respect to tetrapods remains a puzzle. The recent identification of nos3 in the ray-finned fish spotted gar, which was considered lost in this lineage, changed this perspective. This finding prompted us to explore nos gene evolution, surveying vertebrate species representing key evolutionary nodes. This study provides noteworthy findings: first, nos2 experienced several lineage-specific gene duplications and losses. Second, nos3 was found to be lost independently in two different teleost lineages, Elopomorpha and Clupeocephala. Third, the expression of at least one nos paralogue in the gills of developing shark, bichir, sturgeon, and gar, but not in lamprey, suggests that nos expression in this organ may have arisen in the last common ancestor of gnathostomes. These results provide a framework for continuing research on nos genes' roles, highlighting subfunctionalization and reciprocal loss of function that occurred in different lineages during vertebrate genome duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Annona
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli 80121, Italy
| | - Iori Sato
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Juan Pascual-Anaya
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - David Osca
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, University Institute of Environmental Studies and Natural Resources (IUNAT), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jan Stundl
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Soukup
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Allyse Ferrara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70301, USA
| | - Quenton Fontenot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70301, USA
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Salvatore D'Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli 80121, Italy
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Shiota K, Sukeda M, Prakash H, Kondo M, Nakanishi T, Nagasawa T, Nakao M, Somamoto T. Local immune responses to two stages of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in ginbuna crucian carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:19-24. [PMID: 34450269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated protozoan parasite and is known to infect many freshwater teleosts. Characterizing the immune system in epithelial tissues, where the parasites penetrate and settle, is key to understanding host-parasite interactions. This study examined local immune responses in vivo to the infective stage (theront and trophont) of the parasites using intra-fin administration, which has been developed to analyze in vivo immune responses using fish fin. CD8α+ and CD4+ T-cell compositions were increased significantly in the fin cavity injected with theront or trophont antigens. The expression of GATA-3 and T-bet mRNA, which regulate differentiation of helper T-cells, was upregulated significantly in leukocytes from the trophont antigen-injected site. In contrast, the percentages of macrophages and neutrophils, which are innate immunity components, were decreased significantly in the injection sites. These results suggest that I. multifiliis antigens inhibit the migration of macrophages and neutrophils, and T-cells are the first responders to I. multifiliis. Thus, to better understand the interaction of host immunity and I. multifiliis, further studies should focus on exploring the inhibitory factors from I. multifiliis or examining innate functions of teleost T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koumei Shiota
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaki Sukeda
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Goto Aquaculture Institute Co., Ltd, Sayama City, Saitama, 350-1332, Japan
| | - Harsha Prakash
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kondo
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Goto Aquaculture Institute Co., Ltd, Sayama City, Saitama, 350-1332, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miki Nakao
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomonori Somamoto
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Peter MCS, Gayathry R. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME activates inducible NOS/NO system and drives multidimensional regulation of Na + /K + -ATPase in ionocyte epithelia of immersion-stressed air-breathing fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:396-416. [PMID: 33734617 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in Na+ homeostatic control in water-breathing fishes. It is, however, uncertain whether air-breathing fish relies on NO to coordinate Na+ /K+ -ATPase (NKA)-driven Na+ transport during acute hypoxemia. We, thus, examined the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME on NO availability, inducible NOS (iNOS) protein abundance and the regulatory dynamics of NKA in osmoregulatory epithelia of Anabas testudineus kept at induced hypoxemia. As expected in nonstressed fish, in vivo L-NAME (100 ng g-1 ) challenge for 30 min declined NO production in serum (40%) and osmoregulatory tissues (average 51.6%). Surprisingly, the magnitude of such reduction was less in hypoxemic fish after L-NAME challenge due to the net gain of NO (average 23.7%) in these tissues. Concurrently, higher iNOS protein abundance was found in branchial and intestinal epithelia of these hypoxemic fish. In nonstressed fish, L-NAME treatment inhibited the NKA activity in branchial and intestinal epithelia while stimulating its activity in renal epithelia. Interestingly in hypoxemic fish, L-NAME challenge restored the hypoxemia-inhibited NKA activity in branchial and renal epithelia. Similar recovery response was evident in the NKAα protein abundance in immunoblots and immunofluorescence images of branchial epithelia of these fish. Analysis of Nkaα1 isoform transcript abundance (Nkaα1a, α1b, α1c) also showed spatial and preferential regulation of Nkaα1 isoform switching. Collectively, the data indicate that L-NAME challenge activates iNOS/NO system in the branchial ionocyte epithelia of hypoxemia-stressed Anabas and demands multidimensional regulation of NKA to restore the Na+ transport rate probably to defend against acute hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Subhash Peter
- Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - R Gayathry
- Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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7
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Srivastava A, Mistri A, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Alterations in the epidermis of the carp, Labeo rohita (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes), infected by the bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila: A scanning electron microscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical investigation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:941-953. [PMID: 32618004 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to comprehend the pathogenicity of the bacteria in the epidermis of Labeo rohita inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Alterations in the histopathology of the epidermis were examined using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and the localization of iNOS and caspase 3 + ve cells by means of immunohistochemical methods. Skin samples obtained from infected fish at different intervals 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days showed significant changes in the cellular components of the epidermis. Epithelial cells often appeared hypertrophied with fragmented and loosely arranged microridges, and in the process of exfoliation. Mucous goblet cells increased significantly in density. Club cells showed degenerative changes, often with simultaneous confluence of adjacent cells and release of their contents. Increase in density of iNOS and caspase 3 + ve cells indicates inflammatory response and apoptosis. This study could provide valuable information on the pathogenesis of the disease, and disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Further, it could provide useful guidelines for fish farmers to take preventive measures for the control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Srivastava
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arup Mistri
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Garofalo F, Santovito G, Amelio D. Morpho-functional effects of heat stress on the gills of Antarctic T. bernacchii and C. hamatus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:194-204. [PMID: 30955726 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of increasing ocean water temperature on morpho-functional traits of Antarctic marine species is under intense attention. In this work, we evaluated the effects of acute heat stress on the gills of the Antarctic haemoglobinless Chionodraco hamatus and the red blooded Trematomus bernacchii in terms of morphology, heat shock response, antioxidant defense and NOS/NO system. We showed in both species that the exposure to high temperature (4 °C) induced structural alterations, such as epithelial lifting and oedema of secondary lamellae. By immunolocalization we also observed that HSP-90, HSP-70, Xantine Oxidase, Heme Oxigenase and NOS are expressed in both species under control conditions. After heat stress the signals increase in C. hamatus being absent/or reduced in T. bernacchii. Our preliminary results suggest a specie-specific morpho-functional response of the gills of the two Antarctic teleosts to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Garofalo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Amelio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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