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Shao X, Vishweswaraiah S, Čuperlović-Culf M, Yilmaz A, Greenwood CMT, Surendra A, McGuinness B, Passmore P, Kehoe PG, Maddens ME, Bennett SAL, Green BD, Radhakrishna U, Graham SF. Dementia with Lewy bodies post-mortem brains reveal differentially methylated CpG sites with biomarker potential. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1279. [PMID: 36418427 PMCID: PMC9684551 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common form of dementia with known genetic and environmental interactions. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms which reflect these gene-environment interactions are poorly studied. Herein, we measure genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of post-mortem brain tissue (Broadmann area 7) from 15 pathologically confirmed DLB brains and compare them with 16 cognitively normal controls using Illumina MethylationEPIC arrays. We identify 17 significantly differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) and 17 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the groups. The DMCs are mainly located at the CpG islands, promoter and first exon regions. Genes associated with the DMCs are linked to "Parkinson's disease" and "metabolic pathway", as well as the diseases of "severe intellectual disability" and "mood disorders". Overall, our study highlights previously unreported DMCs offering insights into DLB pathogenesis with the possibility that some of these could be used as biomarkers of DLB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Shao
- National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Miroslava Čuperlović-Culf
- National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, sand Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Yilmaz
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
- Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anuradha Surendra
- National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bernadette McGuinness
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael E Maddens
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
- Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Steffany A L Bennett
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, sand Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Uppala Radhakrishna
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
- Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Stewart F Graham
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
- Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA.
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2
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Zhang Z, Fan Q, Luo X, Lou K, Weiss WA, Shokat KM. Brain-restricted mTOR inhibition with binary pharmacology. Nature 2022; 609:822-828. [PMID: 36104566 PMCID: PMC9492542 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
On-target-off-tissue drug engagement is an important source of adverse effects that constrains the therapeutic window of drug candidates1,2. In diseases of the central nervous system, drugs with brain-restricted pharmacology are highly desirable. Here we report a strategy to achieve inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) while sparing mTOR activity elsewhere through the use of the brain-permeable mTOR inhibitor RapaLink-1 and the brain-impermeable FKBP12 ligand RapaBlock. We show that this drug combination mitigates the systemic effects of mTOR inhibitors but retains the efficacy of RapaLink-1 in glioblastoma xenografts. We further present a general method to design cell-permeable, FKBP12-dependent kinase inhibitors from known drug scaffolds. These inhibitors are sensitive to deactivation by RapaBlock, enabling the brain-restricted inhibition of their respective kinase targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiwen Fan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xujun Luo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Lou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Kumar S, Behl T, Sehgal A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Mani V, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Kaur S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, Sekar M, Abdel Daim MM. Exploring the focal role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32368-32382. [PMID: 35147886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major breakthroughs in our knowledge of how biology plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) have opened up fresh avenues designed to know the pathogenesis of disease and identify possible therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial abnormal functioning is a key cellular feature in the pathogenesis of PD. An enzyme, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), involved in both the idiopathic and familial PD risk, is a therapeutic target. LRRK2 has a link to the endolysosomal activity. Enhanced activity of the LRRK2 kinase, endolysosomal abnormalities and aggregation of autophagic vesicles with imperfectly depleted substrates, such as α-synuclein, are all seen in the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in PD. Despite the fact that LRRK2 is involved in endolysosomal and autophagic activity, it is undefined if inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity will prevent endolysosomal dysfunction or minimise the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The inhibitor's capability of LRRK2 kinase to inhibit endolysosomal and neuropathological alterations in human PD indicates that LRRK2 inhibitors could have significant therapeutic usefulness in PD. G2019S is perhaps the maximum common mutation in PD subjects. Even though LRRK2's well-defined structure has still not been established, numerous LRRK2 inhibitors have been discovered. This review summarises the role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | | | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistrty, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Science, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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4
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Li J, Ming Z, Yang L, Wang T, Liu G, Ma Q. Long noncoding RNA XIST: Mechanisms for X chromosome inactivation, roles in sex-biased diseases, and therapeutic opportunities. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1478-1492. [PMID: 36157489 PMCID: PMC9485286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism has been reported in various human diseases including autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and some types of cancers, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is involved in X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female placental mammals, a process that ensures the balanced expression dosage of X-linked genes between sexes. XIST is abnormally expressed in many sex-biased diseases. In addition, escape from XIST-mediated XCI and skewed XCI also contribute to sex-biased diseases. Therefore, its expression or modification can be regarded as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of many sex-biased diseases. Genetic manipulation of XIST expression can inhibit the progression of some of these diseases in animal models, and therefore XIST has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target. In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge about the mechanisms for XIST-mediated XCI and the roles of XIST in sex-biased diseases, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting XIST.
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5
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Patel A, Patel S, Mehta M, Patel Y, Langaliya D, Bhalodiya S, Bambharoliya T. Recent Update on the Development of Leucine- Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Med Chem 2022; 18:757-771. [PMID: 35168510 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220215122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a relatively common neurological disorder with incidence increasing with age. Since current medications only relieve the symptoms and do not change the course of the disease, therefore, finding disease-modifying therapies is a critical unmet medical need. However, significant progress in understanding how genetics underpins Parkinson's disease (PD) has opened up new opportunities for understanding disease pathogenesis and identifying possible therapeutic targets. One such target is leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), an elusive enzyme implicated in both familial and idiopathic PD risk. As a result, both academia and industry have promoted the development of potent and selective inhibitors of LRRK2. In this review, we have summarized recent progress on the discovery and development of LRKK2 inhibitors as well as the bioactivity of several small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors that have been used to inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Stuti Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Meshwa Mehta
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Yug Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhruv Langaliya
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Bhalodiya
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
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6
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Myasnikov A, Zhu H, Hixson P, Xie B, Yu K, Pitre A, Peng J, Sun J. Structural analysis of the full-length human LRRK2. Cell 2021; 184:3519-3527.e10. [PMID: 34107286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 regulates critical cellular processes at membranous organelles and forms microtubule-based pathogenic filaments, yet the molecular basis underlying these biological roles of LRRK2 remains largely enigmatic. Here, we determined high-resolution structures of full-length human LRRK2, revealing its architecture and key interdomain scaffolding elements for rationalizing disease-causing mutations. The kinase domain of LRRK2 is captured in an inactive state, a conformation also adopted by the most common PD-associated mutation, LRRK2G2019S. This conformation serves as a framework for structure-guided design of conformational specific inhibitors. We further determined the structure of COR-mediated LRRK2 dimers and found that single-point mutations at the dimer interface abolished pathogenic filamentation in cells. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into physiological and pathological roles of LRRK2 and establishes a structural template for future therapeutic intervention in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Myasnikov
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Cryo-EM and Tomography Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patricia Hixson
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Boer Xie
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kaiwen Yu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Aaron Pitre
- Cell & Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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7
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LRRK2 at the Crossroad of Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040505. [PMID: 33805527 PMCID: PMC8066012 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread occurrence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The etiology of PD is still far from clear, but aging has been considered as the highest risk factor influencing the clinical presentations and the progression of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that aging and PD induce common changes in multiple cellular functions, including redox imbalance, mitochondria dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. Age-dependent deteriorations in cellular dysfunction may predispose individuals to PD, and cellular damages caused by genetic and/or environmental risk factors of PD may be exaggerated by aging. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant PD and comprise the most common genetic causes of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-linked PD patients show clinical and pathological features indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients. Here, we review cellular dysfunctions shared by aging and PD-associated LRRK2 mutations and discuss how the interplay between the two might play a role in PD pathologies.
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8
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Zanetti C, Spitz S, Berger E, Bolognin S, Smits LM, Crepaz P, Rothbauer M, Rosser JM, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Schwamborn JC, Ertl P. Monitoring the neurotransmitter release of human midbrain organoids using a redox cycling microsensor as a novel tool for personalized Parkinson's disease modelling and drug screening. Analyst 2021; 146:2358-2367. [PMID: 33625407 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have aimed at developing a novel electrochemical sensing approach capable of detecting dopamine, the main biomarker in Parkinson's disease, within the highly complex cell culture matrix of human midbrain organoids in a non-invasive and label-free manner. With its ability to generate organotypic structures in vitro, induced pluripotent stem cell technology has provided the basis for the development of advanced patient-derived disease models. These include models of the human midbrain, the affected region in the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease. Up to now, however, the analysis of so-called human midbrain organoids has relied on time-consuming and invasive strategies, incapable of monitoring organoid development. Using a redox-cycling approach in combination with a 3-mercaptopropionic acid self-assembled monolayer modification enabled the increase of sensor selectivity and sensitivity towards dopamine, while simultaneously reducing matrix-mediated interferences. In this work, we demonstrate the ability to detect and monitor even small differences in dopamine release between healthy and Parkinson`s disease-specific midbrain organoids over prolonged cultivation periods, which was additionally verified using liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the detection of a phenotypic rescue in midbrain organoids carrying a pathogenic mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, upon treatment with the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitor II underlines the practical implementability of our sensing approach for drug screening applications as well as personalized disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Zanetti
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Zhou Q, Zhang MM, Liu M, Tan ZG, Qin QL, Jiang YG. LncRNA XIST sponges miR-199a-3p to modulate the Sp1/LRRK2 signal pathway to accelerate Parkinson's disease progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4115-4137. [PMID: 33494069 PMCID: PMC7906184 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease were established to investigate the effects of the lncRNA XIST/miR-199a-3p/Sp1/LRRK2 axis. The binding between XIST and miR-199a-3p as well as miR-199a-3p and Sp1 were examined by luciferase reporter assay and confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation analysis. Following the Parkinson’s disease animal behavioural assessment by suspension and swim tests, the brain tissue injuries were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling, and tyrosine hydroxylase stainings. The results indicated that miR-199a-3p expression was downregulated, whereas that of XIST, Sp1 and LRRK2 were upregulated in Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, miR-199a-3p overexpression or XIST knockdown inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by MPP+ treatment and promoted cell proliferation. The neurodegenerative defects were significantly recovered by treating the cells with shXIST or shSp1, whereas miR-199a-3p inhibition or Sp1 and LRRK2 overexpression abrogated these beneficial effects. Furthermore, the results of our in vivo experiments confirmed the neuroprotective effects of shXIST and miR-199a-3p against MPTP-induced brain injuries, and the Parkinson’s disease behavioural symptoms were effectively alleviated upon shXIST or miR-199a-3p treatment. In summary, the results of the present study showed that lncRNA XIST sponges miR-199a-3p to modulate Sp1 expression and further accelerates Parkinson’s disease progression by targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Lin Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Gang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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10
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Pathological Functions of LRRK2 in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122565. [PMID: 33266247 PMCID: PMC7759975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are common genetic risk factors for both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 have been shown to induce changes in its activity, and abnormal increase in LRRK2 kinase activity is thought to contribute to PD pathology. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying LRRK2-associated PD pathology are far from clear, however the identification of LRRK2 substrates and the elucidation of cellular pathways involved suggest a role of LRRK2 in microtubule dynamics, vesicular trafficking, and synaptic transmission. Moreover, LRRK2 is associated with pathologies of α-synuclein, a major component of Lewy bodies (LBs). Evidence from various cellular and animal models supports a role of LRRK2 in the regulation of aggregation and propagation of α-synuclein. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how pathogenic mutations dysregulate LRRK2 and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration.
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11
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Mancini A, Mazzocchetti P, Sciaccaluga M, Megaro A, Bellingacci L, Beccano-Kelly DA, Di Filippo M, Tozzi A, Calabresi P. From Synaptic Dysfunction to Neuroprotective Strategies in Genetic Parkinson's Disease: Lessons From LRRK2. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:158. [PMID: 32848606 PMCID: PMC7399363 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is thought to rely on a complex interaction between the patient’s genetic background and a variety of largely unknown environmental factors. In this scenario, the investigation of the genetic bases underlying familial PD could unveil key molecular pathways to be targeted by new disease-modifying therapies, still currently unavailable. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are responsible for the majority of inherited familial PD cases and can also be found in sporadic PD, but the pathophysiological functions of LRRK2 have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will review the evidence obtained in transgenic LRRK2 experimental models, characterized by altered striatal synaptic transmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, and α-synuclein aggregation. Interestingly, the processes triggered by mutant LRRK2 might represent early pathological phenomena in the pathogenesis of PD, anticipating the typical neurodegenerative features characterizing the late phases of the disease. A comprehensive view of LRRK2 neuronal pathophysiology will support the possible clinical application of pharmacological compounds targeting this protein, with potential therapeutic implications for patients suffering from both familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Miriam Sciaccaluga
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Megaro
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Bellingacci
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dayne A Beccano-Kelly
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Neuroscience Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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12
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Abstract
Recent evidence from genetics, animal model systems and biochemical studies suggests that defects in membrane trafficking play an important part in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) constitute the most frequent genetic cause of both familial and sporadic PD, and LRRK2 has been suggested as a druggable target for PD. Although the precise physiological function of LRRK2 remains largely unknown, mounting evidence suggests that LRRK2 controls membrane trafficking by interacting with key regulators of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and synaptic recycling. In this review, we discuss the genetic, biochemical and functional links between LRRK2 and membrane trafficking. Understanding the mechanism by which LRRK2 influences such processes may contribute to the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Ga Ram Jeong
- Department of Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Byoung Dae Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea
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13
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Chen Z, Shao T, Gao W, Fu H, Collier TL, Rong J, Deng X, Yu Q, Zhang X, Davenport AT, Daunais JB, Wey HY, Shao Y, Josephson L, Qiu WW, Liang S. Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of [ 11 C]GNE-1023 as a Potent PET Probe for Imaging Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) in Parkinson's Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1580-1585. [PMID: 31365783 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been demonstrated that PD is mainly conferred by LRRK2 mutations that bring about increased kinase activity. As a consequence, selective inhibition of LRRK2 may help to recover the normal functions of LRRK2, thereby serving as a promising alternative therapeutic target for PD treatment. The mapping of LRRK2 by positron emission tomography (PET) studies allows a thorough understanding of PD and other LRRK2-related disorders; it also helps to validate and translate novel LRRK2 inhibitors. However, no LRRK2 PET probes have yet been reported in the primary literature. Herein we present a facile synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [11 C]GNE-1023 as a novel potent PET probe for LRRK2 imaging in PD. [11 C]GNE-1023 was synthesized in good radiochemical yield (10 % non-decay-corrected RCY), excellent radiochemical purity (>99 %), and high molar activity (>37 GBq μmol-1 ). Excellent in vitro binding specificity of [11 C]GNE-1023 toward LRRK2 was demonstrated in cross-species studies, including rat and nonhuman primate brain tissues by autoradiography experiments. Subsequent whole-body biodistribution studies indicated limited brain uptake and urinary and hepatobiliary elimination of this radioligand. This study may pave the way for further development of a new generation of LRRK2 PET probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hualong Fu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - April T Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - James B Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wen-Wei Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Steven Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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14
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Shen B, Lin Y, Bi C, Zhou S, Bai Z, Zheng G, Zhou J. Translational Informatics for Parkinson's Disease: from Big Biomedical Data to Small Actionable Alterations. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2019; 17:415-429. [PMID: 31786313 PMCID: PMC6943761 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological disease in elderly people, and its morbidity and mortality are increasing with the advent of global ageing. The traditional paradigm of moving from small data to big data in biomedical research is shifting toward big data-based identification of small actionable alterations. To highlight the use of big data for precision PD medicine, we review PD big data and informatics for the translation of basic PD research to clinical applications. We emphasize some key findings in clinically actionable changes, such as susceptibility genetic variations for PD risk population screening, biomarkers for the diagnosis and stratification of PD patients, risk factors for PD, and lifestyles for the prevention of PD. The challenges associated with the collection, storage, and modelling of diverse big data for PD precision medicine and healthcare are also summarized. Future perspectives on systems modelling and intelligent medicine for PD monitoring, diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare are discussed in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Cheng Bi
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shengrong Zhou
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhongchen Bai
- Center for Translational Biomedical Informatics, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guangmin Zheng
- Center for Translational Biomedical Informatics, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Informatics, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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15
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Targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1953-1977. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a serine-threonine kinase involved in multiple cellular processes and signaling pathways. LRRK2 mutations are associated with autosomal-inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), and evidence suggests that LRRK2 pathogenic variants generally increase kinase activity. Therefore, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase function is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD treatment. The search for drug-like molecules capable of reducing LRRK2 kinase activity in PD led to the design of selective LRRK2 inhibitors predicted to be within the CNS drug-like space. This review highlights the journey that translates chemical tools for interrogating the role of LRRK2 in PD into promising drug candidates, addressing the challenges in discovering selective and brain-penetrant LRRK2 modulators and exploring the structure–activity relationship of distinct LRRK2 inhibitors.
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16
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Shore DGM, Sweeney ZK, Beresford A, Chan BK, Chen H, Drummond J, Gill A, Kleinheinz T, Liu X, Medhurst AD, McIver EG, Moffat JG, Zhu H, Estrada AA. Discovery of potent azaindazole leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors possessing a key intramolecular hydrogen bond - Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:674-680. [PMID: 30522953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's Disease (PD) represents a critical need in neurodegenerative medicine. Genetic mutations in LRRK2 are risk factors for the development of PD, and some of these mutations have been linked to increased LRRK2 kinase activity and neuronal toxicity in cellular and animal models. As such, research towards brain-permeable kinase inhibitors of LRRK2 has received much attention. In the course of a program to identify structurally diverse inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity, a 5-azaindazole series was optimized for potency, metabolic stability and brain penetration. A key design element involved the incorporation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond to increase permeability and potency against LRRK2. This communication will outline the structure-activity relationships of this matched pair series including the challenge of obtaining a desirable balance between metabolic stability and brain penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G M Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Zachary K Sweeney
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alan Beresford
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Bryan K Chan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason Drummond
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew Gill
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew D Medhurst
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Edward G McIver
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - John G Moffat
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anthony A Estrada
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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17
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Noyce A, Bandopadhyay R. Parkinson's Disease: Basic Pathomechanisms and a Clinical Overview. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 15:55-92. [PMID: 28674978 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PD is a common and a debilitating degenerative movement disorder. The number of patients is increasing worldwide and as yet there is no cure for the disease. The majority of existing treatments target motor symptom control. Over the last two decades the impact of the genetic contribution to PD has been appreciated. Significant discoveries have been made, which have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiological and molecular basis of PD. In this chapter we outline current knowledge of the clinical aspects of PD and the basic mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Noyce
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1, Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1, Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.
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18
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Ding X, Stasi LP, Ho MH, Zhao B, Wang H, Long K, Xu Q, Sang Y, Sun C, Hu H, Yu H, Wan Z, Wang L, Edge C, Liu Q, Li Y, Dong K, Guan X, Tattersall FD, Reith AD, Ren F. Discovery of 4-ethoxy-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-amines as potent, selective and orally bioavailable LRRK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1615-1620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Tomkins JE, Dihanich S, Beilina A, Ferrari R, Ilacqua N, Cookson MR, Lewis PA, Manzoni C. Comparative Protein Interaction Network Analysis Identifies Shared and Distinct Functions for the Human ROCO Proteins. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700444. [PMID: 29513927 PMCID: PMC5992104 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction cascades governed by kinases and GTPases are a critical component of the command and control of cellular processes, with the precise outcome partly determined by direct protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Here, we use the human ROCO proteins as a model for investigating PPI signaling events-taking advantage of the unique dual kinase/GTPase activities and scaffolding properties of these multidomain proteins. PPI networks are reported that encompass the human ROCO proteins, developed using two complementary approaches. First, using the recently developed weighted PPI network analysis (WPPINA) pipeline, a confidence-weighted overview of validated ROCO protein interactors is obtained from peer-reviewed literature. Second, novel ROCO PPIs are assessed experimentally via protein microarray screens. The networks derived from these orthologous approaches are compared to identify common elements within the ROCO protein interactome; functional enrichment analysis of this common core of the network identified stress response and cell projection organization as shared functions within this protein family. Despite the presence of these commonalities, the results suggest that many unique interactors and therefore some specialized cellular roles have evolved for different members of the ROCO proteins. Overall, this multi-approach strategy to increase the resolution of protein interaction networks represents a prototype for the utility of PPI data integration in understanding signaling biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Tomkins
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights CampusReadingUK
| | - Sybille Dihanich
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUSA
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Nicolò Ilacqua
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights CampusReadingUK
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUSA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights CampusReadingUK
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights CampusReadingUK
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
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20
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Bhayye SS, Roy K, Saha A. Molecular dynamics simulation study reveals polar nature of pathogenic mutations responsible for stabilizing active conformation of kinase domain in leucine-rich repeat kinase II. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-1059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Ding X, Dai X, Long K, Peng C, Andreotti D, Bamborough P, Eatherton AJ, Edge C, Jandu KS, Nichols PL, Philps OJ, Stasi LP, Wan Z, Xiang JN, Dong K, Dossang P, Ho MH, Li Y, Mensah L, Guan X, Reith AD, Ren F. Discovery of 5-substituent-N-arylbenzamide derivatives as potent, selective and orally bioavailable LRRK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4034-4038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Cryo-EM analysis of homodimeric full-length LRRK2 and LRRK1 protein complexes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8667. [PMID: 28819229 PMCID: PMC5561129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multidomain protein implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD), and currently one of the most promising therapeutic targets for drug design in Parkinson’s disease. In contrast, LRRK1, the closest homologue to LRRK2, does not play any role in PD. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single particle analysis to gain structural insight into the full-length dimeric structures of LRRK2 and LRRK1. Differential scanning fluorimetry-based screening of purification buffers showed that elution of the purified LRRK2 protein in a high pH buffer is beneficial in obtaining high quality cryo-EM images. Next, analysis of the 3D maps generated from the cryo-EM data show 16 and 25 Å resolution structures of full length LRRK2 and LRRK1, respectively, revealing the overall shape of the dimers with two-fold symmetric orientations of the protomers that is closely similar between the two proteins. These results suggest that dimerization mechanisms of both LRRKs are closely related and hence that specificities in functions of each LRRK are likely derived from LRRK2 and LRRK1’s other biochemical functions. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide 3D structural insights in LRRK2 and LRRK1 dimers in parallel.
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23
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Gancia E, De Groot M, Burton B, Clark DE. Discovery of LRRK2 inhibitors by using an ensemble of virtual screening methods. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2520-2527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Thomas JM, Li T, Yang W, Xue F, Fishman PS, Smith WW. 68 and FX2149 Attenuate Mutant LRRK2-R1441C-Induced Neural Transport Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:337. [PMID: 28119604 PMCID: PMC5222795 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is a large protein with implications in genetic and sporadic causes of Parkinson's disease. The physiological functions of LRRK2 are largely unknown. In this report, we investigated whether LRRK2 alters neural transport using live-cell imaging techniques and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrated that expression of the PD-linked mutant, LRRK2-R1441C, induced mitochondrial, and lysosomal transport defects in neurites of SH-SY5Y cells. Most importantly, recently identified GTP-binding inhibitors, 68 and FX2149, can reduce LRRK2 GTP-binding activity and attenuates R1441C-induced mitochondrial and lysosomal transport impairments. These results provide direct evidence and an early mechanism for neurite injury underlying LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration. This is the first report to show that LRRK2 GTP-binding activity plays a critical role during neurite transport, suggesting inhibition of LRRK2 GTP-binding could be a potential novel strategy for PD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Fishman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA; Neurology Service, VA Maryland Healthcare SystemBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Kang UB, Marto JA. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and Parkinson's disease. Proteomics 2016; 17. [PMID: 27723254 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multidomain protein that is expressed in many tissues and participates in numerous biological pathways. Mutations in LRRK2 are recognized as genetic risk factors for familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and may also represent causal factors in the more common sporadic form of PD. The structure of LRRK2 comprises a combination of GTPase, kinase, and scaffolding domains. This functional diversity, combined with a potentially central role in genetic and idiopathic PD motivates significant effort to further credential LRRK2 as a therapeutic target. Here, we review the current understanding for LRRK2 function in normal physiology and PD, with emphasis on insight gained from proteomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Beom Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Qin Q, Zhi LT, Li XT, Yue ZY, Li GZ, Zhang H. Effects of LRRK2 Inhibitors on Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 23:162-173. [PMID: 27943591 PMCID: PMC5248597 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most prevalent cause of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Because most pathogenic LRRK2 mutations result in enhanced kinase activity, it suggests that LRRK2 inhibitors may serve as a potential treatment for PD. To evaluate whether LRRK2 inhibitors are effective therapies for PD, it is crucial to know whether LRRK2 inhibitors will affect dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotransmission. However, to date, there is no study to investigate the impact of LRRK2 inhibitors on DAergic neurotransmission. AIMS To address this gap in knowledge, we examined the effects of three types of LRRK2 inhibitors (LRRK2-IN-1, GSK2578215A, and GNE-7915) on dopamine (DA) release in the dorsal striatum using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and DA neuron firing in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) using patch clamp in mouse brain slices. RESULTS We found that LRRK2-IN-1 at a concentration higher than 1 μM causes off-target effects and decreases DA release, whereas GSK2578215A and GNE-7915 do not. All three inhibitors at 1 μM have no effect on DA release and DA neuron firing rate. We have further assessed the effects of the inhibitors in two preclinical LRRK2 mouse models (i.e., BAC transgenic hG2019S and hR1441G) and demonstrated that GNE-7915 enhances DA release and synaptic vesicle mobilization/recycling. CONCLUSION GNE-7915 can be validated for further therapeutic development for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lian-Teng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xian-Ting Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guo-Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Fang F, Zhao Q, Li X, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Dissolving capability difference based sequential extraction: A versatile tool for in-depth membrane proteome analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 945:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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Choi I, Byun JW, Park SM, Jou I, Joe EH. LRRK2 Inhibits FAK Activity by Promoting FERM-mediated Autoinhibition of FAK and Recruiting the Tyrosine Phosphatase, SHP-2. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:269-276. [PMID: 27790061 PMCID: PMC5081473 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.5.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) causes an autosomal dominant and late-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we reported that LRRK2 directly binds to and phosphorylates the threonine 474 (T474)-containing Thr-X-Arg(Lys) (TXR) motif of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of FAK at tyrosine (Y) 397 residue (pY397-FAK), which is a marker of its activation. Mechanistically, however, it remained unclear how T474-FAK phosphorylation suppressed FAK activation. Here, we report that T474-FAK phosphorylation could inhibit FAK activation via at least two different mechanisms. First, T474 phosphorylation appears to induce a conformational change of FAK, enabling its N-terminal FERM domain to autoinhibit Y397 phosphorylation. This is supported by the observation that the levels of pY397-FAK were increased by deletion of the FERM domain and/or mutation of the FERM domain to prevent its interaction with the kinase domain of FAK. Second, pT474-FAK appears to recruit SHP-2, which is a phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating pY397-FAK. We found that mutation of T474 into glutamate (T474E-FAK) to mimic phosphorylation induced more strong interaction with SHP-2 than WT-FAK, and that pharmacological inhibition of SHP-2 with NSC-87877 rescued the level of pY397 in HEK293T cells. These results collectively show that LRRK2 suppresses FAK activation through diverse mechanisms that include the promotion of autoinhibition and/or the recruitment of phosphatases, such as SHP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Byun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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29
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LRRK2 regulates retrograde synaptic compensation at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12188. [PMID: 27432119 PMCID: PMC4960312 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease gene leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been implicated in a number of processes including the regulation of mitochondrial function, autophagy and endocytic dynamics; nevertheless, we know little about its potential role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Here we demonstrate that postsynaptic knockdown of the fly homologue of LRRK2 thwarts retrograde, homeostatic synaptic compensation at the larval neuromuscular junction. Conversely, postsynaptic overexpression of either the fly or human LRRK2 transgene induces a retrograde enhancement of presynaptic neurotransmitter release by increasing the size of the release ready pool of vesicles. We show that LRRK2 promotes cap-dependent translation and identify Furin 1 as its translational target, which is required for the synaptic function of LRRK2. As the regulation of synaptic homeostasis plays a fundamental role in ensuring normal and stable synaptic function, our findings suggest that aberrant function of LRRK2 may lead to destabilization of neural circuits. Mutations in the protein LRRK2 have been associated with Parkinson's disease but little is still known about the basic functions of the protein in the brain. Here the authors show that in fruit flies, LRRK2 regulates retrograde homeostatic synaptic compensation at the larval neuromuscular junction.
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30
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Jones S, Uusna J, Langel Ü, Howl J. Intracellular Target-Specific Accretion of Cell Penetrating Peptides and Bioportides: Ultrastructural and Biological Correlates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:121-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- Research
Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Uusna
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John Howl
- Research
Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
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31
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Valera E, Masliah E. Combination therapies: The next logical Step for the treatment of synucleinopathies? Mov Disord 2015; 31:225-34. [PMID: 26388203 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently there are no disease-modifying alternatives for the treatment of most neurodegenerative disorders. The available therapies for diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), PD dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), in which the protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) accumulates within neurons and glial cells with toxic consequences, are focused on managing the disease symptoms. However, using strategic drug combinations and/or multi-target drugs might increase the treatment efficiency when compared with monotherapies. Synucleinopathies are complex disorders that progress through several stages, and toxic α-Syn aggregates exhibit prion-like behavior spreading from cell to cell. Therefore, it follows that these neurodegenerative disorders might require equally complex therapeutic approaches to obtain significant and long-lasting results. Hypothetically, therapies aimed at reducing α-Syn accumulation and cell-to-cell transfer, such as immunotherapy against α-Syn, could be combined with agents that reduce neuroinflammation with potential synergistic outcomes. Here we review the current evidence supporting this type of approach, suggesting that such rational therapy combinations, together with the use of multi-target drugs, may hold promise as the next logical step for the treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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32
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Choi I, Kim B, Byun JW, Baik SH, Huh YH, Kim JH, Mook-Jung I, Song WK, Shin JH, Seo H, Suh YH, Jou I, Park SM, Kang HC, Joe EH. LRRK2 G2019S mutation attenuates microglial motility by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8255. [PMID: 26365310 PMCID: PMC4647842 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to brain injury, microglia rapidly extend processes that isolate lesion sites and protect the brain from further injury. Here we report that microglia carrying a pathogenic mutation in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated gene, G2019S-LRRK2 (GS-Tg microglia), show retarded ADP-induced motility and delayed isolation of injury, compared with non-Tg microglia. Conversely, LRRK2 knockdown microglia are highly motile compared with control cells. In our functional assays, LRRK2 binds to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phosphorylates its Thr–X–Arg/Lys (TXR/K) motif(s), eventually attenuating FAK activity marked by decreased pY397 phosphorylation (pY397). GS-LRRK2 decreases the levels of pY397 in the brain, microglia and HEK cells. In addition, treatment with an inhibitor of LRRK2 kinase restores pY397 levels, decreased pTXR levels and rescued motility of GS-Tg microglia. These results collectively suggest that G2019S mutation of LRRK2 may contribute to the development of PD by inhibiting microglial response to brain injury. In response to brain injury, microglia extend processes to isolate the lesion. Here Choi et al. show that microglia expressing a pathogenic mutation in the Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 gene show reduced motility and delayed lesion isolation in vitro and in vivo due to attenuated focal adhesion kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Beomsue Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Byun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Baik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Yun Hyun Huh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
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33
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Abdullah R, Basak I, Patil KS, Alves G, Larsen JP, Møller SG. Parkinson's disease and age: The obvious but largely unexplored link. Exp Gerontol 2015; 68:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Wallings R, Manzoni C, Bandopadhyay R. Cellular processes associated with LRRK2 function and dysfunction. FEBS J 2015; 282:2806-26. [PMID: 25899482 PMCID: PMC4522467 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-encoding gene are the most common cause of monogenic Parkinson's disease. The identification of LRRK2 polymorphisms associated with increased risk for sporadic Parkinson's disease, as well as the observation that LRRK2-Parkinson's disease has a pathological phenotype that is almost indistinguishable from the sporadic form of disease, suggested LRRK2 as the culprit to provide understanding for both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease cases. LRRK2 is a large protein with both GTPase and kinase functions. Mutations segregating with Parkinson's disease reside within the enzymatic core of LRRK2, suggesting that modification of its activity impacts greatly on disease onset and progression. Although progress has been made since its discovery in 2004, there is still much to be understood regarding LRRK2's physiological and neurotoxic properties. Unsurprisingly, given the presence of multiple enzymatic domains, LRRK2 has been associated with a diverse set of cellular functions and signalling pathways including mitochondrial function, vesicle trafficking together with endocytosis, retromer complex modulation and autophagy. This review discusses the state of current knowledge on the role of LRRK2 in health and disease with discussion of potential substrates of phosphorylation and functional partners with particular emphasis on signalling mechanisms. In addition, the use of immune cells in LRRK2 research and the role of oxidative stress as a regulator of LRRK2 activity and cellular function are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallings
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK.,UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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35
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Munoz L, Kavanagh ME, Phoa AF, Heng B, Dzamko N, Chen EJ, Doddareddy MR, Guillemin GJ, Kassiou M. Optimisation of LRRK2 inhibitors and assessment of functional efficacy in cell-based models of neuroinflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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Li T, He X, Thomas JM, Yang D, Zhong S, Xue F, Smith WW. A novel GTP-binding inhibitor, FX2149, attenuates LRRK2 toxicity in Parkinson's disease models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122461. [PMID: 25816252 PMCID: PMC4376719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), a cytoplasmic protein containing both GTP binding and kinase activities, has emerged as a highly promising drug target for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The majority of PD-linked mutations in LRRK2 dysregulate its GTP binding and kinase activities, which may contribute to neurodegeneration. While most known LRRK2 inhibitors are developed to target the kinase domain, we have recently identified the first LRRK2 GTP binding inhibitor, 68, which not only inhibits LRRK2 GTP binding and kinase activities with high potency in vitro, but also reduces neurodegeneration. However, the in vivo effects of 68 are low due to its limited brain penetration. To address this problem, we reported herein the design and synthesis of a novel analog of 68, FX2149, aimed at increasing the in vivo efficacy. Pharmacological characterization of FX2149 exhibited inhibition of LRRK2 GTP binding activity by ~90% at a concentration of 10 nM using in vitro assays. Furthermore, FX2149 protected against mutant LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration in SH-SY5Y cells at 50-200 nM concentrations. Importantly, FX2149 at 10 mg/kg (i.p.) showed significant brain inhibition efficacy equivalent to that of 68 at 20 mg/kg (i.p.), determined by mouse brain LRRK2 GTP binding and phosphorylation assays. Furthermore, FX2149 at 10 mg/kg (i.p.) attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia activation and LRRK2 upregulation in a mouse neuroinflammation model comparable to 68 at 20 mg/kg (i.p.). Our results highlight a novel GTP binding inhibitor with better brain efficacy, which represents a new lead compound for further understanding PD pathogenesis and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Xinhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph M. Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dejun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Shijun Zhong
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning, China
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FX); (WWS)
| | - Wanli W. Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FX); (WWS)
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37
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Dodson MW, Leung LK, Lone M, Lizzio MA, Guo M. Novel ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced null alleles of the Drosophila homolog of LRRK2 reveal a crucial role in endolysosomal functions and autophagy in vivo. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1351-63. [PMID: 25288684 PMCID: PMC4257004 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 cause a dominantly inherited form of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and are the most common known genetic determinant of PD. Inhibitor-based therapies targeting LRRK2 have emerged as a key therapeutic strategy in PD; thus, understanding the consequences of inhibiting the normal cellular functions of this protein is vital. Despite much interest, the physiological functions of LRRK2 remain unclear. Several recent studies have linked the toxicity caused by overexpression of pathogenic mutant forms of LRRK2 to defects in the endolysosomal and autophagy pathways, raising the question of whether endogenous LRRK2 might play a role in these processes. Here, we report the characterization of multiple novel ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced nonsense alleles in the Drosophila LRRK2 homolog, lrrk. Using these alleles, we show that lrrk loss-of-function causes striking defects in the endolysosomal and autophagy pathways, including the accumulation of markedly enlarged lysosomes that are laden with undigested contents, consistent with a defect in lysosomal degradation. lrrk loss-of-function also results in the accumulation of autophagosomes, as well as the presence of enlarged early endosomes laden with mono-ubiquitylated cargo proteins, suggesting an additional defect in lysosomal substrate delivery. Interestingly, the lysosomal abnormalities in these lrrk mutants can be suppressed by a constitutively active form of the small GTPase rab9, which promotes retromer-dependent recycling from late endosomes to the Golgi. Collectively, our data provides compelling evidence of a vital role for lrrk in lysosomal function and endolysosomal membrane transport in vivo, and suggests a link between lrrk and retromer-mediated endosomal recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Dodson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lok K Leung
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mohiddin Lone
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Lizzio
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Brain Research Institute, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Brain Research Institute, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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38
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Rudenko IN, Cookson MR. Heterogeneity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations: genetics, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:738-50. [PMID: 24957201 PMCID: PMC4391379 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation within and around the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we discuss the prevalence of LRRK2 substitutions in different populations and their association with PD, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathologically relevant LRRK2 mutations. Kinase activation was proposed as a universal molecular mechanism for all pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, but later reports revealed heterogeneity in the effect of mutations on different activities of LRRK2. One mutation (G2019S) increases kinase activity, whereas mutations in the Ras of complex proteins (ROC)-C-terminus of ROC (COR) bidomain impair the GTPase function of LRRK2. Some risk factor variants, including G2385R in the WD40 domain, actually decrease the kinase activity of LRRK2. We suggest a model where LRRK2 mutations exert different molecular mechanisms but interfere with normal cellular function of LRRK2 at different levels of the same downstream pathway. Finally, we discuss the current state of therapeutic approaches for LRRK2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakov N. Rudenko
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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39
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Indolinone based LRRK2 kinase inhibitors with a key hydrogen bond. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4630-4637. [PMID: 25219901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation G2019S is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). It enhances kinase activity and has been identified in both familial and sporadic cases. Kinase activity was reported to be required for LRRK2 mutants to exert their toxic effects. Hence LRRK2 kinase inhibition may be a promising therapeutic target for PD. Here we report on the discovery and characterization of indolinone based LRRK2 inhibitors. Indolinone 15b, the most potent and selective inhibitor of the present series, is characterized by an IC50 of 15nM against wild-type LRRK2 and 10nM against the LRRK2 G2019S mutant, respectively. Compound 15b was further evaluated in a kinase panel including 46 human protein kinases and in a zebrafish embryo phenotype assay, which enabled toxicity determination in whole organisms.
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40
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Li T, Yang D, Zhong S, Thomas JM, Xue F, Liu J, Kong L, Voulalas P, Hassan HE, Park JS, MacKerell AD, Smith WW. Novel LRRK2 GTP-binding inhibitors reduced degeneration in Parkinson's disease cell and mouse models. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6212-22. [PMID: 24993787 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) gene cause autosomal-dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) and contribute to sporadic PD. LRRK2 contains Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding, GTPase and kinase activities that have been implicated in the neuronal degeneration of PD pathogenesis, making LRRK2, a potential drug target. To date, there is no disease-modifying drug to slow the neuronal degeneration of PD and no published LRRK2 GTP domain inhibitor. Here, the biological functions of two novel GTP-binding inhibitors of LRRK2 were examined in PD cell and mouse models. Through a combination of computer-aided drug design (CADD) and LRRK2 bio-functional screens, two novel compounds, 68: and 70: , were shown to reduce LRRK2 GTP binding and to inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity in vitro and in cultured cell assays. Moreover, these two compounds attenuated neuronal degeneration in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and mouse primary neurons expressing mutant LRRK2 variants. Although both compounds inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity and reduced neuronal degeneration, solubility problems with 70: prevented further testing in mice. Thus, only 68: was tested in a LRRK2-based lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pre-inflammatory mouse model. 68: reduced LRRK2 GTP-binding activity and kinase activity in brains of LRRK2 transgenic mice after intraperitoneal injection. Moreover, LPS induced LRRK2 upregulation and microglia activation in mouse brains. These findings suggest that disruption of GTP binding to LRRK2 represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for PD intervention and that these novel GTP-binding inhibitors provide both tools and lead compounds for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dejun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shijun Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph M Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jingnan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Pamela Voulalas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hazem E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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41
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Chuang CL, Lu YN, Wang HC, Chang HY. Genetic dissection reveals that Akt is the critical kinase downstream of LRRK2 to phosphorylate and inhibit FOXO1, and promotes neuron survival. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5649-58. [PMID: 24916379 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex kinase and mutations in LRRK2 are perhaps the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the identification of the normal physiological function of LRRK2 remains elusive. Here, we show that LRRK2 protects neurons against apoptosis induced by the Drosophila genes grim, hid and reaper. Genetic dissection reveals that Akt is the critical downstream kinase of LRRK2 that phosphorylates and inhibits FOXO1, and thereby promotes survival. Like human LRRK2, Drosophila lrrk also promotes neuron survival; lrrk loss-of-function mutant displays reduced cell numbers, which can be rescued by LRRK2 expression. Importantly, LRRK2 G2019S and LRRK2 R1441C mutants impair the ability of LRRK2 to activate Akt, and fail to prevent apoptotic death. Ectopic expression of a constitutive active form of Akt hence is sufficient to rescue this functional deficit. These data establish that LRRK2 can protect neurons from apoptotic insult through a survival pathway in which LRRK2 signals to activate Akt, and then inhibits FOXO1. These results might indicate that a LRRK-Akt therapeutic pathway to promote neuron survival and to prevent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Chuang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning Lu
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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42
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Esteves AR, Swerdlow RH, Cardoso SM. LRRK2, a puzzling protein: insights into Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:206-16. [PMID: 24907399 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large, ubiquitous protein of unknown function. Mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 have been linked to familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) cases. The LRRK2 protein is a single polypeptide that displays GTPase and kinase activity. Kinase and GTPase domains are involved in different cellular signaling pathways. Despite several experimental studies associating LRRK2 protein with various intracellular membranes and vesicular structures such as endosomal/lysosomal compartments, the mitochondrial outer membrane, lipid rafts, microtubule-associated vesicles, the golgi complex, and the endoplasmic reticulum its broader physiologic function(s) remain unidentified. Additionally, the cellular distribution of LRRK2 may indicate its role in several different pathways, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, intracellular trafficking, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review discusses potential mechanisms through which LRRK2 may mediate neurodegeneration and cause PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raquel Esteves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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43
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Vancraenenbroeck R, De Raeymaecker J, Lobbestael E, Gao F, De Maeyer M, Voet A, Baekelandt V, Taymans JM. In silico, in vitro and cellular analysis with a kinome-wide inhibitor panel correlates cellular LRRK2 dephosphorylation to inhibitor activity on LRRK2. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:51. [PMID: 24917786 PMCID: PMC4042160 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex, multidomain protein which is considered a valuable target for potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD). In mammalian cells and brain, LRRK2 is phosphorylated and treatment of cells with inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity can induce LRRK2 dephosphorylation at a cluster of serines including Ser910/935/955/973. It has been suggested that phosphorylation levels at these sites reflect LRRK2 kinase activity, however kinase-dead variants of LRRK2 or kinase activating variants do not display altered Ser935 phosphorylation levels compared to wild type. Furthermore, Ser910/935/955/973 are not autophosphorylation sites, therefore, it is unclear if inhibitor induced dephosphorylation depends on the activity of compounds on LRRK2 or on yet to be identified upstream kinases. Here we used a panel of 160 ATP competitive and cell permeable kinase inhibitors directed against all branches of the kinome and tested their activity on LRRK2 in vitro using a peptide-substrate-based kinase assay. In neuronal SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing LRRK2 we used compound-induced dephosphorylation of Ser935 as readout. In silico docking of selected compounds was performed using a modeled LRRK2 kinase structure. Receiver operating characteristic plots demonstrated that the obtained docking scores to the LRRK2 ATP binding site correlated with in vitro and cellular compound activity. We also found that in vitro potency showed a high degree of correlation to cellular compound induced LRRK2 dephosphorylation activity across multiple compound classes. Therefore, acute LRRK2 dephosphorylation at Ser935 in inhibitor treated cells involves a strong component of inhibitor activity on LRRK2 itself, without excluding a role for upstream kinases. Understanding the regulation of LRRK2 phosphorylation by kinase inhibitors aids our understanding of LRRK2 signaling and may lead to development of new classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Vancraenenbroeck
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joren De Raeymaecker
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fangye Gao
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc De Maeyer
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Zhang Initiative Research Unit, Riken Saitama, Japan
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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44
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Afsari F, Christensen KV, Smith GP, Hentzer M, Nippe OM, Elliott CJH, Wade AR. Abnormal visual gain control in a Parkinson's disease model. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4465-78. [PMID: 24718285 PMCID: PMC4119403 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been revolutionized by the discovery of disease-causing genetic mutations. The most common of these is the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 kinase gene, which leads to increased kinase activity. However, the link between increased kinase activity and PD is unclear. Previously, we showed that dopaminergic expression of the human LRRK2-G2019S transgene in flies led to an activity-dependent loss of vision in older animals and we hypothesized that this may have been preceded by a failure to regulate neuronal activity correctly in younger animals. To test this hypothesis, we used a sensitive measure of visual function based on frequency-tagged steady-state visually evoked potentials. Spectral analysis allowed us to identify signals from multiple levels of the fly visual system and wild-type visual response curves were qualitatively similar to those from human cortex. Dopaminergic expression of hLRRK2-G2019S increased contrast sensitivity throughout the retinal network. To test whether this was due to increased kinase activity, we fed Drosophila with kinase inhibitors targeted at LRRK2. Contrast sensitivity in both day 1 and day 14 flies was normalized by a novel LRRK2 kinase inhibitor ‘BMPPB-32’. Biochemical and cellular assays suggested that BMPPB-32 would be a more specific kinase inhibitor than LRRK2-IN-1. We confirmed this in vivo, finding that dLRRK− null flies show large off-target effects with LRRK2-IN-1 but not BMPPB-32. Our data link the increased Kinase activity of the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation to neuronal dysfunction and demonstrate the power of the Drosophila visual system in assaying the neurological effects of genetic diseases and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth V Christensen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Garrick Paul Smith
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Hentzer
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Alex R Wade
- Department of Psychology, University of York, YO1 5DD York, UK
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45
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Liu HF, Lu S, Ho PWL, Tse HM, Pang SYY, Kung MHW, Ho JWM, Ramsden DB, Zhou ZJ, Ho SL. LRRK2 R1441G mice are more liable to dopamine depletion and locomotor inactivity. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:199-208. [PMID: 25356398 PMCID: PMC4184549 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) pose a significant genetic risk in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). R1441 mutation (R1441G/C) in its GTPase domain is found in familial PD. How LRRK2 interacts with synaptic proteins, and its role in dopamine (DA) homeostasis and synaptic vesicle recycling remain unclear. Methods To explore the pathogenic effects of LRRK2R1441G mutation on nigrostriatal synaptic nerve terminals and locomotor activity, we generated C57BL/6N mice with homozygous LRRK2R1441G knockin (KI) mutation, and examined for early changes in nigrostriatal region, striatal synaptosomal [3H]-DA uptake and locomotor activity after reserpine-induced DA depletion. Results Under normal conditions, mutant mice showed no differences, (1) in amount and morphology of nigrostriatal DA neurons and neurites, (2) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DA uptake transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) expression in striatum, (3) COX IV, LC3B, Beclin-1 expression in midbrain, (4) LRRK2 expression in total cell lysate from whole brain, (5) α-synuclein, ubiquitin, and tau protein immunostaining in midbrain, (6) locomotor activity, compared to wild-type controls. However, after a single intraperitoneal reserpine dose, striatal synaptosomes from young 3-month-old mutant mice demonstrated significantly lower DA uptake with impaired locomotor activity and significantly slower recovery from the effects of reserpine. Interpretation Although no abnormal phenotype was observed in mutant LRRK2R1441G mice, the KI mutation increases vulnerability to reserpine-induced striatal DA depletion and perturbed DA homeostasis resulting in presynaptic dysfunction and locomotor deficits with impaired recovery from reserpine. This subtle nigrostriatal synaptic vulnerability may reflect one of the earliest pathogenic processes in LRRK2-associated PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Song Lu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Man Tse
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Shirley Yin-Yu Pang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | | | - Jessica Wing-Man Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - David B Ramsden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong-Jun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Shu-Leong Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
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46
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Bhayye SS, Roy K, Saha A. Exploring structural requirement, pharmacophore modeling, and de novo design of LRRK2 inhibitors using homology modeling approach. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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47
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Estrada AA, Chan BK, Baker-Glenn C, Beresford A, Burdick DJ, Chambers M, Chen H, Dominguez SL, Dotson J, Drummond J, Flagella M, Fuji R, Gill A, Halladay J, Harris SF, Heffron TP, Kleinheinz T, Lee DW, Pichon CEL, Liu X, Lyssikatos JP, Medhurst AD, Moffat JG, Nash K, Scearce-Levie K, Sheng Z, Shore DG, Wong S, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhu H, Sweeney ZK. Discovery of Highly Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant Aminopyrazole Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Small Molecule Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:921-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Estrada
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan K. Chan
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Baker-Glenn
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Beresford
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Burdick
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Chambers
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Huifen Chen
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Sara L. Dominguez
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jennafer Dotson
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Drummond
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Flagella
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Reina Fuji
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gill
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Halladay
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Seth F. Harris
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P. Heffron
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Donna W. Lee
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E. Le Pichon
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P. Lyssikatos
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Medhurst
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Moffat
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Nash
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Scearce-Levie
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Zejuan Sheng
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G. Shore
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wong
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary K. Sweeney
- Departments of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Neurosciences, §Biochemical and Cellular
Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥Safety Assessment, and #Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Departments
of ∇Chemistry, ○Biochemical and
Cellular Pharmacology, and ◆Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
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48
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Olanow CW, Schapira AHV. Therapeutic prospects for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:337-47. [PMID: 24038341 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2001] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic therapies such as levodopa have provided benefit for millions of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and revolutionized the treatment of this disorder. However patients continue to experience disability despite the best of modern treatment. Dopaminergic and surgical therapies are associated with potentially serious side effects. Non-motor and non-dopaminergic features such as freezing, falling, and dementia are not adequately controlled with available medications and represent the major source of disability for advanced patients. And, the disease continues to relentlessly progress. Major therapeutic unmet needs include a dopaminergic therapy that is not associated with serious side effects, a therapy that addresses the non-motor and non-dopaminergic features of the disease, and a disease-modifying therapy that slows or stops disease progression. This review will consider current attempts to address these issues and the obstacles that must be overcome in order to develop more effective therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Warren Olanow
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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49
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Konsolaki M. Fruitful research: drug target discovery for neurodegenerative diseases in Drosophila. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1503-13. [PMID: 24151920 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.849691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although vertebrate model systems have obvious advantages in the study of human disease, invertebrate organisms have contributed enormously to this field as well. The conservation of genome structure and physiology among organisms poses unexpected peculiarities, and the redundancy in certain gene families or the presence of polymorphisms that can slightly alter gene expression can, in certain instances, bring invertebrate systems, such as Drosophila, closer to humans than mice and vice versa. This necessitates the analysis of disease pathways in multiple model organisms. AREAS COVERED The author highlights findings from Drosophila models of neurodegenerative diseases that have occurred in the past few years. She also highlights and discusses various molecular, genetic and genomic tools used in flies, as well as methods for generating disease models. Finally, the author describes Drosophila models of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's tri-nucleotide repeat diseases, and Fragile X syndrome and summarizes insights in disease mechanisms that have been discovered directly in fly models. EXPERT OPINION Full genome genetic screens in Drosophila can lead to the rapid identification of drug target candidates that can be subsequently validated in a vertebrate system. In addition, the Drosophila models of neurodegeneration may often show disease phenotypes that are absent in equivalent mouse models. The author believes that the extensive contribution of Drosophila to both new disease drug target discovery, in addition to target validation, makes them indispensible to drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Konsolaki
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Genetics, Nelson Biological Laboratories , Room AB422, Piscataway, NJ 08854 , USA +1 732 445 2813 ; +1 732 445 6920 ;
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50
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Marcinek P, Jha AN, Shinde V, Sundaramoorthy A, Rajkumar R, Suryadevara NC, Neela SK, van Tong H, Balachander V, Valluri VL, Thangaraj K, Velavan TP. LRRK2 and RIPK2 variants in the NOD 2-mediated signaling pathway are associated with susceptibility to Mycobacterium leprae in Indian populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73103. [PMID: 24015287 PMCID: PMC3756038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genome wide association studies have discovered a large number of gene loci that play a functional role in innate and adaptive immune pathways associated with leprosy susceptibility. The immunological control of intracellular bacteria M. leprae is modulated by NOD2-mediated signaling of Th1 responses. In this study, we investigated 211 clinically classified leprosy patients and 230 ethnically matched controls in Indian population by genotyping four variants in NOD2 (rs9302752A/G), LRRK2 (rs1873613A/G), RIPK2 (rs40457A/G and rs42490G/A). The LRRK2 locus is associated with leprosy outcome. The LRRK2 rs1873613A minor allele and respective rs1873613AA genotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk whereas the LRRK2 rs1873613G major allele and rs1873613GG genotypes confer protection in paucibacillary and leprosy patients. The reconstructed GA haplotypes from RIPK2 rs40457A/G and rs42490G/A variants was observed to contribute towards increased risk whereas haplotypes AA was observed to confer protective role. Our results indicate that a possible shared mechanisms underlying the development of these two clinical forms of the disease as hypothesized. Our findings confirm and validates the role of gene variants involved in NOD2-mediated signalling pathways that play a role in immunological control of intracellular bacteria M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marcinek
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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