1
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Keller CW, Mundt S, Segal BM. Editorial: CNS myeloid cell function in health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1459138. [PMID: 39086488 PMCID: PMC11288962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Mundt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin M. Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Zhang H, Wang X, Zhao L, Zhang K, Cui J, Xu G. Biochanin a ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by improving colonic barrier function and protects against the development of spontaneous colitis in the Muc2 deficient mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111014. [PMID: 38648921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation that colonic barrier function is closely related to the development and progression of colitis. The mucus layer is a crucial component of the colonic barrier, responsible for preventing harmful bacteria from invading the intestinal epithelium and causing inflammation. Furthermore, a defective mucus barrier is also a significant characteristic of ulcerative colitis (UC). Biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavonoid, has garnered increasing interest due to its significant biological activities. However, the impact of BCA on UC has not been reported yet. In this study, we used a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis model and the Muc2 deficient (Muc2-/-) mice spontaneous colitis model to explore the mechanisms of BCA in the treatment of UC. Here, we verified that DSS-induced UC was observably attenuated and spontaneous colitis in Muc2-/- mice was relieved by BCA. Treatment with BCA improved colitis-related symptoms and reduced intestinal permeability by upregulating the levels of goblet cells and tight junction (TJ) proteins. In addition, we confirmed that BCA promotes autophagy through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) pathway, thereby alleviating DSS-induced UC. In addition, the administration of BCA was able to reduce apoptosis and promote proliferation by suppressing Cleaved Caspase-3 (Cleaved Cas-3) expression, and increasing PCNA and Ki67 levels. Further research revealed that BCA treatment ameliorated spontaneous colitis and alleviated epithelial damage in Muc2-/- mice by restoring the intestinal barrier and promoting autophagy. Our results demonstrated that BCA alleviated UC by enhancing intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy. These findings indicate that BCA may be a novel treatment alternative for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Linxian Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China
| | - Guangmeng Xu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, PR China.
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3
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Keller CW, Adamopoulos IE, Lünemann JD. Autophagy pathways in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103030. [PMID: 37001435 PMCID: PMC10709713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy comprises a growing range of cellular pathways, which occupy central roles in response to energy deprivation, organelle turnover and proteostasis. Over the years, autophagy has been increasingly linked to governing several aspects of immunity, including host defence against various pathogens, unconventional secretion of cytokines and antigen presentation. While canonical autophagy-mediated antigen processing in thymic epithelial cells supports the generation of a self-tolerant CD4+ T cell repertoire, mounting evidence suggests that deregulated autophagy pathways contribute to or sustain autoimmune responses. In animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), non-canonical autophagy pathways such as microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1 B-light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis can contribute to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II presentation of autoantigen, thereby amplifying autoreactive CD4+ T cell responses. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), increased type 1 interferon production is linked to excessive autophagy in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs). In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autophagy proteins contribute to pathological citrullination of autoantigen. Immunotherapies effective in autoimmune diseases modulate autophagy functions, and strategies harnessing autophagy pathways to restrain autoimmune responses have been developed. This review illustrates recent insights in how autophagy, distinct autophagy pathways and autophagy protein functions intersect with the evolution and progression of autoimmune diseases, focusing on MS, SLE and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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4
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Martins-Gomes C, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Modulation of Cell Death Pathways for Cellular Protection and Anti-Tumoral Activity: The Role of Thymus spp. Extracts and Their Bioactive Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021691. [PMID: 36675206 PMCID: PMC9864824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products used for their health-promoting properties have accompanied the evolution of humanity. Nowadays, as an effort to scientifically validate the health-promoting effects described by traditional medicine, an ever-growing number of bioactivities are being described for natural products and the phytochemicals that constitute them. Among them, medicinal plants and more specifically the Thymus genus spp., arise as products already present in the diet and with high acceptance, that are a source of phytochemicals with high pharmacological value. Phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoside derivatives, and terpenoids from Thymus spp. have been described for their ability to modulate cell death and survival pathways, much-valued bioactivities in the pharmaceutical industry, that continually sought-after new formulations to prevent undesired cell death or to control cell proliferation. Among these, wound treatment, protection from endogenous/exogenous toxic molecules, or the induction of selective cell death, such as the search for new anti-tumoral agents, arise as main objectives. This review summarizes and discusses studies on Thymus spp., as well as on compounds present in their extracts, with regard to their health-promoting effects involving the modulation of cell death or survival signaling pathways. In addition, studies regarding the main bioactive molecules and their cellular molecular targets were also reviewed. Concerning cell survival and proliferation, Thymus spp. present themselves as an option for new formulations designed for wound healing and protection against chemicals-induced toxicity. However, Thymus spp. extracts and some of their compounds regulate cell death, presenting anti-tumoral activity. Therefore Thymus spp. is a rich source of compounds with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
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5
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Li S, Li XJ, Yang W, He D. Microglial autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1065183. [PMID: 36704504 PMCID: PMC9872664 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1065183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by gradual and selective loss of neurons in the central nervous system. They affect more than 50 million people worldwide, and their incidence increases with age. Although most cases of AD and PD are sporadic, some are caused by genetic mutations that are inherited. Both sporadic and familial cases display complex neuropathology and represent the most perplexing neurological disorders. Because of the undefined pathogenesis and complex clinical manifestations, there is still no effective treatment for both AD and PD. Understanding the pathogenesis of these important neurodegenerative diseases is important for developing successful therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that microglial autophagy is associated with the pathogenesis of AD and PD, and its dysfunction has been implicated in disease progression. In this review, we focus on the autophagy function in microglia and its dysfunction in AD and PD disease models in an attempt to help our understanding of the pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dajian He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Peña-Martinez C, Rickman AD, Heckmann BL. Beyond autophagy: LC3-associated phagocytosis and endocytosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1702. [PMID: 36288309 PMCID: PMC9604515 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Noncanonical functions of the autophagy machinery in pathways including LC3-associated phagocytosis and LC3-associated endocytosis have garnered increasing interest in both normal physiology and pathobiology. New discoveries over the past decade of noncanonical uses of the autophagy machinery in these distinct molecular mechanisms have led to robust investigation into the roles of single-membrane LC3 lipidation. Noncanonical autophagy pathways have now been implicated in the regulation of multiple processes ranging from debris clearance, cellular signaling, and immune regulation and inflammation. Accumulating evidence is demonstrating roles in a variety of disease states including host-pathogen responses, autoimmunity, cancer, and neurological and neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we broadly summarize the differences in the mechanistic regulation between autophagy and LAP and LANDO and highlight some of the key roles of LAP and LANDO in innate immune function, inflammation, and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Peña-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexis D. Rickman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bradlee L. Heckmann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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7
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Daubeuf F, Schall N, Petit-Demoulière N, Frossard N, Muller S. An Autophagy Modulator Peptide Prevents Lung Function Decrease and Corrects Established Inflammation in Murine Models of Airway Allergy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092468. [PMID: 34572117 PMCID: PMC8472429 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of autophagy and its dysfunction in asthma is still poorly documented. By using a murine model of chronic house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation, we tested the expression of several autophagy markers in the lung and spleen of asthma-like animals. Compared to control mice, in HDM-sensitized and challenged mice, the expression of sequestosome-1/p62, a multifunctional adaptor protein that plays an important role in the autophagy machinery, was raised in the splenocytes. In contrast, its expression was decreased in the neutrophils recovered from the bronchoalveolar fluid, indicating that autophagy was independently regulated in these two compartments. In a strategy of drug repositioning, we treated allergen-sensitized mice with the therapeutic peptide P140 known to target chaperone-mediated autophagy. A single intravenous administration of P140 in these mice resulted in a significant reduction in airway resistance and elastance, and a reduction in the number of neutrophils and eosinophils present in the bronchoalveolar fluid. It corrected the autophagic alteration without showing any suppressive effect in the production of IgG1 and IgE. Collectively, these findings show that autophagy processes are altered in allergic airway inflammation. This cellular pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target for treating selected patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Daubeuf
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France; (F.D.); (N.P.-D.); (N.F.)
- CNRS UMS3286, Plate-Forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Schall
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell Signaling/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Nathalie Petit-Demoulière
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France; (F.D.); (N.P.-D.); (N.F.)
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell Signaling/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Nelly Frossard
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France; (F.D.); (N.P.-D.); (N.F.)
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell Signaling/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France;
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Yang G, Postoak JL, Song W, Martinez J, Zhang J, Wu L, Van Kaer L. Dendritic cell PIK3C3/VPS34 controls the pathogenicity of CNS autoimmunity independently of LC3-associated phagocytosis. Autophagy 2021; 18:161-170. [PMID: 33960279 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1922051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PIK3C3/VPS34 is a key player in macroautophagy/autophagy and MAP1LC3/LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which play critical roles in dendritic cell (DC) function. In this study, we assessed the contribution of PIK3C3 to DC function during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We found that Pik3c3-deficient DCs exhibit attenuated capacity to reactivate encephalitogenic T cells in the central nervous system, leading to reduced incidence and severity of EAE in DC-specific Pik3c3-deficient mice. Additionally, animals with a DC-specific deficiency in Rb1cc1/Fip200 but not Rubcn were protected against EAE, suggesting that the EAE phenotype of DC-specific Pik3c3-deficient mice is due to defective canonical autophagy rather than LAP. Collectively, our studies have revealed a critical role of PIK3C3 in DC function and the pathogenicity of these cells during EAE, with important implications for the development of immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Luke Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wenqiang Song
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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9
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Srimat Kandadai K, Kotur MB, Dokalis N, Amrein I, Keller CW, Münz C, Wolfer D, Prinz M, Lünemann JD. ATG5 in microglia does not contribute vitally to autoimmune neuroinflammation in mice. Autophagy 2021; 17:3566-3576. [PMID: 33522362 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1883880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, resident myeloid immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), actively shape the circuitry of the brain, maintain CNS homeostasis during the steady state and orchestrate immune responses upon CNS injury. Both canonical and non-canonical functions of the macroautophagy/autophagy-related protein ATG5 regulate myeloid cell survival and immune responses. Here, we report that loss of ATG5 in postnatal microglia does not perturb CNS tissue integrity, microglial cell survival, or immune activation. Learning task performances were unchanged in mutant mice. Furthermore, lack of ATG5 expression in microglia had no impact on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These data indicate that, basal autophagy, identified to be essential for the survival and function of neuronal cells, is not required to maintain CNS homeostasis if absent in adult microglia and ATG5 expression is dispensable for the development of autoimmune neuroinflammation.Abbreviations Ag, antigen; APC, antigen presenting cell; ATG/Atg, autophagy-related; CD, cluster of differentiation; CNS, central nervous system; DC, dendritic cell; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; fl, floxed; LAP, LC3-associated phagocytosis; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFI, median fluorescence intensity; MHCII, major histocompatibility complex class II; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MS, multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keertana Srimat Kandadai
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Monika B Kotur
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Dokalis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Amrein
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (Neuromodulbasics), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Wang X, Xu Z, Cai Y, Zeng S, Peng B, Ren X, Yan Y, Gong Z. Rheostatic Balance of Circadian Rhythm and Autophagy in Metabolism and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:616434. [PMID: 33330516 PMCID: PMC7732583 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.616434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are physical, behavioral and environmental cycles that respond primarily to light and dark, with a period of time of approximately 24 h. The most essential physiological functions of mammals are manifested in circadian rhythm patterns, including the sleep-wake cycle and nutrient and energy metabolism. Autophagy is a conserved biological process contributing to nutrient and cellular homeostasis. The factors affecting autophagy are numerous, such as diet, drugs, and aging. Recent studies have indicated that autophagy is activated rhythmically in a clock-dependent manner whether the organism is healthy or has certain diseases. In addition, autophagy can affect circadian rhythm by degrading circadian proteins. This review discusses the interaction and mechanisms between autophagy and circadian rhythm. Moreover, we introduce the molecules influencing both autophagy and circadian rhythm. We then discuss the drugs affecting the circadian rhythm of autophagy. Finally, we present the role of rhythmic autophagy in nutrient and energy metabolism and its significance in physiology and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bi Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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