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Mendelian inheritance revisited: dominance and recessiveness in medical genetics. Nat Rev Genet 2023:10.1038/s41576-023-00574-0. [PMID: 36806206 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of genotype for phenotype (which ranges from molecule-level effects to whole-organism traits) is at the core of genetic diagnostics in medicine. Many measures of the deleteriousness of individual alleles exist, but these have limitations for predicting the clinical consequences. Various mechanisms can protect the organism from the adverse effects of functional variants, especially when the variant is paired with a wild type allele. Understanding why some alleles are harmful in the heterozygous state - representing dominant inheritance - but others only with the biallelic presence of pathogenic variants - representing recessive inheritance - is particularly important when faced with the deluge of rare genetic alterations identified by high throughput DNA sequencing. Both awareness of the specific quantitative and/or qualitative effects of individual variants and the elucidation of allelic and non-allelic interactions are essential to optimize genetic diagnosis and counselling.
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Abarca-Barriga HH, Chavesta Velásquez F, Punil Luciano R. Intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and ptosis caused by copy number variation including the BRPF1 gene in Peruvian patient. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and ptosis (MIM #617333) is a very rare condition, characterized by more than 80% by language delay, intellectual disability, gross motor development delay, broad nasal bridge, hypertelorism, and hypotonia. This condition exhibits as autosomal dominant inheritance and is caused by a heterozygous variant in the BRPF1 gene. Additionally, the copy number variation in the terminal region of chromosome 3p (MIM #613792) has been shown to manifest in most patients as intellectual disability, motor delay, and hypotonia.
Case presentation
We present an 18-year-old male patient with facial dysmorphism, intellectual disability, ptosis, and congenital heart disease. Using chromosomal microarray analysis, a previously unreported 90 kb deletion involving seven genes was found.
Conclusion
When comparing our findings with 39 previous reports, we found that the common clinical features of this syndrome, such as gross motor delay, hypotonia, and congenital spinal cord abnormalities, were not observed in this patient. From the seven genes implicated in the deletion, only BRPF1 could be strongly correlated with the phenotype, according to its function and haploinsufficiency coefficients.
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Wonnacott A, Denby L, Coward RJM, Fraser DJ, Bowen T. MicroRNAs and their delivery in diabetic fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114045. [PMID: 34767865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus was estimated to be 463 million people in 2019 and is predicted to rise to 700 million by 2045. The associated financial and societal costs of this burgeoning epidemic demand an understanding of the pathology of this disease, and its complications, that will inform treatment to enable improved patient outcomes. Nearly two decades after the sequencing of the human genome, the significance of noncoding RNA expression is still being assessed. The family of functional noncoding RNAs known as microRNAs regulates the expression of most genes encoded by the human genome. Altered microRNA expression profiles have been observed both in diabetes and in diabetic complications. These transcripts therefore have significant potential and novelty as targets for therapy, therapeutic agents and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Wonnacott
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard J M Coward
- Bristol Renal, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Timothy Bowen
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Klein B, Holmér L, Smith KM, Johnson MM, Swain A, Stolp L, Teufel AI, Kleppe AS. A computational exploration of resilience and evolvability of protein-protein interaction networks. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1352. [PMID: 34857859 PMCID: PMC8639913 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks represent complex intra-cellular protein interactions, and the presence or absence of such interactions can lead to biological changes in an organism. Recent network-based approaches have shown that a phenotype's PPI network's resilience to environmental perturbations is related to its placement in the tree of life; though we still do not know how or why certain intra-cellular factors can bring about this resilience. Here, we explore the influence of gene expression and network properties on PPI networks' resilience. We use publicly available data of PPIs for E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and H. sapiens, where we compute changes in network resilience as new nodes (proteins) are added to the networks under three node addition mechanisms-random, degree-based, and gene-expression-based attachments. By calculating the resilience of the resulting networks, we estimate the effectiveness of these node addition mechanisms. We demonstrate that adding nodes with gene-expression-based preferential attachment (as opposed to random or degree-based) preserves and can increase the original resilience of PPI network in all three species, regardless of gene expression distribution or network structure. These findings introduce a general notion of prospective resilience, which highlights the key role of network structures in understanding the evolvability of phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-Technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ludvig Holmér
- grid.419684.60000 0001 1214 1861Center for Data Analytics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keith M. Smith
- grid.12361.370000 0001 0727 0669Department of Physics and Mathematics, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mackenzie M. Johnson
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Anshuman Swain
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Laura Stolp
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Graduate School of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley I. Teufel
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA ,grid.209665.e0000 0001 1941 1940Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM USA ,grid.469272.c0000 0001 0180 5693Texas A&M University, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - April S. Kleppe
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Clinical Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Single-Strand Annealing in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042167. [PMID: 33671579 PMCID: PMC7926775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most serious forms of DNA damage. In humans, DSBs are repaired mainly by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). Single-strand annealing (SSA), another DSB repair system, uses homologous repeats flanking a DSB to join DNA ends and is error-prone, as it removes DNA fragments between repeats along with one repeat. Many DNA deletions observed in cancer cells display homology at breakpoint junctions, suggesting the involvement of SSA. When multiple DSBs occur in different chromosomes, SSA may result in chromosomal translocations, essential in the pathogenesis of many cancers. Inhibition of RAD52 (RAD52 Homolog, DNA Repair Protein), the master regulator of SSA, results in decreased proliferation of BRCA1/2 (BRCA1/2 DNA Repair Associated)-deficient cells, occurring in many hereditary breast and ovarian cancer cases. Therefore, RAD52 may be targeted in synthetic lethality in cancer. SSA may modulate the response to platinum-based anticancer drugs and radiation. SSA may increase the efficacy of the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR associated 9) genome editing and reduce its off-target effect. Several basic problems associated with SSA, including its evolutionary role, interplay with HRR and NHEJ and should be addressed to better understand its role in cancer pathogenesis and therapy.
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