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Wang Y, Lei K, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Clinical glycoproteomics: methods and diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e760. [PMID: 39372389 PMCID: PMC11450256 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins, representing a significant proportion of posttranslational products, play pivotal roles in various biological processes, such as signal transduction and immune response. Abnormal glycosylation may lead to structural and functional changes of glycoprotein, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. Consequently, exploring protein glycosylation can shed light on the mechanisms behind disease manifestation and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Nonetheless, the study of clinical glycoproteomics is fraught with challenges due to the low abundance and intricate structures of glycosylation. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based clinical glycoproteomics have improved our ability to identify abnormal glycoproteins in clinical samples. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the foundational principles and recent advancements in clinical glycoproteomic methodologies and applications. Furthermore, we discussed the typical characteristics, underlying functions, and mechanisms of glycoproteins in various diseases, such as brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, kidney diseases, and metabolic diseases. Additionally, we highlighted potential avenues for future development in clinical glycoproteomics. These insights provided in this review will enhance the comprehension of clinical glycoproteomic methods and diseases and promote the elucidation of pathogenesis and the discovery of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Department of General Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and Institutes for Systems GeneticsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kaixin Lei
- Department of General Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and Institutes for Systems GeneticsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of General Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and Institutes for Systems GeneticsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of General Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and Institutes for Systems GeneticsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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2
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Walimbwa SI, Maly P, Kafkova LR, Raska M. Beyond glycan barriers: non-cognate ligands and protein mimicry approaches to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:83. [PMID: 39169357 PMCID: PMC11337606 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine immunogens capable of inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remain obscure. HIV-1 evades immune responses through enormous diversity and hides its conserved vulnerable epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein (Env) by displaying an extensive immunodominant glycan shield. In elite HIV-1 viremic controllers, glycan-dependent bNAbs targeting conserved Env epitopes have been isolated and are utilized as vaccine design templates. However, immunological tolerance mechanisms limit the development of these antibodies in the general population. The well characterized bNAbs monoclonal variants frequently exhibit extensive levels of somatic hypermutation, a long third heavy chain complementary determining region, or a short third light chain complementarity determining region, and some exhibit poly-reactivity to autoantigens. This review elaborates on the obstacles to engaging and manipulating the Env glycoprotein as an effective immunogen and describes an alternative reverse vaccinology approach to develop a novel category of bNAb-epitope-derived non-cognate immunogens for HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ian Walimbwa
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotníků 248/7, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Maly
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Raskova Kafkova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotníků 248/7, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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3
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Liu P, Yue C, Meng B, Xiao T, Yang S, Liu S, Jian F, Zhu Q, Yu Y, Ren Y, Wang P, Li Y, Wang J, Mao X, Shao F, Wang Y, Gupta RK, Cao Y, Wang X. Spike N354 glycosylation augments SARS-CoV-2 fitness for human adaptation through structural plasticity. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae206. [PMID: 39071099 PMCID: PMC11282955 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective pressures have given rise to a number of SARS-CoV-2 variants during the prolonged course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently evolved variants differ from ancestors in additional glycosylation within the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). Details of how the acquisition of glycosylation impacts viral fitness and human adaptation are not clearly understood. Here, we dissected the role of N354-linked glycosylation, acquired by BA.2.86 sub-lineages, as a RBD conformational control element in attenuating viral infectivity. The reduced infectivity is recovered in the presence of heparin sulfate, which targets the 'N354 pocket' to ease restrictions of conformational transition resulting in a 'RBD-up' state, thereby conferring an adjustable infectivity. Furthermore, N354 glycosylation improved spike cleavage and cell-cell fusion, and in particular escaped one subset of ADCC antibodies. Together with reduced immunogenicity in hybrid immunity background, these indicate a single spike amino acid glycosylation event provides selective advantage in humans through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Tianhe Xiao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sijie Yang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Fanchong Jian
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qianhui Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yanyan Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yixin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinyue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Shao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | - Ravindra Kumar Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Yunlong Cao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
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4
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Mahomed S. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0015222. [PMID: 38687039 PMCID: PMC11324036 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a formidable global health concern, with 39 million people living with the virus and 1.3 million new infections reported in 2022. Despite anti-retroviral therapy's effectiveness in pre-exposure prophylaxis, its global adoption is limited. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer an alternative strategy for HIV prevention through passive immunization. Historically, passive immunization has been efficacious in the treatment of various diseases ranging from oncology to infectious diseases. Early clinical trials suggest bNAbs are safe, tolerable, and capable of reducing HIV RNA levels. Although challenges such as bNAb resistance have been noted in phase I trials, ongoing research aims to assess the additive or synergistic benefits of combining multiple bNAbs. Researchers are exploring bispecific and trispecific antibodies, and fragment crystallizable region modifications to augment antibody efficacy and half-life. Moreover, the potential of other antibody isotypes like IgG3 and IgA is under investigation. While promising, the application of bNAbs faces economic and logistical barriers. High manufacturing costs, particularly in resource-limited settings, and logistical challenges like cold-chain requirements pose obstacles. Preliminary studies suggest cost-effectiveness, although this is contingent on various factors like efficacy and distribution. Technological advancements and strategic partnerships may mitigate some challenges, but issues like molecular aggregation remain. The World Health Organization has provided preferred product characteristics for bNAbs, focusing on optimizing their efficacy, safety, and accessibility. The integration of bNAbs in HIV prophylaxis necessitates a multi-faceted approach, considering economic, logistical, and scientific variables. This review comprehensively covers the historical context, current advancements, and future avenues of bNAbs in HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS
Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical
Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
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5
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Zhou J, Wang L, Liu X, Gai Y, Dong M, Wang C, Ali MM, Ye M, Yu X, Hu L. Glycan-Imprinted Nanoparticle as Artificial Neutralizing Antibody for Efficient HIV-1 Recognition and Inhibition. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4423-4432. [PMID: 38568019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope is a heavily glycosylated class 1 trimeric fusion protein responsible for viral entry into CD4+ immune cells. Developing neutralizing antibodies against the specific envelope glycans is an alternative method for antiviral therapies. This work presents the first-ever development and characterization of artificial neutralizing antibodies using molecular imprinting technology to recognize and bind to the envelope protein of HIV-1. The prepared envelope glycan-imprinted nanoparticles (GINPs) can successfully prevent HIV-1 from infecting target cells by shielding the glycans on the envelope protein. In vitro experiments showed that GINPs have strong affinity toward HIV-1 (Kd = 36.7 ± 2.2 nM) and possess high anti-interference and specificity. GINPs demonstrate broad inhibition activity against both tier 1 and tier 2 HIV-1 strains with a pM-level IC50 and exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on long-term viral replication by more than 95%. The strategy provides a promising method for the inhibition and therapy of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Zhou
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Libian Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanxin Gai
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Muhammad Mujahid Ali
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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6
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Newby ML, Allen JD, Crispin M. Influence of glycosylation on the immunogenicity and antigenicity of viral immunogens. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108283. [PMID: 37972669 PMCID: PMC10867814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of successful viral vaccine design is the elicitation of neutralizing antibodies targeting viral attachment and fusion glycoproteins that embellish viral particles. This observation has catalyzed the development of numerous viral glycoprotein mimetics as vaccines. Glycans can dominate the surface of viral glycoproteins and as such, the viral glycome can influence the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine. In one extreme, glycans can form an integral part of epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies and are therefore considered to be an important feature of key immunogens within an immunization regimen. In the other extreme, the existence of peptide and bacterially expressed protein vaccines shows that viral glycosylation can be dispensable in some cases. However, native-like glycosylation can indicate native-like protein folding and the presence of conformational epitopes. Furthermore, going beyond native glycan mimicry, in either occupancy of glycosylation sites or the glycan processing state, may offer opportunities for enhancing the immunogenicity and associated protection elicited by an immunogen. Here, we review key determinants of viral glycosylation and how recombinant immunogens can recapitulate these signatures across a range of enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, Ebola virus, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza and Lassa virus. The emerging understanding of immunogen glycosylation and its control will help guide the development of future vaccines in both recombinant protein- and nucleic acid-based vaccine technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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7
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Haynes BF, Wiehe K, Alam SM, Weissman D, Saunders KO. Progress with induction of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies in the Duke Consortia for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:300-308. [PMID: 37751363 PMCID: PMC10552807 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Design of an HIV vaccine that can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a major goal. However, HIV bnAbs are not readily made by the immune system. Rather HIV bnAbs are disfavored by a number of virus and host factors. The purpose of the review is to discuss recent progress made in the design and use of immunogens capable of inducing HIV bnAbs in the Duke Consortia for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development. RECENT FINDINGS New immunogens capable of binding with high affinity to unmutated common ancestors (UCAs) of bnAb B cell lineages have been designed and strategies for stabilization of HIV Env in its prefusion state are being developed. Success is starting to be translated from preclinical studies of UCA-targeting immunogens in animals, to success of initiating bnAb lineages in humans. SUMMARY Recent progress has been made in both immunogen design and in achieving bnAb B cell lineage induction in animal models and now in human clinical trials. With continued progress, a practical HIV/AIDS vaccine may be possible. However, host constraints on full bnAb maturation remain as potential roadblocks for full maturation of some types of bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Drew Weissman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Martina CE, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Glycan masking in vaccine design: Targets, immunogens and applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126034. [PMID: 37033915 PMCID: PMC10076883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan masking is a novel technique in reverse vaccinology in which sugar chains (glycans) are added on the surface of immunogen candidates to hide regions of low interest and thus focus the immune system on highly therapeutic epitopes. This shielding strategy is inspired by viruses such as influenza and HIV, which are able to escape the immune system by incorporating additional glycosylation and preventing the binding of therapeutic antibodies. Interestingly, the glycan masking technique is mainly used in vaccine design to fight the same viruses that naturally use glycans to evade the immune system. In this review we report the major successes obtained with the glycan masking technique in epitope-focused vaccine design. We focus on the choice of the target antigen, the strategy for immunogen design and the relevance of the carrier vector to induce a strong immune response. Moreover, we will elucidate the different applications that can be accomplished with glycan masking, such as shifting the immune response from hyper-variable epitopes to more conserved ones, focusing the response on known therapeutic epitopes, broadening the response to different viral strains/sub-types and altering the antigen immunogenicity to elicit higher or lower immune response, as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Deimel LP, Sattentau QJ. Shared sugars – parasite glycan homology in HIV-1 vaccine design. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:498-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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