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Wang K, Huang H, Zhan Q, Ding H, Li Y. Toll-like receptors in health and disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e549. [PMID: 38685971 PMCID: PMC11057423 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are inflammatory triggers and belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are central to the regulation of host protective adaptive immune responses. Activation of TLRs in innate immune myeloid cells directs lymphocytes to produce the most appropriate effector responses to eliminate infection and maintain homeostasis of the body's internal environment. Inappropriate TLR stimulation can lead to the development of general autoimmune diseases as well as chronic and acute inflammation, and even cancer. Therefore, TLRs are expected to be targets for therapeutic treatment of inflammation-related diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections, and human cancers. This review summarizes the recent discoveries in the molecular and structural biology of TLRs. The role of different TLR signaling pathways in inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and even cancers (oral, gastric, breast, colorectal) is highlighted and summarizes new drugs and related clinical treatments in clinical trials, providing an overview of the potential and prospects of TLRs for the treatment of TLR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hanyao Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Qi Zhan
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Haoran Ding
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Reis SK, Socca EAR, de Souza BR, Genaro SC, Durán N, Fávaro WJ. Effects of probiotic supplementation on chronic inflammatory process modulation in colorectal carcinogenesis. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102293. [PMID: 38244400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The current study investigated the potential effects of probiotic supplementation on colorectal carcinogenesis chemically induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treated with 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-based chemotherapy in mice. Animals were randomly allocated in five different groups: Control: which not receive any treatment throughout the experimental course; Colitis model group (DMH): treated with DMH; DMH+ 5FU: animals received I.P. (intraperitoneal) dose of chemotherapy on a weekly basis; DMH+PROB: animals received daily administrations (via gavage) of probiotics (Lactobacillus: acidophilus and paracasei, Bifidobacterium lactis and bifidum); and DMH+ PROB+ 5FU: animals received the same treatment as the previous groups. After ten-week treatment, mice's large intestine was collected and subjected to colon length, histopathological, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemistry (TLR2, MyD88, NF-κB, IL-6, TLR4, TRIF, IRF-3, IFN-γ, Ki-67, KRAS, p53, IL-10, and TGF-β) analyzes. Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis, at significance level p 0.05. Probiotics' supplementation has increased the production of Ki-67 cell-proliferation marker, reduced body weight, and colon shortening, as well as modulated the chronic inflammatory process in colorectal carcinogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB expression and mitigating mucin depletion. Thus, these findings lay a basis for guide future studies focused on probiotics' action mechanisms in tumor microenvironment which might have implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Karen Reis
- Faculty Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Augusto Rabelo Socca
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ribeiro de Souza
- British Columbia's Gynecological Cancer Research (OVCARE) Program and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Nelson Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Faculty Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Alonso JCC, de Souza BR, Reis IB, de Arruda Camargo GC, de Oliveira G, de Barros Frazão Salmazo MI, Gonçalves JM, de Castro Roston JR, Caria PHF, da Silva Santos A, de Freitas LLL, Billis A, Durán N, Fávaro WJ. OncoTherad ® (MRB-CFI-1) Nanoimmunotherapy: A Promising Strategy to Treat Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Crosstalk among T-Cell CX3CR1, Immune Checkpoints, and the Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17535. [PMID: 38139364 PMCID: PMC10743608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the safety and efficacy of OncoTherad® (MRB-CFI-1) nanoimmunotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients unresponsive to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and explored its mechanisms of action in a bladder cancer microenvironment. A single-arm phase I/II study was conducted with 44 patients with NMIBC who were unresponsive to BCG treatment. Primary outcomes were pathological complete response (pCR) and relapse-free survival (RFS). Secondary outcomes comprised response duration and therapy safety. Patients' mean age was 65 years; 59.1% of them were refractory, 31.8% relapsed, and 9.1% were intolerant to BCG. Moreover, the pCR rate after 24 months reached 72.7% (95% CI), whereas the mean RFS reached 21.4 months. Mean response duration in the pCR group was 14.3 months. No patient developed muscle-invasive or metastatic disease during treatment. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 77.3% of patients, mostly grade 1-2 events. OncoTherad® activated the innate immune system through toll-like receptor 4, leading to increased interferon signaling. This activation played a crucial role in activating CX3CR1+ CD8 T cells, decreasing immune checkpoint molecules, and reversing immunosuppression in the bladder microenvironment. OncoTherad® has proved to be a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, besides showing likely advantages in tumor relapse prevention processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Cardoso Alonso
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
- Paulínia Municipal Hospital, Paulínia 13140-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ribeiro de Souza
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Ovarian Cancer Research Group University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada;
| | - Ianny Brum Reis
- Diagnosis and Surgery Department, Dentistry School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Gabriela Cardoso de Arruda Camargo
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Gabriela de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Maria Izabel de Barros Frazão Salmazo
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Juliana Mattoso Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - José Ronaldo de Castro Roston
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Paulo Henrique Ferreira Caria
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - André da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Leandro Luiz Lopes de Freitas
- Pathology Department, Medical School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.L.L.d.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Athanase Billis
- Pathology Department, Medical School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.L.L.d.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Nelson Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-865, São Paulo, Brazil; (G.C.d.A.C.); (G.d.O.); (M.I.d.B.F.S.); (J.M.G.); (J.R.d.C.R.); (P.H.F.C.); (A.d.S.S.); (N.D.)
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Fávaro WJ, Alonso JCC, de Souza BR, Reis IB, Gonçalves JM, Deckmann AC, Oliveira G, Dias QC, Durán N. New synthetic nano-immunotherapy (OncoTherad®) for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Its synthesis, characterization and anticancer property. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:101988. [PMID: 36521234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-based intravesical immunotherapy has been applied as gold standard treatment for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for almost half a century. However, several patients with high-risk disease experience relapse, including those whose condition has worsened and who failed to respond to BCG. Non-significant therapeutic options have been developed for these at-risk patients, for many years. Immunotherapies have shown promising outcomes for bladder cancer treatment. Accordingly, our research group developed the OncoTherad® (MRB-CFI-1) immunotherapy, which has shown positive outcomes in NMIBC treatment. The aim of the current study is to describe, in details, the physicochemical features and potential action mechanisms of OncoTherad® nano-immunotherapy, based on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated interferon and on RANK/RANKL signaling pathways, in animal model with NMIBC. Based on the current findings, OncoTherad® nano-immunotherapy did not have genotoxic effect on the investigated model and did not show signs of limiting local and/or systemic toxicity at therapeutic doses. OncoTherad® nano-immunotherapy was more effective than the BCG treatment, since it reduced by 70% the malignancy rate. Furthermore, it was possible identifying an important action mechanism of OncoTherad®, which was based on the modulation of TLR4-mediated interferon and RANK/RANKL signaling pathways that, altogether, were essential to reduce malignancy rate. OncoTherad® mechanisms in these pathways helped preventing tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - J C C Alonso
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Paulínia Municipal Hospital, Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B R de Souza
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I B Reis
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J M Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Deckmann
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Oliveira
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Q C Dias
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy (LCURGIN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Reis IB, Tibo LHS, de Souza BR, Durán N, Fávaro WJ. OncoTherad® is an immunomodulator of biological response that downregulate RANK/RANKL signaling pathway and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04449-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tarapatzi G, Filidou E, Kandilogiannakis L, Spathakis M, Gaitanidou M, Arvanitidis K, Drygiannakis I, Valatas V, Kotzampassi K, Manolopoulos VG, Kolios G, Vradelis S. The Probiotic Strains Bifidοbacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii Regulate Wound Healing and Chemokine Responses in Human Intestinal Subepithelial Myofibroblasts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1293. [PMID: 36297405 PMCID: PMC9611312 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii are common probiotic supplements. Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (cSEMFs) are actively involved in mucosal wound healing and inflammation. cSEMFs, isolated from healthy individuals, were stimulated with 102 or 104 cfu/mL of these probiotic strains alone and in combination, and their effect on chemokine and wound healing factor expression was assessed by qRT-PCR, ELISA and Sircol Assay, and on cSEMFs migration, by Wound Healing Assay. These strains remained viable and altered cSEMFs’ inflammatory and wound healing behavior, depending on the strain and concentration. cSEMFs treated with a combination of the four probiotics had a moderate, but statistically significant, increase in the mRNA and/or protein expression of chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL4, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL5, and healing factors, collagen type I and III, fibronectin and tissue factor. In contrast, when each strain was administered alone, different effects were observed, with greater increase or decrease in chemokine and healing factor expression, which was balanced by the mixture. Overall, this study highlights that the use of multiple probiotic strains can potentially alert the gut mucosal immune system and promote wound healing, having a better effect on mucosal immunity than the use of single probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesthimani Tarapatzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Leonidas Kandilogiannakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Gaitanidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Drygiannakis
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Valatas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Kotzampassi
- Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vangelis G. Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stergios Vradelis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Role of a mixed probiotic product, VSL#3, in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 930:175152. [PMID: 35835181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease. The incidence of this type of cancer in younger patients has increased in recent years, and more strategies are needed to prevent and delay the progression of CRC. Probiotics play an adjunctive role in the prevention and treatment of CRC and can not only prevent the onset and delay the progression of disease but also reduce the side effects after the application of anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer effect of individual probiotics has been extensively studied, and the exact curative effect of various probiotics has been found, but the anti-cancer effect of mixed probiotics is still not well summarized. In this review, we discuss the positive effects of mixed probiotics on CRC and the related mechanisms of action, especially VSL#3 (VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA), thus providing new ideas for the treatment of CRC. Moreover, we suggest the need to search for more therapeutic possibilities, especially via the research and application of synbiotics and postbiotics.
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Salehi A, Hosseini SM, Kazemi S. Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic Potentials of Propolis for Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Wistar Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8497562. [PMID: 35782078 PMCID: PMC9246617 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8497562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Propolis is a natural compound with anticarcinogenic properties. The present study aimed to compare the inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and vitamin E on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon lesions in rats. In this study, 60 rats were randomly categorized into six 10-member groups. After 13 weeks, blood and colon tissue were sampled to examine some factors. The parameters included red (RBC) and white (WBC) blood cell profile, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein (TP), creatine kinase (CPK), and albumin, as well as the extent of colon histological lesions, protein expression (adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)), and oxidative stress markers (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) in colon tissue. A significant decrease was observed in congestion, mitotic index, inflammation, and cell destruction in colon tissue in dimethylhydrazine group in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). The EEP exposed rats exhibited a significant lower oxidative stress than the DMH group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the extract significantly affected TAC level (P < 0.05). While the expression level of APC rose substantially in the EEP-treated group compared to the DMH group, the level of PCNA, CEA, and PDGF proteins significantly reduced. It seems that the EEP can efficiently prevent DMH-induced colonic lesions. Furthermore, its effectiveness is more than the vitamin E, which is a strong antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Salehi
- Department of Pathology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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