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Wang R, Li H. In the Realm of Uncertainty: Quantum Thinking Promotes Tolerance for Ambiguity. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241282573. [PMID: 39227054 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241282573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
According to the principles of quantum mechanics, individuals are unable to accurately predict the precise outcome of a measurement or observation. Despite the significant impact of quantum thinking on science, there is a lack of understanding regarding the psychological consequences associated with adopting such a mindset. This research investigates how engaging in quantum thinking, which accepts the universe's inherent complexities and uncertainties, influences one's tolerance for ambiguity. To test our hypothesis, we conducted three complementary studies involving diverse populations (students and community adults), multiple measures of tolerance of ambiguity (self-report data and behavioral indicators), and different priming procedures (text reading and sentence scrambling tasks). Study 1 demonstrated that university students exposed to quantum thinking principles exhibited greater tolerance for ambiguity within an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) setting. Moving beyond the educational setting, Study 2 corroborated these observations by evaluating an individual's ease with uncertainty and unpredictability across different everyday scenarios. Addressing potential self-report biases, Study 3 incorporated a behavioral measure to objectively validate the observed effect. Together, these findings suggest that the thinking mindset prevalent in physics significantly impacts individuals' cognitive flexibility and behavior, highlighting the broad relevance of quantum thinking beyond its scientific origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqiang Wang
- Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Li
- Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Sanfey J. Conscious Causality, Observer-Observed Simultaneity, and the Problem of Time for Integrated Information Theory. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:647. [PMID: 39202117 PMCID: PMC11353450 DOI: 10.3390/e26080647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Without proven causal power, consciousness cannot be integrated with physics except as an epiphenomenon, hence the term 'hard problem'. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) side-steps the issue by stating that subjective experience must be identical to informational physical structures whose cause-and-effect power is greater than the sum of their parts. But the focus on spatially oriented structures rather than events in time introduces a deep conceptual flaw throughout its entire structure, including the measure of integrated information, known as Φ (phi). However, the problem can be corrected by incorporating the temporal feature of consciousness responsible for the hard problem, which can ultimately resolve it, namely, that experiencer and experienced are not separated in time but exist simultaneously. Simultaneous causation is not possible in physics, hence the hard problem, and yet it can be proven deductively that consciousness does have causal power because of this phenomenological simultaneity. Experiencing presence makes some facts logically possible that would otherwise be illogical. Bypassing the hard problem has caused much of the criticism that IIT has attracted, but by returning to its roots in complexity theory, it can repurpose its model to measure causal connections that are temporally rather than spatially related.
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3
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Kyriazos T, Poga M. Quantum concepts in Psychology: Exploring the interplay of physics and the human psyche. Biosystems 2024; 235:105070. [PMID: 37939870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper delves into the innovative intersection of quantum mechanics and psychology, examining the potential of quantum principles to provide fresh insights into human emotions, cognition, and consciousness. Drawing parallels between quantum phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, tunneling, decoherence and their psychological counterparts, we present a quantum-psychological model that reimagines emotional states, cognitive breakthroughs, interpersonal relationships, and the nature of consciousness. The study uses computational models and simulations to explore this interdisciplinary fusion's implications and applications, highlighting its potential benefits and inherent challenges. While quantum concepts offer a rich metaphorical lens to view the intricacies of human experience, it is essential to approach this nascent framework with enthusiasm and skepticism. Rigorous empirical validation is paramount to realize its full potential in research and therapeutic contexts. This exploration stands as a promising thread in the tapestry of intellectual history, suggesting a deeper understanding of the human psyche through the lens of quantum mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Poga
- Independent Researcher, Athens, Greece
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4
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Plotnitsky A. 'The agency of observation not to be neglected': complementarity, causality and the arrow of events in quantum and quantum-like theories. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220295. [PMID: 37573881 PMCID: PMC10423647 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The argument of this article is grounded in the irreducible interference of observational instruments in our interactions with nature in quantum physics and, thus, in the constitution of quantum phenomena versus classical physics, where this interference can, in principle, be disregarded. The irreducible character of this interference was seen by N. Bohr as the principal distinction between classical and quantum physics and grounded his interpretation of quantum phenomena and quantum theory. Bohr saw complementarity as a generalization of the classical ideal of causality, which defined classical physics and relativity. While intimated by Bohr, the relationships among observational technology, complementarity, causality and the arrow of events (a new concept that replaces the arrow of time commonly used in this context) were not addressed by him either. The article introduces another new concept, that of quantum causality, as a form of probabilistic causality. The argument of the article is based on a particular interpretation of quantum phenomena and quantum theory, defined by the concept of 'reality without realism (RWR)'. This interpretation follows Bohr's interpretation but contains certain additional features, in particular the Dirac postulate. The article also considers quantum-like (Q-L) theories (based in the mathematics of QM) from the perspective it develops. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thermodynamics 2.0: Bridging the natural and social sciences (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Plotnitsky
- Literature, Theory, Cultural Studies Program; Philosophy and Literature Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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5
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Plotnitsky A. The No-Cloning Life: Uniqueness and Complementarity in Quantum and Quantum-like Theories. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25050706. [PMID: 37238461 DOI: 10.3390/e25050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article considers a rarely discussed aspect, the no-cloning principle or postulate, recast as the uniqueness postulate, of the mathematical modeling known as quantum-like, Q-L, modeling (vs. classical-like, C-L, modeling, based in the mathematics adopted from classical physics) and the corresponding Q-L theories beyond physics. The principle is a transfer of the no-cloning principle (arising from the no-cloning theorem) in quantum mechanics (QM) to Q-L theories. My interest in this principle, to be related to several other key features of QM and Q-L theories, such as the irreducible role of observation, complementarity, and probabilistic causality, is connected to a more general question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using Q-L models vs. C-L ones? I shall argue that adopting the uniqueness postulate is justified in Q-L theories and adds an important new motivation for doing so and a new venue for considering this question. In order to properly ground this argument, the article also offers a discussion along similar lines of QM, providing a new angle on Bohr's concept of complementarity via the uniqueness postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Plotnitsky
- Literature, Theory, Cultural Studies Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Philosophy and Literature Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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6
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Bruza PD, Fell L, Hoyte P, Dehdashti S, Obeid A, Gibson A, Moreira C. Contextuality and context-sensitivity in probabilistic models of cognition. Cogn Psychol 2023; 140:101529. [PMID: 36476378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The context-sensitivity of cognition has been demonstrated across a wide range of cognitive functions such as perception, memory, judgement and decision making. A related term, 'contextuality', has appeared from the field of quantum cognition, with mounting empirical evidence demonstrating that cognitive phenomena are sometimes contextual. Contextuality is a subtle notion that influences how we must view the properties of the cognitive phenomenon being studied. This article addresses the questions: What does it mean for a cognitive phenomenon to be contextual? What are the implications of contextuality for probabilistic models of cognition? How does contextuality differ from context-sensitivity? Starting from George Boole's "conditions of possible experience", we argue that a probabilistic model of a cognitive phenomenon is necessarily subject to an assumption of realism. By this we mean that the phenomenon being studied is assumed to have cognitive properties with a definite value independent of observation. In contrast, quantum cognition holds that a cognitive property maybe indeterminate, i.e., its properties do not have well established values prior to observation. We argue that indeterminacy is sufficient for incompatibility between cognitive properties. In turn, incompatibility is necessary for their contextuality. The significance of this argument for cognitive psychology is the following:if a cognitive phenomenon is found to be contextual, then there is reason to believe it may be indeterminate. We illustrate by means of two crowdsourced experiments how context-sensitivity and contextuality of cognitive properties in the form of facial trait judgements can be characterized from empirical data. Finally, we conceptually and formally contrast contextuality with context-sensitivity. We propose that both involve a form of context dependence, with causality being the differentiating factor: the context dependence in context-sensitivity has a causal basis, whereas the context dependence in contextuality is acausal. The resulting implications for probabilistic models of cognition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Bruza
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - L Fell
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - P Hoyte
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - S Dehdashti
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - A Obeid
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - A Gibson
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - C Moreira
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
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7
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Yago Malo J, Cicchini GM, Morrone MC, Chiofalo ML. Quantum spin models for numerosity perception. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284610. [PMID: 37098002 PMCID: PMC10128973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans share with animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates, the capacity to sense the number of items in their environment already at birth. The pervasiveness of this skill across the animal kingdom suggests that it should emerge in very simple populations of neurons. Current modelling literature, however, has struggled to provide a simple architecture carrying out this task, with most proposals suggesting the emergence of number sense in multi-layered complex neural networks, and typically requiring supervised learning; while simple accumulator models fail to predict Weber's Law, a common trait of human and animal numerosity processing. We present a simple quantum spin model with all-to-all connectivity, where numerosity is encoded in the spectrum after stimulation with a number of transient signals occurring in a random or orderly temporal sequence. We use a paradigmatic simulational approach borrowed from the theory and methods of open quantum systems out of equilibrium, as a possible way to describe information processing in neural systems. Our method is able to capture many of the perceptual characteristics of numerosity in such systems. The frequency components of the magnetization spectra at harmonics of the system's tunneling frequency increase with the number of stimuli presented. The amplitude decoding of each spectrum, performed with an ideal-observer model, reveals that the system follows Weber's law. This contrasts with the well-known failure to reproduce Weber's law with linear system or accumulators models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Yago Malo
- Department of Physics "Enrico Fermi" and INFN, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa and PisaVisionLab, Pisa, Italy
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8
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A quantum-like information processing model with memory noise for question order effect. Biosystems 2023; 223:104824. [PMID: 36587865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to better explain a typical quantum-like phenomenon in human uncertain decision-making, i.e., question order effect (QOE), by characterizing the evolution of human preferences for decision-making during information processing. It is achieved mainly by introducing two mechanisms into the information processing model with quantum mathematical formalism: immediate feedback and noise disturbance. The immediate feedback mechanism is based on the projection postulate and non-commutative operators, providing the model with the basic ability to explain QOE. This is essentially consistent with one existing well-known quantum-like model. Moreover, the noise disturbance mechanism from memory is proposed for the first time, which formalizes the evolution of human preferences from the unstable state formed by immediate feedback to the stable preferences represented by long-term memory. This mechanism can weaken QOE by partially offsetting the immediate feedback. In applying to five datasets, the model performs better in explaining QOE than three types of existing quantum-like models. Besides, the response replicability effect, which typically contradicts the interpretation of QOE in other quantum-like models, can be explained by the proposed model owing to the noise disturbance. The quantum-like information processing model considering memory noise provides an innovative and noteworthy insight into the evolution of human preferences in information processing, especially the quantum-like phenomena in uncertain decision-making.
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9
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Ho JKW, Hoorn JF. Quantum affective processes for multidimensional decision-making. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20468. [PMID: 36443304 PMCID: PMC9705568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In modeling the human affective system and applying lessons learned to human-robot interaction, the challenge is to handle ambiguous emotional states of an agency (whether human or artificial), probabilistic decisions, and freedom of choice in affective and behavioral patterns. Moreover, many cognitive processes seem to run in parallel whereas seriality is the standard in conventional computation. Representation of contextual aspects of behavior and processes and of self-directed neuroplasticity are still wanted and so we attempt a quantum-computational construction of robot affect, which theoretically should be able to account for indefinite and ambiguous states as well as parallelism. Our Quantum Coppélia (Q-Coppélia) is a translation into quantum logics of the fuzzy-based Silicon Coppélia system, which simulates the progression of a robot's attitude towards its user. We show the entire circuitry of the Q-Coppélia framework, aiming at contemporary descriptions of (neuro)psychological processes. Arguably, our work provides a system for simulating and handling affective interactions among various agencies from an understanding of the relations between quantum algorithms and the fundamental nature of psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny K W Ho
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Johan F Hoorn
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Wave-like patterns in parameter space interpreted as evidence for macroscopic effects resulting from quantum or quantum-like processes in the brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18938. [PMID: 36344534 PMCID: PMC9640589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from eight numerosity estimation experiments reliably exhibit wave-like patterns in plots of the standard deviations of the response times along the abstract parameter of the magnitude of the error in the numerosity estimation. An explanation for this phenomenon is proposed in terms of an analogy between response times and error magnitude on one hand, and energy and position of quantum particles on the other, constructed using an argument for an overlap between the mathematical apparatus describing Hopfield-type neural networks and quantum systems, established by some researchers. Alternative explanations are presented within the traditional explanatory framework of oscillations due to neural firing, involving hypothetical mechanisms for converting oscillation patterns in time to oscillation patterns in the space of an abstract parameter, such as the magnitude of the error during numerosity estimation. The viability of the proposal of causal influences propagating from the microscale of quantum phenomena to the macroscale of human behavior, needed for the first type of explanation, is exemplified by the phenomenon of magnetoreception in some species of birds, which is allegedly quantum in nature.
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11
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Zhang P, Hui W, Wang B, Zhao D, Song D, Lioma C, Simonsen JG. Complex-valued Neural Network-based Quantum Language Models. ACM T INFORM SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3505138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Language modeling is essential in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval related tasks. After the statistical language models, Quantum Language Model (QLM) has been proposed to unify both single words and compound terms in the same probability space without extending term space exponentially. Although QLM achieved good performance in ad hoc retrieval, it still has two major limitations: (1) QLM cannot make use of supervised information, mainly due to the iterative and non-differentiable estimation of the density matrix, which represents both queries and documents in QLM. (2) QLM assumes the exchangeability of words or word dependencies, neglecting the order or position information of words.
This article aims to generalize QLM and make it applicable to more complicated matching tasks (e.g., Question Answering) beyond ad hoc retrieval. We propose a complex-valued neural network-based QLM solution called C-NNQLM to employ an end-to-end approach to build and train density matrices in a light-weight and differentiable manner, and it can therefore make use of external well-trained word vectors and supervised labels. Furthermore, C-NNQLM adopts complex-valued word vectors whose phase vectors can directly encode the order (or position) information of words. Note that complex numbers are also essential in the quantum theory. We show that the real-valued NNQLM (R-NNQLM) is a special case of C-NNQLM.
The experimental results on the QA task show that both R-NNQLM and C-NNQLM achieve much better performance than the vanilla QLM, and C-NNQLM’s performance is on par with state-of-the-art neural network models. We also evaluate the proposed C-NNQLM on text classification and document retrieval tasks. The results on most datasets show that the C-NNQLM can outperform R-NNQLM, which demonstrates the usefulness of the complex representation for words and sentences in C-NNQLM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dawei Song
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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12
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Hawkins RJ, D'Anna JL. Behavioral Capital Theory via Canonical Quantization. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1497. [PMID: 37420517 DOI: 10.3390/e24101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
We show how a behavioral form of capital theory can be derived using canonical quantization. In particular, we introduce quantum cognition into capital theory by applying Dirac's canonical quantization approach to Weitzman's Hamiltonian formulation of capital theory, the justification for the use of quantum cognition being the incompatibility of questions encountered in the investment decision-making process. We illustrate the utility of this approach by deriving the capital-investment commutator for a canonical dynamic investment problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Hawkins
- Economics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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13
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Gunji YP, Shinohara S, Basios V. Connecting the free energy principle with quantum cognition. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:910161. [PMID: 36119714 PMCID: PMC9478538 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.910161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It appears that the free energy minimization principle conflicts with quantum cognition since the former adheres to a restricted view based on experience while the latter allows deviations from such a restricted view. While free energy minimization, which incorporates Bayesian inference, leads to a Boolean lattice of propositions (classical logic), quantum cognition, which seems to be very dissimilar to Bayesian inference, leads to an orthomodular lattice of propositions (quantum logic). Thus, we address this challenging issue to bridge and connect the free energy minimization principle with the theory of quantum cognition. In this work, we introduce “excess Bayesian inference” and show that this excess Bayesian inference entails an underlying orthomodular lattice, while classic Bayesian inference entails a Boolean lattice. Excess Bayesian inference is implemented by extending the key idea of Bayesian inference beyond classic Bayesian inference and its variations. It is constructed by enhancing the idea of active inference and/or embodied intelligence. The appropriate lattice structure of its logic is obtained from a binary relation transformed from a distribution of the joint probabilities of data and hypotheses by employing a rough-set lattice technique in accordance with quantum cognition logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio-Pegio Gunji
- Department of Intermedia Arts and Science, School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukio-Pegio Gunji
| | - Shuji Shinohara
- School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vasileios Basios
- Service de Physique des Systèmes Complexes et Mécanique Statistique and Interdisciplinary Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems (C.P.231 CeNoLi-ULB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Mastrogiorgio A. A Quantum Predictive Brain: Complementarity Between Top-Down Predictions and Bottom-Up Evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:869894. [PMID: 35874422 PMCID: PMC9305335 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive brain theory challenges the general assumption of a brain extracting knowledge from sensations and considers the brain as an organ of inference, actively constructing explanations about reality beyond its sensory evidence. Predictive brain has been formalized through Bayesian updating, where top-down predictions are compared with bottom-up evidence. In this article, we propose a different approach to predictive brain based on quantum probability-we call it Quantum Predictive Brain (QPB). QPB is consistent with the Bayesian framework, but considers it as a special case. The tenet of QPB is that top-down predictions and bottom-up evidence are complementary, as they cannot be co-jointly determined to pursue a univocal model of brain functioning. QPB can account for several high-order cognitive phenomena (which are problematic in current predictive brain theories) and offers new insights into the mechanisms of neural reuse.
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15
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Shan ZH. Brainwave Phase Stability: Predictive Modeling of Irrational Decision. Front Psychol 2022; 13:617051. [PMID: 35846685 PMCID: PMC9280143 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.617051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A predictive model applicable in both neurophysiological and decision-making studies is proposed, bridging the gap between psychological/behavioral and neurophysiological studies. Supposing the electromagnetic waves (brainwaves) are carriers of decision-making, and electromagnetic waves with the same frequency, individual amplitude and constant phase triggered by conditions interfere with each other and the resultant intensity determines the probability of the decision. Accordingly, brainwave-interference decision-making model is built mathematically and empirically test with neurophysiological and behavioral data. Event-related potential data confirmed the stability of the phase differences in a given decision context. Behavioral data analysis shows that phase stability exists across categorization-decision, two-stage gambling, and prisoner’s dilemma decisions. Irrational decisions occurring in those experiments are actually rational as their phases could be quantitatively derived from the phases of the riskiest and safest choices. Model fitting result reveals that the root-mean-square deviations between the fitted and actual phases of irrational decisions are less than 10°, and the mean absolute percentage errors of the fitted probabilities are less than 0.06. The proposed model is similar in mathematical form compared with the quantum modeling approach, but endowed with physiological/psychological connection and predictive ability, and promising in the integration of neurophysiological and behavioral research to explore the origin of the decision.
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16
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Quantum decision making in automatic driving. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11042. [PMID: 35773460 PMCID: PMC9247013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior intention estimation and interaction between Autonomous Vehicles (AV) and human traffic participants are the key problems in Automatic Driving System (ADS). When the classical decision theory studies implicitly assume that the behavior of human traffic participants is completely rational. However, according to the booming quantum decision theory in recent years and actual traffic cases, traffic behaviors and other human behaviors are often irrational and violate the assumptions of classical cognitive and decision theory. This paper explores the decision-making problem in the two-car game scene based on quantum decision theory and compares it with the current mainstream method of studying irrational behavior-Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) model. The comparative analysis proved that the Quantum Game Theory (QGT) model can explain the separation effect which the classical probability model can’t reveal, and it has more advantages than CPT model in dealing with game scene decision-making. When two cars interact with each other, the QGT model can consider the interests of both sides from the perspective of the other car. Compared with the classical probability model and CPT model, the QGT is more realistic in the behavior decision-making of ADS.
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17
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A VIKOR-Based Linguistic Multi-Attribute Group Decision-Making Model in a Quantum Decision Scenario. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10132236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantum decision theory has been successfully applied to multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) to model decision-makers’ interference and superposition effects in recent years. Existing quantum models assume that interference effects among decision-makers are symmetric. However, asymmetric interference effects have been ignored. We propose a VIKOR-based linguistic distribution assessments (LDAs) model considering asymmetric interference effects in a quantum decision scenario. Firstly, we combine VIKOR with LDAs to obtain a compromise solution in a fuzzy multi-attribute decision scenario with conflicting attributes. Secondly, an aggregation framework based on quantum probability theory is constructed to explore group preferences considering asymmetric interference effects among decision-makers. Finally, the model is compared with other methods to confirm its validity and stability.
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18
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Gunji YP, Haruna T. Concept Formation and Quantum-like Probability from Nonlocality in Cognition. Cognit Comput 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12559-022-09995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHuman decision-making is relevant for concept formation and cognitive illusions. Cognitive illusions can be explained by quantum probability, while the reason for introducing quantum mechanics is based on ad hoc bounded rationality (BR). Concept formation can be explained in a set-theoretic way, although such explanations have not been extended to cognitive illusions. We naturally expand the idea of BR to incomplete BR and introduce the key notion of nonlocality in cognition without any attempts on quantum theory. We define incomplete bounded rationality and nonlocality as a binary relation, construct a lattice from the relation by using a rough-set technique, and define probability in concept formation. By using probability defined in concept formation, we describe various cognitive illusions, such as the guppy effect, conjunction fallacy, order effect, and so on. It implies that cognitive illusions can be explained by changes in the probability space relevant to concept formation.
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Chen X, Zeng Y, Kang S, Jin R. INN: An Interpretable Neural Network for AI Incubation in Manufacturing. ACM T INTEL SYST TEC 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3519313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Both artificial intelligence (AI) and domain knowledge from human experts play an important role in manufacturing decision-making. While smart manufacturing emphasizes a fully automated data-driven decision-making, the AI incubation process involves human experts to enhance AI systems by integrating domain knowledge for modeling, data collection and annotation, and feature extraction. Such an AI incubation process will not only enhance the domain knowledge discovery, but also improve the interpretability and trustworthiness of AI methods. In this paper, we focus on the knowledge transfer from human experts to a supervised learning problem by learning domain knowledge as interpretable features and rules, which can be used to construct rule-based systems to support manufacturing decision-making, such as process modeling and quality inspection. Although many advanced statistical and machine learning methods have shown promising modeling accuracy and efficiency, rule-based systems are still highly preferred and widely adopted due to their interpretability for human experts to comprehend. However, most of the existing rule-based systems are constructed based on deterministic human-crafted rules, whose parameters, e.g., thresholds of decision rules, are suboptimal. On the other hand, the machine learning methods, such as tree models or neural networks, can learn a decision-rule based structure without much interpretation or agreement with domain knowledge. Therefore, the traditional machine learning models and human experts’ domain knowledge cannot be directly improved by learning from data. In this research, we propose an interpretable neural network (INN) model with a center-adjustable Sigmoid activation function to efficiently optimize the rule-based systems. Using the rule-based system from domain knowledge to regulate the INN architecture will not only improve the prediction accuracy with optimized parameters, but also ensure the interpretability by adopting the interpretable rule-based systems from domain knowledge. The proposed INN will be effective for supervised learning problems when rule-based systems are available. The merits of INN model are demonstrated via a simulation study and a real case study in the quality modeling of a semiconductor manufacturing process. The source code of this paper is hosted here: https://github.com/XiaoyuChenUofL/Interpretable-Neural-Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Yingyan Zeng
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Sungku Kang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Ran Jin
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA
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A More Realistic Markov Process Model for Explaining the Disjunction Effect in One-Shot Prisoner’s Dilemma Game. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10050834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The quantum model has been considered to be advantageous over the Markov model in explaining irrational behaviors (e.g., the disjunction effect) during decision making. Here, we reviewed and re-examined the ability of the quantum belief–action entanglement (BAE) model and the Markov belief–action (BA) model in explaining the disjunction effect considering a more realistic setting. The results indicate that neither of the two models can truly represent the underlying cognitive mechanism. Thus, we proposed a more realistic Markov model to explain the disjunction effect in the prisoner’s dilemma game. In this model, the probability transition pattern of a decision maker (DM) is dependent on the information about the opponent’s action, Also, the relationship between the cognitive components in the evolution dynamics is moderated by the DM’s degree of subjective uncertainty (DSN). The results show that the disjunction effect can be well predicted by a more realistic Markov model. Model comparison suggests the superiority of the proposed Markov model over the quantum BAE model in terms of absolute model performance, relative model performance, and model flexibility. Therefore, we suggest that the key to successfully explaining the disjunction effect is to consider the underlying cognitive mechanism properly.
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21
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De Rerum (Incerta) Natura: A Tentative Approach to the Concept of “Quantum-like”. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the term “quantum-like” has been increasingly used in different disciplines, including neurosciences, psychological and socio-economical disciplines, claiming that some investigated phenomena show “something” in common with quantum processes and, therefore, they can be modeled using a sort of quantum formalism. Thus, the increasing use of the term “quantum-like” calls for defining and sharing its meaning in order to adopt it properly and avoid possible misuse. There is a fil rouge linking both pre-Socratic and Eastern philosophies and quantum physics, suggesting an epistemological symmetry between them. In our opinion, the concept of “quantum-like” may be successfully applied to macroscopic phenomena and empirical sciences other than physics when the following two conditions are satisfied: (a) the behavior of the investigated phenomena show logical analogies with quantum phenomena; (b) it is possible to find a criterion of truth based on an experiential/scientific approach applied to a probabilistic model of description of the phenomena. This is only a first small step in the approach to the concept of “quantum-like”, which will hopefully be helpful in promoting further discussion and achieving a better definition.
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22
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Psychological origin of quantum logic: An orthomodular lattice derived from natural-born intelligence without Hilbert space. Biosystems 2022; 215-216:104649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Autonomous vehicles for the intention of human behavior of the estimated traffic participants and their interaction is the main problem in automatic driving system. Classical cognitive theory assumes that the behavior of human traffic participants is completely reasonable when studying estimation of intention and interaction. However, according to the quantum cognition and decision theory as well as practical traffic cases, human behavior including traffic behavior is often unreasonable, which violates classical cognition and decision theory. Based on the quantum cognitive theory, this paper studies the cognitive problem of pedestrian crossing. Through the case analysis, it is proved that the Quantum-like Bayesian (QLB) model can consider the reasonability of pedestrians when crossing the street compared with the classical probability model, being more consistent with the actual situation. The experiment of trajectory prediction proves that the QLB model can cover the edge events in interactive scenes compared with the data-driven Social-LSTM model, being more consistent with the real trajectory. This paper provides a new reference for the research on the cognitive problem of intention on bounded rational behavior of human traffic participants in autonomous driving.
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Abstract
Uncertainty is an intrinsic part of life; most events, affairs, and questions are uncertain. A key problem in behavioral sciences is how the mind copes with uncertain information. Quantum probability theory offers a set of principles for inference, which align well with intuition about psychological processes in certain cases: cases when it appears that inference is contextual, the mental state changes as a result of previous judgments, or there is interference between different possibilities. We motivate the use of quantum theory in cognition and its key characteristics. For each of these characteristics, we review relevant quantum cognitive models and empirical support. The scope of quantum cognitive models encompasses fallacies in decision-making (such as the conjunction fallacy or the disjunction effect), question order effects, conceptual combination, evidence accumulation, perception, over-/underdistribution effects in memory, and more. Quantum models often formalize psychological ideas previously expressed in heuristic terms, allow unified explanations of previously disparate findings, and have led to several surprising, novel predictions. We also cast a critical eye on quantum models and consider some of their shortcomings and issues regarding their further development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel M Pothos
- Department of Psychology, City University of London, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom;
| | - Jerome R Busemeyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA;
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Ngorsuraches S. Using latent class and quantum models to value equity in health care: a tale of 2 stories. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2021; 27:S14-S18. [PMID: 34534007 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.9-a.s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) with quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was introduced to address health equity concerns in value assessment. However, QALY fails to capture patient preference. Stated preference methods (eg, discrete choice experiment [DCE]) have been increasingly used to incorporate patient preference into the value assessment framework in health care. Still, ones with a moral dimension such as health equity do not exist. The objective of this paper was to describe 2 stated preference approaches that can empirically value health equity. First, the decision-maker perceptions of the prevalence of equity dimensions in DCE choice tasks are identified. A latent class model based on random utility theory is proposed to derive the value of equity from the decision makers with different perceptions of the prevalence of equity dimensions. Second, equity attributes are incorporated in DCE choice tasks, and a quantum choice model, which can capture stochasticity during the decision process in the mind of the decision makers, is used to value the equity. These approaches will improve existing value assessment methods to address health equity adequately. DISCLOSURES: This study received no outside funding. Ngorsuraches has received research grants from Bristol Myers Squibb and through the University of Utah and PhRMA Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachat Ngorsuraches
- Department of Health Outcomes Research & Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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26
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Ngorsuraches S. Using latent class and quantum models to value equity in health care: a tale of 2 stories. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2021; 27:S12-S16. [PMID: 34579543 PMCID: PMC10408399 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.9-a.s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) with quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was introduced to address health equity concerns in value assessment. However, QALY fails to capture patient preference. Stated preference methods (eg, discrete choice experiment [DCE]) have been increasingly used to incorporate patient preference into the value assessment framework in health care. Still, ones with a moral dimension such as health equity do not exist. The objective of this paper was to describe 2 stated preference approaches that can empirically value health equity. First, the decision-maker perceptions of the prevalence of equity dimensions in DCE choice tasks are identified. A latent class model based on random utility theory is proposed to derive the value of equity from the decision makers with different perceptions of the prevalence of equity dimensions. Second, equity attributes are incorporated in DCE choice tasks, and a quantum choice model, which can capture stochasticity during the decision process in the mind of the decision makers, is used to value the equity. These approaches will improve existing value assessment methods to address health equity adequately. DISCLOSURES: This study received no outside funding. Ngorsuraches has received research grants from Bristol Myers Squibb and through the University of Utah and PhRMA Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachat Ngorsuraches
- Department of Health Outcomes Research & Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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27
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To Be or to Have Been Lucky, That Is the Question. PHILOSOPHIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/philosophies6030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Is it possible to measure the dispersion of ex ante chances (i.e., chances “before the event”) among people, be it gambling, health, or social opportunities? We explore this question and provide some tools, including a statistical test, to evidence the actual dispersion of ex ante chances in various areas, with a focus on chronic diseases. Using the principle of maximum entropy, we derive the distribution of the risk of becoming ill in the global population as well as in the population of affected people. We find that affected people are either at very low risk, like the overwhelming majority of the population, but still were unlucky to become ill, or are at extremely high risk and were bound to become ill.
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Yan P, Li L, Jin M, Zeng D. Quantum probability-inspired graph neural network for document representation and classification. Neurocomputing 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2021.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Kliegr T, Bahník Š, Fürnkranz J. A review of possible effects of cognitive biases on interpretation of rule-based machine learning models. ARTIF INTELL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artint.2021.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Microsurgical resection of fronto-temporo-insular gliomas in the non-dominant hemisphere, under general anesthesia using adjunct intraoperative MRI and no cortical and subcortical mapping: a series of 20 consecutive patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6994. [PMID: 33772073 PMCID: PMC7997967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fronto-temporo-insular (FTI) gliomas continue to represent a surgical challenge despite numerous technical advances. Some authors advocate for surgery in awake condition even for non-dominant hemisphere FTI, due to risk of sociocognitive impairment. Here, we report outcomes in a series of patients operated using intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (IoMRI) guided surgery under general anesthesia, using no cortical or subcortical mapping. We evaluated the extent of resection, functional and neuropsychological outcomes after IoMRI guided surgery under general anesthesia of FTI gliomas located in the non-dominant hemisphere. Twenty patients underwent FTI glioma resection using IoMRI in asleep condition. Seventeen tumors were de novo, three were recurrences. Tumor WHO grades were II:12, III:4, IV:4. Patients were evaluated before and after microsurgical resection, clinically, neuropsychologically (i.e., social cognition) and by volumetric MR measures (T1G+ for enhancing tumors, FLAIR for non-enhancing). Fourteen (70%) patients benefited from a second IoMRI. The median age was 33.5 years (range 24–56). Seizure was the inaugural symptom in 71% of patients. The median preoperative volume was 64.5 cm3 (min 9.9, max 211). Fourteen (70%) patients underwent two IoMRI. The final median EOR was 92% (range 69–100). The median postoperative residual tumor volume (RTV) was 4.3 cm3 (range 0–38.2). A vast majority of residual tumors were located in the posterior part of the insula. Early postoperative clinical events (during hospital stay) were three transient left hemiparesis (which lasted less than 48 h) and one prolonged left brachio-facial hemiparesis. Sixty percent of patients were free of any symptom at discharge. The median Karnofsky Performance Score was of 90 both at discharge and at 3 months. No significant neuropsychological impairment was reported, excepting empathy distinction in less than 40% of patients. After surgery, 45% of patients could go back to work. In our experience and using IoMRI as an adjunct, microsurgical resection of non-dominant FTI gliomas under general anesthesia is safe. Final median EOR was 92%, with a vast majority of residual tumors located in the posterior insular part. Patients experienced minor neurological and neuropsychological morbidity. Moreover, neuropsychological evaluation reported a high preservation of sociocognitive abilities. Solely empathy seemed to be impaired in some patients.
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31
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Signorelli CM, Wang Q, Khan I. A Compositional Model of Consciousness Based on Consciousness-Only. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:308. [PMID: 33807697 PMCID: PMC8000262 DOI: 10.3390/e23030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scientific studies of consciousness rely on objects whose existence is assumed to be independent of any consciousness. On the contrary, we assume consciousness to be fundamental, and that one of the main features of consciousness is characterized as being other-dependent. We set up a framework which naturally subsumes this feature by defining a compact closed category where morphisms represent conscious processes. These morphisms are a composition of a set of generators, each being specified by their relations with other generators, and therefore co-dependent. The framework is general enough and fits well into a compositional model of consciousness. Interestingly, we also show how our proposal may become a step towards avoiding the hard problem of consciousness, and thereby address the combination problem of conscious experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Miguel Signorelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, 15 Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM U992, NeuroSpin, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Quanlong Wang
- Cambridge Quantum Computing Ltd., Cambridge CB2 1UB, UK; (Q.W.); (I.K.)
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Cambridge Quantum Computing Ltd., Cambridge CB2 1UB, UK; (Q.W.); (I.K.)
- St Edmund’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0BN, UK
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32
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Wu Q, Liu X, Qin J, Wang W, Zhou L. A linguistic distribution behavioral multi-criteria group decision making model integrating extended generalized TODIM and quantum decision theory. Appl Soft Comput 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Kelly MA, Arora N, West RL, Reitter D. Holographic Declarative Memory: Distributional Semantics as the Architecture of Memory. Cogn Sci 2020; 44:e12904. [PMID: 33140517 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the key components of cognitive architectures (declarative and procedural memory) and their key capabilities (learning, memory retrieval, probability judgment, and utility estimation) can be implemented as algebraic operations on vectors and tensors in a high-dimensional space using a distributional semantics model. High-dimensional vector spaces underlie the success of modern machine learning techniques based on deep learning. However, while neural networks have an impressive ability to process data to find patterns, they do not typically model high-level cognition, and it is often unclear how they work. Symbolic cognitive architectures can capture the complexities of high-level cognition and provide human-readable, explainable models, but scale poorly to naturalistic, non-symbolic, or big data. Vector-symbolic architectures, where symbols are represented as vectors, bridge the gap between the two approaches. We posit that cognitive architectures, if implemented in a vector-space model, represent a useful, explanatory model of the internal representations of otherwise opaque neural architectures. Our proposed model, Holographic Declarative Memory (HDM), is a vector-space model based on distributional semantics. HDM accounts for primacy and recency effects in free recall, the fan effect in recognition, probability judgments, and human performance on an iterated decision task. HDM provides a flexible, scalable alternative to symbolic cognitive architectures at a level of description that bridges symbolic, quantum, and neural models of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alexandria Kelly
- Department of Computer Science, Bucknell University
- College of Information Sciences and Computing, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Nipun Arora
- Department of Cognitive Science, Carleton University
| | - Robert L West
- Department of Cognitive Science, Carleton University
| | - David Reitter
- College of Information Sciences and Computing, The Pennsylvania State University
- Google Research
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34
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M.S. I, Cherukuri AK. Decision-making in cognitive paradoxes with contextuality and quantum formalism. Appl Soft Comput 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Barsalou LW. Challenges and Opportunities for Grounding Cognition. J Cogn 2020; 3:31. [PMID: 33043241 PMCID: PMC7528688 DOI: 10.5334/joc.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the grounded perspective, cognition emerges from the interaction of classic cognitive processes with the modalities, the body, and the environment. Rather than being an autonomous impenetrable module, cognition incorporates these other domains intrinsically into its operation. The Situated Action Cycle offers one way of understanding how the modalities, the body, and the environment become integrated to ground cognition. Seven challenges and opportunities are raised for this perspective: (1) How does cognition emerge from the Situated Action Cycle and in turn support it? (2) How can we move beyond simply equating embodiment with action, additionally establishing how embodiment arises in the autonomic, neuroendocrine, immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and integumentary systems? (3) How can we better understand the mechanisms underlying multimodal simulation, its functions across the Situated Action Cycle, and its integration with other representational systems? (4) How can we develop and assess theoretical accounts of symbolic processing from the grounded perspective (perhaps using the construct of simulators)? (5) How can we move beyond the simplistic distinction between concrete and abstract concepts, instead addressing how concepts about the external and internal worlds pattern to support the Situated Action Cycle? (6) How do individual differences emerge from different populations of situational memories as the Situated Action Cycle manifests itself differently across individuals? (7) How can constructs from grounded cognition provide insight into the replication and generalization crises, perhaps from a quantum perspective on mechanisms (as exemplified by simulators).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W. Barsalou
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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36
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Abstract
Inferring hidden structure from noisy observations is a problem addressed by Bayesian statistical learning, which aims to identify optimal models of the process that generated the observations given assumptions that constrain the space of potential solutions. Animals and machines face similar "model-selection" problems to infer latent properties and predict future states of the world. Here we review recent attempts to explain how intelligent agents address these challenges and how their solutions relate to Bayesian principles. We focus on how constraints on available information and resources affect inference and propose a general framework that uses benefit(accuracy) and accuracy(cost) curves to assess optimality under these constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Tavoni
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vijay Balasubramanian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joshua I Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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37
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What are the appropriate axioms of rationality for reasoning under uncertainty with resource-constrained systems? Behav Brain Sci 2020; 43:e2. [PMID: 32159476 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x19001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
When constrained by limited resources, how do we choose axioms of rationality? The target article relies on Bayesian reasoning that encounter serious tractability problems. We propose another axiomatic foundation: quantum probability theory, which provides for less complex and more comprehensive descriptions. More generally, defining rationality in terms of axiomatic systems misses a key issue: rationality must be defined by humans facing vague information.
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38
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Busemeyer JR, Kvam PD, Pleskac TJ. Comparison of Markov versus quantum dynamical models of human decision making. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2020; 11:e1526. [PMID: 32107890 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
What kind of dynamic decision process do humans use to make decisions? In this article, two different types of processes are reviewed and compared: Markov and quantum. Markov processes are based on the idea that at any given point in time a decision maker has a definite and specific level of support for available choice alternatives, and the dynamic decision process is represented by a single trajectory that traces out a path across time. When a response is requested, a person's decision or judgment is generated from the current location along the trajectory. By contrast, quantum processes are founded on the idea that a person's state can be represented by a superposition over different degrees of support for available choice options, and that the dynamics of this state form a wave moving across levels of support over time. When a response is requested, a decision or judgment is constructed out of the superposition by "actualizing" a specific degree or range of degrees of support to create a definite state. The purpose of this article is to introduce these two contrasting theories, review empirical studies comparing the two theories, and identify conditions that determine when each theory is more accurate and useful than the other. This article is categorized under: Economics > Individual Decision-Making Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Theory and Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome R Busemeyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Peter D Kvam
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Dehdashti S, Fell L, Bruza P. On the Irrationality of Being in Two Minds. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E174. [PMID: 33285949 PMCID: PMC7516589 DOI: 10.3390/e22020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a general framework that allows irrational decision making to be theoretically investigated and simulated. Rationality in human decision making under uncertainty is normatively prescribed by the axioms of probability theory in order to maximize utility. However, substantial literature from psychology and cognitive science shows that human decisions regularly deviate from these axioms. Bistable probabilities are proposed as a principled and straight forward means for modeling (ir)rational decision making, which occurs when a decision maker is in "two minds". We show that bistable probabilities can be formalized by positive-operator-valued projections in quantum mechanics. We found that (1) irrational decision making necessarily involves a wider spectrum of causal relationships than rational decision making, (2) the accessible information turns out to be greater in irrational decision making when compared to rational decision making, and (3) irrational decision making is quantum-like because it violates the Bell-Wigner polytope.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Bruza
- School of Information Systems, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia; (S.D.); (L.F.)
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40
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Ishwarya MS, Kumar CA. Quantum Aspects of High Dimensional Conceptual Space: a Model for Achieving Consciousness. Cognit Comput 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12559-020-09712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W. Barsalou
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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42
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Busemeyer JR, Wang Z. Primer on quantum cognition. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 22:E53. [PMID: 31868156 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2019.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum cognition is a new field in psychology, which is characterized by the application of quantum probability theory to human judgment and decision making behavior. This article provides an introduction that presents several examples to illustrate in a simple and concrete manner how to apply these principles to interesting psychological phenomena. Following each simple example, we present the general mathematical derivations and new predictions related to these applications.
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Perspectives on Correctness in Probabilistic Inference from Psychology. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 22:E55. [PMID: 31868162 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2019.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Research into decision making has enabled us to appreciate that the notion of correctness is multifaceted. Different normative framework for correctness can lead to different insights about correct behavior. We illustrate the shifts for correctness insights with two tasks, the Wason selection task and the conjunction fallacy task; these tasks have had key roles in the development of logical reasoning and decision making research respectively. The Wason selection task arguably has played an important part in the transition from understanding correctness using classical logic to classical probability theory (and information theory). The conjunction fallacy has enabled a similar shift from baseline classical probability theory to quantum probability. The focus of this overview is the latter, as it represents a novel way for understanding probabilistic inference in psychology. We conclude with some of the current challenges concerning the application of quantum probability theory in psychology in general and specifically for the problem of understanding correctness in decision making.
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Perspective in the conceptualization of categories. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 85:697-719. [PMID: 31773254 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to differently perceive and represent entities depending on their perspective is crucial for humans. We report five experiments that investigate how the different perspectives adopted while experiencing entities are reflected in conceptualizations (towards vs. away, near vs. far, beside vs. above, inside vs. outside and vision vs. audition vs. touch). Different groups of participants generated object properties while imagining the same scenario from different perspectives (e.g. entities coming toward them/going away from them while on a highway overpass). If conceptualizations have perspectives, then participants should produce features from a perspective entrenched in memory that reflects typical interactions with objects, independently of their assigned perspective (entrenched perspective). In addition, the perspective adopted in a given experiment should influence the properties generated (situated perspective). Results across the experiments indicate that conceptualizations contain both entrenched and situational perspectives. While entrenched perspectives emerge from canonical actions typically performed with objects, locations and entities, situational perspectives reflect online adaptations to current task contexts. The implications of the interplay between entrenched and situational perspectives for grounded cognition are discussed.
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Quantum decision-making model based on equate-to-differentiate method: Explanation for the disjunction effect in prisoner’s dilemma. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2019. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2019.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
In this essay we critically evaluate the progress that has been made in solving the problem of meaning in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. We remain skeptical about solutions based on deep neural networks and cognitive robotics, which in our opinion do not fundamentally address the problem. We agree with the enactive approach to cognitive science that things appear as intrinsically meaningful for living beings because of their precarious existence as adaptive autopoietic individuals. But this approach inherits the problem of failing to account for how meaning as such could make a difference for an agent’s behavior. In a nutshell, if life and mind are identified with physically deterministic phenomena, then there is no conceptual room for meaning to play a role in its own right. We argue that this impotence of meaning can be addressed by revising the concept of nature such that the macroscopic scale of the living can be characterized by physical indeterminacy. We consider the implications of this revision of the mind-body relationship for synthetic approaches.
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Prentner R. Consciousness and topologically structured phenomenal spaces. Conscious Cogn 2019; 70:25-38. [PMID: 30822650 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are strong reasons to believe that our conscious inner life is structured, suggested both by introspection as well as scientific psychology. One of the most salient structural characteristics of conscious experiences is known as unity of consciousness. In this contribution, we wish to demonstrate how features of experience that pertain to the unity of consciousness could be made precise in terms of mathematical relations that hold between phenomenal objects. Based on phenomenological considerations, we first outline three such features. These are (i) environmental embedding, (ii) the mutual constraint between local and global representations, and (iii) a top-down process of object formation in consciousness. We then introduce a formal model based on the notion of phenomenal space, defined in terms of a set of quasi-elementary and extended entities. We describe the structure of phenomenal space by appealing to mereological and topological concepts, and we outline a projector-based calculus to account for the idea that the structure of phenomenal space is ultimately dynamical. Using the above concepts, one could approach the mind-matter problem by relating environmentally embedded agents to topologically well-defined objects that result from decompositions of phenomenal space. We conclude our discussion by putting it into the context of some recent conceptual questions that appear in cognitive science and consciousness studies. We opt for the possibility to regard the phenomenon of consciousness not in terms of a singular transition that happens between "brain" and "mind" but rather in terms of a series of transitions between structured layers of experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Prentner
- ETH Zürich, Professur für Philosophie, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Moreira C, Haven E, Sozzo S, Wichert A. Process mining with real world financial loan applications: Improving inference on incomplete event logs. PLoS One 2019; 13:e0207806. [PMID: 30596655 PMCID: PMC6312323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we analyse and model a real life financial loan application belonging to a sample bank in the Netherlands. The event log is robust in terms of data, containing a total of 262 200 event logs, belonging to 13 087 different credit applications. The goal is to work out a decision model, which represents the underlying tasks that make up the loan application service. To this end we study the impact of incomplete event logs (for instance workers forget to register their tasks). The absence of data is translated into a drastic decrease of precision and compromises the decision models, leading to biased and unrepresentative results. We use non-classical probability to show we can better reduce the error percentage of inferences as opposed to classical probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Moreira
- School of Business and Research Centre IQSCS, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Instituto Superior Técnico and INESC-ID, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Emmanuel Haven
- Faculty of Business Administration, Memorial University, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Sandro Sozzo
- School of Business and Research Centre IQSCS, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Wichert
- Instituto Superior Técnico and INESC-ID, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Editorial decisions with informed and uninformed reviewers. Scientometrics 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-018-2875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wojciechowski BW, Pothos EM. Is There a Conjunction Fallacy in Legal Probabilistic Decision Making? Front Psychol 2018; 9:391. [PMID: 29674983 PMCID: PMC5895783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical probability theory (CPT) has represented the rational standard for decision making in human cognition. Even though CPT has provided many descriptively excellent decision models, there have also been some empirical results persistently problematic for CPT accounts. The tension between the normative prescription of CPT and human behavior is particularly acute in cases where we have higher expectations for rational decisions. One such case concerns legal decision making from legal experts, such as attorneys and prosecutors and, more so, judges. In the present research we explore one of the most influential CPT decision fallacies, the conjunction fallacy (CF), in a legal decision making task, involving assessing evidence that the same suspect had committed two separate crimes. The information for the two crimes was presented consecutively. Each participant was asked to provide individual ratings for the two crimes in some cases and conjunctive probability rating for both crimes in other cases, after all information had been presented. Overall, 360 probability ratings for guilt were collected from 120 participants, comprised of 40 judges, 40 attorneys and prosecutors, and 40 individuals without legal education. Our results provide evidence for a double conjunction fallacy (in this case, a higher probability of committing both crimes than the probability of committing either crime individually), in the group of individuals without legal education. These results are discussed in terms of their applied implications and in relation to a recent framework for understanding such results, quantum probability theory (QPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz W Wojciechowski
- Department of Clinical and Forensic Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia of Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Emmanuel M Pothos
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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