Coix: Chemical composition and health effects

Influence of gelatinized octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy adlay seed starch on the properties of astaxanthin-loaded emulsions: Emulsion properties, stability and in vitro digestion properties

Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch is a commonly used food emulsifier and its emulsifying properties are positively correlated with the degree of substitution (DS). However, the maximum concentration of OSA in starch approved by the FDA and the China National Food Safety Standards is 3%. This study aims to enhance the emulsifying properties of OSA-modified waxy adlay seed starch by gelatinization under a limited DS and investigate its use in preparing delivery systems. The gelatinized OSA starch exhibited a more flexible macromolecular structure and better emulsifying activity (20.19 m2/g). The gelatinized OSA starch-stabilized astaxanthin-loaded emulsions showed high retention of astaxanthin (>50%) and long-term stability (56 days). In vitro digestion, the emulsion system showed a protective effect on astaxanthin, and the bioaccessibility of astaxanthin was increased to 16.32%. This study indicated that gelatinization could enhance the emulsifying properties of OSA starch, and this starch-stabilized emulsion was an effective system for astaxanthin.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, bioactivity and potential applications of polysaccharides from Semen Coicis: A review

Semen Coicis (S. Coicis) has been regarded as a valuable source of traditional herbal medicine in China for thousands of years. S. Coicis polysaccharides (SCPs) are one of the most important bioactive ingredients of S. Coicis, which have attracted worldwide attention, because of their great marketing potential and development prospects. Hot water extraction is currently the most commonly used method to isolate SCPs. The structural characteristics of SCPs have been extensively investigated through various advanced modern analytical techniques to dissect the structure-activity relationships. SCPs are mainly composed of diverse monosaccharides, from which Rha and Ara are the most prevalent glycosyl groups. In addition, the structures of SCPs are found to be closely related to their multiple biological activities, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory function, antitumor activity, hypoglycemic effect, intestinal microbiota regulatory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, among others. In view of this, this review aimed to provide systematic and current information on the isolation, structural characteristics, and bioactivities of SCPs to support their future applications as therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Coix Sprouts Affect Triglyceride Metabolism in Huh7 Cells and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Lipolysis is the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs), commonly known as fats. Intracellular lipolysis of TG is associated with adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which provides fatty acids during times of metabolic need. The aim of this study was to determine whether Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf (Coix) sprouts (CS) can alleviate obesity through lipolysis. Overall, we investigated the potential of CS under in vitro and in vivo conditions and confirmed the underlying mechanisms. Huh7 cells were exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs), and C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet. When FFA were introduced into Huh7 cells, the intracellular TG levels increased within the Huh7 cells. However, CS treatment significantly reduced intracellular TG levels. Furthermore, CS decreased the expression of Pparγ and Srebp1c mRNA and downregulated the mutant Pnpla3 (I148M) mRNA. Notably, CS significantly upregulated ATGL expression. CS treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day resulted in a significant and dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue weight. Specifically, the group treated with CS (200 mg/kg/day) exhibited a significant modulation of serum lipid biomarkers. In addition, CS ameliorated histological alterations in both the liver and adipose tissues. In summary, CS efficiently inhibited lipid accumulation through the activation of the lipolytic enzyme ATGL coupled with the suppression of enzymes involved in TG synthesis. Consequently, CS show promise as a potential anti-obesity agent.

Novel antioxidant peptides identified from coix seed by molecular docking, quantum chemical calculations and invitro study in HepG2 cells

The aim of the study was to identify potent antioxidant peptides sourced from coix seed, analyze the structure-activity relationship through molecular docking and quantum chemical calculation. Molecular docking results showed that among thirteen peptides selected in silico, eight had favourable binding interaction with the Keap1-Kelch domain (2FLU). Promising peptides with significant binding scores were further evaluated using quantum calculation. It was shown that peptide FFDR exhibited exceptional stability, with a high energy gap of 5.24 eV and low Highest Occupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (LUMO) values. Furthermore, FFDR displayed the capacity to enhance the expression of Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant genes (CAT, SOD, GSH-Px) and improved cellular redox balance by increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) while reducing oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels. These findings highlight the potential of coix seed peptides in developing novel, effective and stable antioxidant-based functional foods.

Vegetable oils: Classification, quality analysis, nutritional value and lipidomics applications

Lipids are widespread in nature and play a pivotal role as a source of energy and nutrition for the human body. Vegetable oils (VOs) constitute a significant category in the food industry, containing various lipid components that have garnered attention for being natural, environmentally friendly and health-promoting. The review presented the classification of raw materials (RMs) from oil crops and quality analysis techniques of VOs, with the aim of improving comprehension and facilitating in-depth research of VOs. Brief descriptions were provided for four categories of VOs, and quality analysis techniques for both RMs and VOs were generalized. Furthermore, this study discussed the applications of lipidomics technology in component analysis, processing and utilization, quality determination, as well as nutritional function assessment of VOs. Through reviewing RMs and quality analysis techniques of VOs, this study aims to encourage further refinement and development in the processing and utilization of VOs, offering valuable references for theoretical and applied research in food chemistry and food science.

Construction of a high-density genetic map based on large-scale marker development in Coix lacryma-jobi L. using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (slaf-seq)

Coix lacryma-jobi L. is one of the most economically and medicinally important corns. This study constructed a high-density genetic linkage map of C. lacryma-jobi based on a cross between the parents 'Qianyi No. 2' × 'Wenyi No. 2' and their F2 progeny through high-throughput sequencing and the construction of a specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) library. After pre-processing, 325.49 GB of raw data containing 1628 M reads were obtained. A total of 22,944 high-quality SLAFs were identified, among which 3952 SLAFs and 3646 polymorphic markers met the requirements for the construction of a genetic linkage map. The integrated map contained 3605 high-quality SLAFs, which were grouped into ten genetic linkage groups. The total length of the map was 1620.39 cM, with an average distance of 0.45 cM and an average of 360.5 markers per linkage group. This report presents the first high-density genetic map of C. lacryma-jobi. This map was constructed using an F2 population and SLAF-seq approach, which allows the development of a large number of polymorphic markers in a short period. These results provide a platform for precise gene/quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, map-based gene separation, and molecular breeding in C. lacryma-jobi. They also help identify a target gene for tracking, splitting quantitative traits, and estimating the phenotypic effects of each QTL for QTL mapping. They are of great significance for improving the efficiency of discovering and utilizing excellent gene resources of C. lacryma-jobi.

Development of a sensitive simultaneous analytical method for 26 targeted mycotoxins in coix seed and Monte Carlo simulation-based exposure risk assessment for local population

Coix seed, a versatile agricultural product, is known for its nutritional and functional components. However, the common contamination with mycotoxins represents a potential risk for human health. A sensitive analytical method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine 26 mycotoxins, including regulated and emerging, using stable-isotope-dilution-assay and LC-MS/MS. The study found co-contamination in 100% of samples from Southeast China, with 8-15 different mycotoxins for each and a total of 20 for all. Probabilistic risk assessments indicated long-term health concerns, with Aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone being priority for risk control. Overall, this study appears to be the first to develop a rapid and robust analytical method of 26 mycotoxins and to conduct Monte Carlo simulation-based chronic risk assessments for 12 individual mycotoxins detected in coix seed, which would be of significance for risk communication as well as for regulatory authority in devising effective strategies to minimize exposure health risk.

Flavor, physicochemical properties, and storage stability of P. lobata-coix seed fermented beverage produced by A. aegerita

Pueraria lobata and coix seeds have complementary nutritional profiles, and their nutritional value can be enhanced through biotransformation. Agrocybe aegerita (A. aegerita) is a highly nutritious mushroom with a rich enzyme content. This study investigated the flavor, physicochemical properties, and storage stability of P. lobata-coix seed fermented beverage (PCFB) by A. aegerita. Sixty volatile compounds were detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared to unfermented PCFB, fermentation with A. aegerita enhanced its physicochemical properties, with the contents of essential amino acids, γ-Aminobutyric acid, and soluble proteins increasing from 16.81%, 2.64 mg/100 mL, and 49.40% to 21.06%, 4.20 mg/100 mL, and 53.08%, respectively. Two efficient shelf-life prediction models of PCFB were established with the Arrhenius model using pH and sensory evaluation as indexes. These findings demonstrate that PCFB is a novel, high-quality beverage and provide a foundation for potential industrial production of PCFB using A. aegerita.

Research Progress in Modifications, Bioactivities, and Applications of Medicine and Food Homologous Plant Starch

Starchy foods are an essential part of people's daily diet. Starch is the primary substance used by plants to store carbohydrates, and it is the primary source of energy for humans and animals. In China, a variety of plants, including edible medicinal plants, such as Pueraria root, yam tuber and coix seed, are rich in starch. However, limited by their inherent properties, kudzu starch and other starches are not suitable for the modern food industry. Natural starch is frequently altered by physical, chemical, or biological means to give it superior qualities to natural starch as it frequently cannot satisfy the demands of industrial manufacturing. Therefore, the deep processing market of modified starch and its products has a great potential. This paper reviews the modification methods which can provide excellent functional, rheological, and processing characteristics for these starches that can be used to improve the physical and chemical properties, texture properties, and edible qualities. This will provide a comprehensive reference for the modification and application of starch from medicinal and edible plants.

Identification and Classification of Coix seed Storage Years Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology Combined with Deep Learning

Developing a fast and non-destructive methodology to identify the storage years of Coix seed is important in safeguarding consumer well-being. This study employed the utilization of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in conjunction with conventional machine learning techniques such as support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), as well as the deep learning method of residual neural network (ResNet), to establish identification models for Coix seed samples from different storage years. Under the fusion-based modeling approach, the model's classification accuracy surpasses that of visible to near infrared (VNIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral modeling individually. The classification accuracy of the ResNet model and SVM exceeds that of other conventional machine learning models (KNN, RF, and XGBoost). Redundant variables were further diminished through competitive adaptive reweighted sampling feature wavelength screening, which had less impact on the model's accuracy. Upon validating the model's performance using an external validation set, the ResNet model yielded more satisfactory outcomes, exhibiting recognition accuracy exceeding 85%. In conclusion, the comprehensive results demonstrate that the integration of deep learning with HSI techniques effectively distinguishes Coix seed samples from different storage years.

New insights into the key role of node I in thallium accumulation in seed of coix (Coix lacryma-jobi L.)

The mechanisms underlying the distribution of many toxic metal(loid)s in shoots and metal(loid) transport to grains have been well documented in the quest for food safety but there remains a lack of knowledge on thallium (Tl) accumulation in food crops. Here, field investigations combined with a glasshouse pot experiment were conducted to investigate the characteristics of Tl distribution and accumulation in coix, a major food crop in south Guizhou province, China, and the role of node I in restricting Tl transport to the seed. Fourteen percent of coix seed samples collected from the Lanmuchang Tl-As-Hg mine contained higher Tl concentrations than the recommended limit for foods and feedstuffs in Germany (0.5 mg kg-1), with the highest exceedance rate of the metal(loid)s determined, when grown in soils surrounding the mine with a very high Tl concentration of 0.07-89.5 mg kg-1 and a general low pH of 4.19-6.48. Thallium concentrations were higher in coix nodes than in internodes, followed by roots and grains. The Tl translocation factors from node I to grains were 0.01-0.21 and were the lowest of any translocation factors between different tissues. Node I is therefore the key tissue restricting Tl transport to coix grains. Thallium was localized mainly in the diffuse vascular bundles (DVBs) in node I. The co-localization of Tl and sulfur in the DVBs and Tl contamination-induced phytochelatin (PC) accumulation indicate that Tl storage in the DVBs involving complexation with PCs in node I is an important process in Tl accumulation in coix grains. Moreover, the area of DVBs in node I increased with increasing soil Tl pollution level, providing more channels for Tl transport to the panicles and grains and thereby acting as a key factor restricting Tl transport to the grains. These results provide new insights into the key role of node I in Tl accumulation in coix grains and indicate key points to minimize Tl accumulation in grains for food safety.

Effects of tandem fermentation of edible mushroom and L. plantarum on sensory, polysaccharide, vitamin C, and γ-aminobutyric acid of Rosa roxburghii Tratt and coix seed beverage

A new Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) and coix seed (CS) beverage rich in multi-active ingredients was developed. Edible mushrooms and L. plantarum were selected for fermentation in stages. Some physicochemical properties, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), polysaccharides and sensory were studied during the T. versicolor and L. plantarum fermentation. T. versicolor increased the free amino acid through enzymatic protein digestion in the early growth stage and used these amino acids to synthesize its bacteriophage protein. T. versicolor and L. plantarum increased the polysaccharide and GABA of the fermentation broth. Vitamin C was retained as much as possible, with a slight loss occurring mainly in the aerobic fermentation stage of T. versicolor. Its less loss in exchange was for a higher value of T. versicolor polysaccharide, protein enhancement, and bitterness reduction. This study provides a reference for the deep processing of Guizhou's unique agricultural products and edible mushroom fermented beverage.

Two new amides from the seeds of Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi

Phytochemical investigation of the seeds of Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi resulted in the isolation of eight compounds, including two new structures, coixdines A-B (1-2) and six known compounds (3-8). The structures of these compounds were determined by 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra referring to the literatures, together with HR-MS analysis. Coixdine A and B are first examples of spermidine skeleton in genus Coix. In the present paper, all compounds were evaluated for the cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines (CT-26 and BxPC-3) in vitro, and none of the compounds exhibited obvious cytotoxic activity. The present investigation suggests that these amides seem to be of great chemotaxonomic value for C. lacryma-jobi.

Comparison of Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Adlay [Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf.] Sprout at Several Harvest Time

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the consumption of plant-based foods such as vegetables and grains for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment. Adlay seeds contain physiologically active substances, including coixol, coixenolide, and lactams. In this study, adlay sprouts were cultivated and harvested at various time points, specifically at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days after sowing. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, and total polyphenol contents. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using cell culture and the WST-1 assay. The aboveground components of the sprouts demonstrated a significant increase in length, ranging from 2.75 cm to 21.87 cm, weight, ranging from 0.05 g to 0.32 g, and biomass, ranging from 161.4 g to 1319.1 g, as the number of days after sowing advanced, reaching its peak coixol content of 39.38 mg/g on the third day after sowing. Notably, the antioxidant enzyme activity was highest between the third and fifth days after sowing. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression was most prominent in samples harvested from the ninth to eleventh days after sowing, corresponding to the later stage of growth. While the overall production mass increased with the number of days after sowing, considering factors such as yield increase index per unit area, turnover rate, and antioxidant activity, harvesting at the early growth stage, specifically between the fifth and seventh days after sowing, was found to be economically advantageous. Thus, the quality, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity of adlay sprouts varied depending on the harvest time, highlighting the importance of determining the appropriate harvest time based on the production objectives. This study demonstrates the changes in the growth and quality of adlay sprouts in relation to the harvest time, emphasizing the potential for developing a market for adlay sprouts as a new food product.

Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis

Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.

A study of the lipid profile of Coix seeds from four areas based on untargeted lipidomics combined with multivariate algorithms to enable tracing of their origin

The geographical traceability of food products is seen as a distinctive feature of the future of food which is increasingly becoming a concern for consumers. In this research, differences in the lipid composition of Coix seed samples from four major Chinese origins were investigated using non-targeted lipidomics. By multivariate statistical analysis, unsupervised PCA and OPLS-DA based differentiation between the four origins of Coix seed samples could be achieved. The OPLS-DA VIP > 1 screened 72 lipids out of 1211 lipids as potential markers to distinguish Coix seeds from different origins. In addition, the potential markers (SPH(d16:0), Cer(d18:2/20:0 + O) and PC(8:0e/8:0) were combined with statistical analysis algorithms to construct a discriminant function for rapid differentiation of Coix seed samples from different origins and a specific function for different origins with 100% discrimination accuracy. In general, a rapid and accurate method combining multivariate chemometrics and algorithms was developed based on untargeted lipidomics to determine the geographical origin of Coix seed samples, which can also be applied to other agricultural products.

Improving the emulsification performance of adlay seed starch by esterification combined with ultrasonication and enzymatic treatment

In this study, superior modified starch was prepared using ultrasonic and enzymatic treatments to confirm the potential of using adlay seed starch (ASS) in Pickering emulsions. Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starches, such as OSA-UASS, OSA-EASS, and OSA-UEASS, were prepared using ultrasonic, enzymatic, and combined ultrasonic and enzymatic treatments, respectively. The effects of these treatments on the structure and properties of ASS were evaluated to elucidate their influence on starch modification. Ultrasonic and enzymatic treatments improved the esterification efficiency of ASS by changing its external and internal morphological characteristics and the crystalline structure to provide more binding sites for esterification. The degree of substitution (DS) of ASS modified by these pretreatments was 22.3-51.1 % higher than that of the OSA-modified starch without pretreatment (OSA-ASS). Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the esterification. Small particle size and near-neutral wettability indicated that OSA-UEASS was the promising emulsification stabilizer. The emulsion prepared using OSA-UEASS exhibited better emulsifying activity and emulsion stability and long-term stability for up to 30 days. These amphiphilic granules with improved structure and morphology were used to stabilize a Pickering emulsion.

The Differences of Nutrient Components in Edible and Feeding Coix Seed at Different Developmental Stages Based on a Combined Analysis of Metabolomics

Coix lachryma-jobi L. is an excellent plant resource that has a concomitant function for medicine, foodstuff and forage in China. At present, the commonly used cultivar for both medicine and foodstuff is Xiaobaike, and the cultivar for foraging is Daheishan. However, differences in the internal composition of plants lead to the expression of different phenotypic traits. In order to comprehensively elucidate the differences in nutrient composition changes in Coix seeds, a non-targeted metabolomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to analyze the metabolic changes in Coix seeds at different developmental stages. An edible Coix relative (Xiaobaike) and a feeding Coix relative (Daheishan) were selected as the research subjects. In the metabolome analysis of Coix seed, 314 metabolites were identified and detected, among which organic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and flavonoids were the main components. As an important standard for evaluating the quality of Coix seed, seven lipids were detected, among which fatty acids included not only even-chain fatty acids, but also odd-chain fatty acids, which was the first time detecting a variety of odd-chain fatty acids in Coix seed. The analysis of the compound contents in edible and feeding-type Coix lachryma-jobi L. and the lipid content at the mature stage showed that, among them, arachidic acid, behenic acid, heptadecanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid and pristanic acid may be the key compounds affecting the lipid content. In addition, in the whole process of semen coicis maturation, edible and feeding Coix show similar trends, and changes in the third period show clear compounds in the opposite situation, suggesting that edible and feeding Coix not only guarantee the relative stability of species but also provide raw materials for genetic breeding. This study provides valuable information on the formation of the edible and medicinal qualities of Coix.

Coixol ameliorates Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced lung injury by interfering with T. gondii HSP70/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes pulmonary toxoplasmosis, although its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. There is no cure for toxoplasmosis. Coixol, a plant polyphenol extracted from coix seeds, has a variety of biological activities. However, the effects of coixol on T. gondii infection have not been clarified. In this study, we infected a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and BALB/c mice with the T. gondii RH strain to establish infection models in vitro and in vivo, respectively, to explore protective effects and potential mechanisms of coixol on lung injury caused by T. gondii infection. Anti-T. gondii effects and underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms of coixol were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR, molecular docking, localized surface plasmon resonance, co-immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The results show that coixol inhibits T. gondii loads and T. gondii-derived heat shock protein 70 (T.g.HSP70) expression. Moreover, coixol reduced inflammatory cell recruitment and infiltration, and ameliorated pathological lung injury induced by T. gondii infection. Coixol can directly bind T.g.HSP70 or Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to disrupt their interaction. Coixol prevented overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high mobility group box 1 by inhibiting activation of the TLR4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway, consistent with effects of the TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095. These results indicate that coixol improves T. gondii infection-induced lung injury by interfering with T.g.HSP70-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Altogether, these findings suggest that coixol is a promising effective lead compound for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

Adlay, an ancient functional plant with nutritional quality, improves human health

Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.), a crop closed related to maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), originated in tropical/subtropical regions of Asia and Africa; southwest China primary center of this plant's origin, evolution and migration. Adlay is a traditional high-value minor crop used for both medicinal and dietary purposes. Adlay has anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, blood sugar-lowering, and blood lipid-lowering effects. To clarify the main bioactive components and phytochemical compounds and to fully explore their utility, this review summarizes the research done on the main functional ingredients of adlay, including amino acids and proteins, oils, vitamins and minerals, polysaccharides, and polyphenols. This study also highlighted the application of genome sequencing to tailor nutrient-rich adlay cultivars and nutraceutical product development. Additionally, the acquisition of high-density genomic data combined with next-generation phenotypic analysis will undoubtedly improve our understanding of the potential genetic regulation of adlay nutraceutical traits. This review provides new insights and ideas for the research of adlay in comparison and evolutionary genomics, and a useful reference for molecular breeding and genetic improvement of this important minor crop.

Effects of Coix Seed Oil on High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Dyslipidemia

Dietary intervention is becoming more popular as a way to improve lipid metabolism and reduce the prevalence of diet-related chronic disorders. We evaluated the effects of several dietary oils on body weight, fat mass, liver weight, and tumor necrosis factor in obese mice given a high-fat diet (HFD) to discover if coix seed oil (CSO) had an anti-obesity impact. As compared to other dietary fats, CSO treatment considerably lowered body weight and liver index, successfully sup-pressed total cholesterol and triglyceride content, and raised liver lipid deposition and lipid metabolism problem induced by high fat intake. Furthermore, gas chromatography research revealed that CSO extracted by supercritical fluid, with 64% being CSO extracted by supercritical fluid, and the greatest amounts of capric acids and lauric acids being 35.28% and 22.21%, respectively. CSO contained a high content of medium-chain fatty acids and was able to modify hepatic fatty acid metabolism and lipid levels in HFD-induced obese mice. According to the results, CSO has the potential to replace dietary lipids as a promising functional lipid in the prevention of met-abolish disorders.

Polysaccharides from fermented coix seed modulates circulating nitrogen and immune function by altering gut microbiota

Coix lachryma-jobi L. seed is an important food item in Asia with culinary and medicinal values. The effects of non-fermented coix seed (NFC), fermented coix seed with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU137 (FC) and polysaccharides from NFC, FC (FCP) on mice circulating nitrogen and immune disorder induced by high relative humidity (RH, 90 ± 2%) exposure were compared. All the treatments reduced circulating nitrogen (BUN and ammonia) might via increasing excretion of fecal nitrogen induced by altering gut microbiota. In comparison, FC and FCP restored erythrocyte morphology by promoting erythrocyte Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity more effectively, and immune function was modulated by reducing plasma IgM and IFN-γ levels, up-regulating IL-4 and IL-6 levels. Herein, these results indicated that FCP, as the main active ingredient in FC, modulated circulating nitrogen through altering gut microbiota, and restored immune homeostasis by regulating Th1/Th2 cytokines in mice receiving high RH exposure.

Metabolomics Reveals Nutritional Diversity among Six Coarse Cereals and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Grain Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Coarse cereals are rich in dietary fiber, B vitamins, minerals, secondary metabolites, and other bioactive components, which exert numerous health benefits. To better understand the diversity of metabolites in different coarse cereals, we performed widely targeted metabolic profiling analyses of six popular coarse cereals, millet, coix, buckwheat, quinoa, oat, and grain sorghum, of which 768 metabolites are identified. Moreover, quinoa and buckwheat showed significantly different metabolomic profiles compared with other coarse cereals. Analysis of the accumulation patterns of common nutritional metabolites among six coarse cereals, we found that the accumulation of carbohydrates follows a conserved pattern in the six coarse cereals, while those of amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, and lipids were complementary. Furthermore, the species-specific metabolites in each coarse cereal were identified, and the neighbor-joining tree for the six coarse cereals was constructed based on the metabolome data. Since sorghum contains more species-specific metabolites and occupies a unique position on the neighbor-joining tree, the metabolite differences between grain sorghum 654 and sweet sorghum LTR108 were finally compared specifically, revealing that LTR108 contained more flavonoids and had higher antioxidant activity than 654. Our work supports an overview understanding of nutrient value in different coarse cereals, which provides the metabolomic evidence for the healthy diet. Additionally, the superior antioxidant activity of sweet sorghum provides clues for its targeted uses.

Changes in Triacylglycerols Content and Quality Control Implications of Coix Seeds during Processing and Storage

Coix seed is a kind of widespread cereal, and it is used as a folk medicine in China. The present work focuses on the analysis of changes in triacylglycerols (TAGs) content and mycotoxins of coix seed during the processing and storage period for its quality control. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light-scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) techniques, 42 lipid components in coix seeds were identified, and seven molecular species of TAG in coix seeds from different localities in China were measured and compared, respectively. A correlation analysis between the morphological features and TAGs contents revealed the integrity instead of the particle size of the seed, displaying a highly positive correlation with its quality. The higher contents of TAGs in hulled coix seed than in polished coix seed proposed an alternative processing way. During storage, the changes in TAGs contents of seeds indicated that the storage period should be less than 3 months, and the intact seeds could maintain lipid stability better than the powder. Furthermore, the air humidity and temperature should be controlled during coix seed storage to prevent the production of mycotoxins. These results provide significant insight into the effective control of coix seed quality during processing and storage.

Investigating the Impact of Extruded Dehulled Adlay with Specific In Vitro Digestion Properties on Blood Lipids in Subjects with Mild to Moderate Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is modifiable by diet and lifestyle changes. A large population with mild to moderate dyslipidemia is at risk of developing CVDs, and early initiation of preventive measures can avert advancing into severe medical conditions. Studies suggest increasing slowly digestible starch (SDS) in diets can help lower blood lipids. We processed dehulled adlay, a cereal rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and phytosterols, into an instant meal by extrusion and milling and then assessed its starch composition and in vitro digestibility. The dehulled adlay was found to consist of 32% SDS and resistant starch combined. Then, eligible subjects with dyslipidemia were recruited to explore the adlay’s hypolipidemic potential, safety, and acceptability. Subjects consumed the dehulled adlay as the sole carbohydrate source in their breakfast, without changing other components in the diet or lifestyle, for 12 weeks. After intervention, serum total cholesterol (TC) decreased significantly in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. In addition, both TC and triglyceride levels decreased significantly in those above 50 years old. In conclusion, the extruded dehulled adlay displays potential for favorably modulating blood lipids, and the effect is more pronounced in the middle-aged population.

Effect of Coix Seed Extracts on Growth and Metabolism of Limosilactobacillus reuteri

Coix seed (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) is an important nourishing food and traditional Chinese medicine. The role of their bioactive constituents in physiology and pharmacology has received considerable scientific attention. However, very little is known about the role of coix seed bioactive components in the growth of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of coix seed extract (CSE) on the growth, acidifying activity, and metabolism of L. reuteri. The results showed that CSE can increase the growth and acidifying activity of L. reuteri compared with the control group. During the stationary phase, the viable bacteria in the medium supplemented with coix seed oil (CSO, 13.72 Log₁₀ CFU/mL), coix polysaccharide (CPO, 12.24 Log₁₀ CFU/mL), and coix protein (CPR, 11.91 Log₁₀ CFU/mL) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group (MRS, 9.16 Log₁₀ CFU/mL). CSE also enhanced the biosynthesis of lactic acid and acetic acid of L. reuteri. Untargeted metabolomics results indicated that the carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism activities of L. reuteri were increased after adding CSE. Furthermore, CSE increased the accumulation of bioactive metabolites, such as phenyl lactic acid, vitamins, and biotin. Overall, CSE may have prebiotic potential and can be used to culture L. reuteri with high viable bacteria.

Protective effect of coix seed seedling extract on 60 Co-γ radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice

Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) can cause oxidative damage to human body, leading to various diseases and even death. In this study, the potential radioprotective effect of coix seed seedling extract (CSS-E) was studied through a model of ⁶⁰ Co-γ radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice. Overall radioprotective effect of CSS-E against radiation-induced damage was evaluated by biochemical analysis and histopathological analysis. The results showed that CSS-E could significantly reduce the IR-induced damage to the hematopoietic system. CSS-E-M (200 mg/kg BW) pretreatment could increase the activities of superoxide dismutase in serum, liver, and spleen increased by 31.68%, 45.10%, and 56.67%, respectively, and the glutathione peroxidase levels in serum, liver, and spleen of mice were improved by 19.17%, 41.97%, and 130.56%, respectively. Meanwhile, the glutathione levels of serum, liver, and spleen in CSS-E-M group were increased by 17.10%, 35.06%, and 40.71%, respectively. The contents of MDA in different tissues and serum could be reduced by CSS-E-M treatment to the normal level. Moreover, CSS-E could markedly reduce the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in radiation mice, among which CSS-E-M group showed maximum restoration with decreased AST and ALT levels by 20.13% and 32.76% as compared against IR group. In conclusion, these results indicated that CSS-E could be used as a potential natural radioprotectant against IR-induced damage.

Enhancement of Anti-Proliferative Activity of the Extracts from Dehulled Adlay by Fermentation with Bacillus&nbsp;subtilis

Dehulled adlay was fermented with Bacillus subtilis BJ3-2, the anti-proliferative activities of the extracts from fermented dehulled adlay were investigated with six types of tumor cells, and then the bioactive components and the anti-proliferative mechanism were primarily explored. Results showed that all the extracts of B.subtilis-fermented dehulled adlay (BDA) and dehulled adlay (DA) had no inhibition effect on human embryonic kidney 239T cells. The anti-proliferative activities of the extracts from BDA against six types of tumor cells were almost always significantly higher than DA. Compared with others, the n-butanol extract of BDA (BDA-Nb) exhibited stronger anti-proliferative activities against human leukemia K562 cells and human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Importantly, the anti-proliferative activity of fermented dehulled adlay against K562 cells was firstly discovered. Meanwhile, BDA-Nb was rich in tetramethylpyrazine, γ-aminobutyric acid, protocatechuic, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, trans-cinnamic, ferulic acids, and rutin. BDA-Nb induced the proliferative inhibition of K562 and A549 cells due to abnormal cell morphology, the increased cell population in G1 phase and apoptosis rate, the downregulation of Bcl-2, and the upregulation of Bax and caspase-3/8/9. These results indicate that dehulled adlay fermented with B.subtilis could be a potential therapeutic agent for leukemia and lung cancer.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from coix seeds: Optimization, purification, and in vitro digestibility

To optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from coix seeds (CSP), an auxiliary method of ultrasound was developed by response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum extraction yield (8.340%) was obtained under 480 W power, 16 min ultrasound extraction (UE) time and 21.00 mL/g water to raw material ratio. Compared to hot water extraction (HE), UE-treated CSP led to a higher extraction efficiency and decreased average CSP molecular weight. FT-IR indicated that CSP extracted by UE and HE were neutral polysaccharides, and linkages between sugar units were mainly in the α-conformation. Furthermore, NMR spectra indicated that UE-treated CSP was a neutral polysaccharide with (1 → 6)-linked α-d-glucopyranose in the main chain. Two polysaccharide components (CSP-A and CSP-B) were purified by anion exchange chromatography, therein, CSP-A was more resistant to the digestion in stomach and intestine. These results suggest that CSP-A has the potential to be a functional agent utilized by gut microbes.

Anti-Cancer Properties of Coix Seed Oil against HT-29 Colon Cells through Regulation of the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

This study aims to observe the effects of coix seed oil (CSO) on HT-29 cells and investigate its possible regulation mechanism of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Fatty acid analysis showed that coix seed oil mainly contains oleic acid (50.54%), linoleic acid (33.76%), palmitic acid (11.74%), and stearic acid (2.45%). Fourier transform infrared results found that the fatty acid functional groups present in the oil matched well with the vegetable oil band. The results from CCK-8 assays showed that CSO dose-dependently and time-dependently inhibited the viability of HT-29 cells in vitro. CSO inhibited cell viability, with IC₅₀ values of 5.30 mg/mL for HT-29 obtained after 24 h treatment. Morphological changes were observed by apoptotic body/cell nucleus DNA (Hoechst 33258) staining using inverted and fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate the cell cycle and cell apoptosis. It showed that CSO induced cell apoptosis and cycle arrest in the G₂ phase. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting revealed that CSO induced cell apoptosis by downregulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, CSO can cause apoptosis in cancer cells by activating caspase-3, up-regulating Bax, and down-regulating Bcl-2. In conclusion, the results revealed that CSO induced G₂ arrest and apoptosis of HT-29 cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Use of Polyphenols as Modulators of Food Allergies. From Chemistry to Biological Implications

The multifactorial process of aging predisposes humans to infections and inflammatory disorders, thus affecting their quality of life and longevity. Given this reality, the need to increase the consumption of bioactive compounds, like dietary polyphenols emerges in our daily basis mostly due to their health related effects in slowing-down the incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases and even food allergy, which has been growing rapidly in prevalence currently affecting 5% of adults and 8% of children. Polyphenols embrace a large family of secondary metabolites from plant-derived foods and food wastes and are considerable of interest since they have attracted special attention over the years because of their reported anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties along with their high antioxidant capacity. These compounds are claimed as nutraceuticals with protective effect in offsetting oxidant species over-genesis in normal cells, and with the potential ability to stop or reverse oxidative stress-related diseases. Plant-derived foods represent a substantive portion of human diet containing a significant amount of structurally diverse polyphenols. There is a need to understand the polyphenolic composition of plant-derived foods mainly because of its chemistry, which discloses the bioactivity of a plant extract. However, the lack of standardized methods for analysis and other difficulties associated to the nature and distribution of plant polyphenols leads to a high variability of available data. Furthermore, there is still a gap in the understanding of polyphenols bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, which clearly difficult the settlement of the intake needed to observe health outcomes. Many efforts have been made to provide highly sensitive and selective analytical methods for the extraction (liquid-liquid; solid-liquid; supercritical-fluid), separation (spectrophotometric methods) and structural identification (chromatographic techniques, NMR spectroscopy, MS spectrometry) of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds present in these extracts. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been a fundamental technique in this area of research, not only for the determination of this family of compounds in food matrices, but also for the characterization and identification of new polyphenols classified with nutraceutical interest. This review summarizes the nature, distribution and main sources of polyphenols, analytical methods from extraction to characterization to further evaluate the health effects toward immune reactions to food.

Application and safety evaluation of an anti-aflatoxigenic chitosan pouch containing turmeric essential oil in the storage of traditional Chinese health food

Aflatoxin contamination is one of the most important factors jeopardizing the quality of traditional Chinese health food (TCHF) during storage. Based on our previous work, we investigated the stability of chitosan (CH) films containing turmeric essential oil (TEO) and employed CH-TEO films as inner pouches, then stored them with inoculated Coix seed, nutmeg, and Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS). We found that the stability of CH-TEO was most affected by high temperature, and these pouches dramatically decreased aflatoxin accumulation and maintained levels of marker components of each TCHF. We found that glycerol tristearat in Coix seed and jujuboside A and spinosin in ZSS were negatively correlated with aflatoxin accumulation. After three months of storage with a CH-TEO pouch, we found little change in marker components contents, but observed that Coix seed had the relative lower sensory characteristics score. In addition, acute and 90-day subchronic toxicity test in Coix seed stored with the largest amount of TEO showed no significant signs of toxicity or treatment-related changes in animals. The present study is the first report on the study of a green, efficient, and low toxicity solution for aflatoxic contamination in TCHF, and provides strong support for its future use.

Impact of hydrothermal processing on squalene, α-tocopherol, and fatty acid content in Job's tears grain milled fractions: evaluation of their storage stability

BACKGROUND

Job's tears possess an exceptionally high amount of fat and the unsaponifiable fraction is a potential source of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydrothermal processing on squalene, α-tocopherol, and fatty acids in the whole-grain, milled fractions, and their storage stability.

RESULTS

The highest level of squalene content was found in the bran fractions of native and processed Job's tears (11.54-12.75 mg 100 g^-1 ). A remarkably high amount of α-tocopherol was also found in the bran (59.75 ± 0.47 mg 100 g^-1 ) and germ (67.05 ± 0.94 mg 100 g^-1 ) of the processed grain fractions. The storage stability evaluation of these bioactive compounds in the polished grains revealed no significant difference between 0 and 15 days of storage under elevated temprature of 37 °C and 92% relative humidity (accelarated storage conidition) and retained the bioactive compounds longer in the processed grains.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the processed Job's tears milled fractions with high bioactive compounds and improved shelf life can be used as food ingredients in product development. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Improved stabilization of coix seed oil in a nanocage-coating framework based on gliadin-carboxymethyl chitosan-Ca2

Coix seed oil (CSO) is easily suffered functional-loss by oxidation and hydrothermal-treatment. The environmental stable nanocage-coating-CSO particles (OGC-Ca) by the frameworks consist of gliadins, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and Ca²⁺ were investigated. Results showed Ca²⁺ was the key controller for fabricating this nanocage-coating-frameworks, bridging macromolecule-chains with electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds, detected by FTIR, CD, DSC and XRD. SEM displayed new-formed velvet-like twigs after cross-linking CMCS to gliadins. Ca²⁺ assisted the nanocage-coating by significant down-sizing conversion OGC to OGC-Ca with consumption of twigs. OGC-Ca displayed a good stability towards heat (60-80 °C, 0-80 min), pH (3-8), NaCl (0-0.5 mM), storage (4/25 °C, 12 days), and a reduce of the pre-oxidation value of CSO in water and the improved controlled release of CSO in simulated GI tract. It illustrated GC-Ca frameworks would be a suitable delivery carrier for the CSO like pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals for the food or medical use.

Increases of Lipophilic Antioxidants and Anticancer Activity of Coix Seed Fermented by Monascus purpureus

Lipophilic tocols, γ-oryzanol, and coixenolide in coix seed before and after fermentation by Monascus purpureus were determined. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of raw and fermented coix seed were evaluated using free-radical-scavenging assays and polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation model, and human laryngeal carcinoma cell HEp2, respectively. Compared to the raw seed, the tocols, γ-oryzanol, and coixenolide contents increased approximately 4, 25, and 2 times, respectively, in the fermented coix seed. Especially, γ-tocotrienol and γ-oryzanol reached 72.5 and 655.0 μg/g in the fermented coix seed. The lipophilic extract from fermented coix seed exhibited higher antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid oxidation. The inhibitory concentrations for 50% cell survival (IC₅₀) of lipophilic extract from fermented coix seed in inhibiting HEp2 cells decreased by 42%. This study showed that coix seed fermented by M. purpureus increased free and readily bioavailable lipophilic antioxidants and anticancer activity. Therefore, fermentation could enhance the efficacy of the health promoting function of coix seeds.

Orphan Crops and their Wild Relatives in the Genomic Era

More than half of the calories consumed by humans are provided by three major cereal crops (rice, maize, and wheat). Orphan crops are usually well adapted to low-input agricultural conditions, and they not only play vital roles in local areas but can also contribute to food and nutritional needs worldwide. Interestingly, many wild relatives of orphan crops are important weeds of major crops. Although orphan crops and their wild relatives have received little attentions from researchers for many years, genomic studies have recently been performed on these plants. Here, we provide an overview of genomic studies on orphan crops, with a focus on orphan cereals and their wild relatives. The genomes of at least 12 orphan cereals and/or their wild relatives have been sequenced. In addition to genomic benefits for orphan crop breeding, we discuss the potential ways for mutual utilization of genomic data from major crops, orphan crops, and their wild relatives (including weeds) and provide perspectives on genetic improvement of both orphan and major crops (including de novo domestication of orphan crops) in the coming genomic era.

Development and validation of a rapid and efficient method for simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in coix seed using one-step extraction and UHPLC-HRMS

Coix seed is an important food and traditional Chinese medicine in China and other Asian countries. Notably, coix seed is currently being used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of COVID-19 in China. However, coix seeds are generally contaminated by mycotoxins, and this risk cannot be ignored. In this paper, we developed a method that involves direct extraction and UHPLC-HRMS analysis for the simultaneous detection of 24 mycotoxins in coix seeds. UHPLC-HRMS instrument and data acquisition parameters, and the sample pretreatment were optimised. One-step extraction showed several advantages compared to the three commercial solid-phase extraction clean-up methods, including ease of use, reduced time of sample preparation, low cost, good recovery, and acceptable matrix effect. The method validation results indicate that all mycotoxins have good linearity and sensitivity. Recoveries were between 74.2-101.1%, and RSD ranged from 0.1-5.8%. The LOQs for 24 mycotoxins were in the range of 0.5-100 µg/kg. To survey the contamination levels of these mycotoxins in commercial coix seeds, more than 70 samples were collected from Chinese markets and were analysed using the newly developed method. Zearalenone (positive ratio: 98.7%, range:1.1-1562 µg/kg), deoxynivalenol (positive ratio: 87%, range: 8.4-382.5 µg/kg), nivalenol (positive ratio: 85.7%, range: 26.8-828.2 µg/kg), fumonisin B₁ (positive ratio: 84.4%, range:2.5-314.5 µg/kg), fumonisin B₂ (positive ratio: 75.3%, range:1.6-72.8 µg/kg), fumonisin B₃ (positive ratio: 48%, range:1.0-203.6 µg/kg), aflatoxin B₁ (positive ratio: 29.9%, range: 0.39-14.7 µg/kg), sterigmatocystin (positive ratio: 29.9%, range: 1.4-51.6 µg/kg), and tenuazonic acid (positive ratio: 19.5%, range 36.1-105.7 µg/kg) were the most frequent mycotoxin contaminants. These results highlight the importance of routine monitoring and control of mycotoxins in coix seeds.

Tetramethylpyrazine from adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi) biotransformation by Bacillus subtilis and its quality characteristics

Adlay, as a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in nourishing foods, which are rich in a variety of nutrients (special biological compounds). The study was designed to optimize the fermentation parameters of dehulled, polished and broken adlay fermented by Bacillus subtilis BJ3-2 with regard to tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) yield and fibrinolytic enzyme activity. Then the proximate and bioactive components of B. subtilis-fermented adlay were evaluated. Box-Behnken design results showed that the TMP yield was 6.93 mg/g DW (dried weight) of B. subtilis-fermented polished adlay, which was about 136 times higher than that of B. subtilis-fermented soybean (BSB). The fibrinolytic enzyme activity was 2236.17 U/g in B. subtilis-fermented dehulled adlay, and slightly less than in BSB. B. subtilis-fermented adlay contained higher fat, free amino acids and fatty acids contents but lower protein and starch contents than raw adlay. Except for coixol and coixan, the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid, triterpenes, phenolics, flavonoids and coixenolide in B. subtilis-fermented adlay increased by 14.05, 2.02, 2.31 and 1.36 times, respectively. The contents of phenolic acids including caffeic, gallic, catechinic and chlonogenic acids in the free phenolic extracts significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the biotransformation of high-yield TMP, fibrinolytic enzyme and other bioactive components of B. subtilis-fermented adlay products was realized. B. subtilis-fermented adlay could be a promising value-added food, and that is more suitable for human consumption.