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Ko SL, Tsao TP, Fong MC, Yin WH, Chang HY. Effects of mask-wearing on treadmill exercise test. Eur Heart J 2022. [PMCID: PMC9619489 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Concerning about the spread of COVID-19, World Health Organization recommends wearing facemasks to minimize viral transmission. Patients are required to wear facemasks while conducting treadmill exercise tests in hospitals. The effects of mask-wearing on the results of stress exercise testing remain uncertain. Purpose This study aims to assess the impact of mask-wearing on the physiological parameters during treadmill exercise testing. Methods Patients who underwent treadmill exercise test using the Bruce protocol for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease were retrospectively examined between 2020 and 2021. A propensity score matching was performed to adjust the baseline characteristics of patients with and without mask. Blood pressure, heart rate, exercise duration, and the interpretation of stress test were compared. The ischemic ST-segment response was defined as flat or downsloping depression of the ST seg-ment >0.1 mV below baseline and lasting longer than 0.08 second. Nondiagnostic result of treadmill exercise test was defined as absence of ischemic ST-segment response in which the 90% of maximal predicted heart rate for age and sex was not achieved. Results Following 1:1 propensity score matching, a total of 3,996 patients were enrolled for analysis, including 1,998 patients who performed treadmill exercise testing with masks, and 1,998 without masks. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups (mean age, 56.1±12.1 years; 38.7% female; mean body mass index, 25.5±3.9 kg/m2). At baseline, patients with masks had significantly higher heart rate (84.8±14.7 bpm vs. 82.5±14.0 bpm; p<0.001) and lower systolic blood pressure (130.4±19.0 mmHg vs. 132.4±18.7 mmHg; p=0.001) than those without masks. Patients with masks conducted significantly shorter duration of exercise (435±128 seconds vs. 481±133 seconds; p<0.001), achieved significantly lower measurement of peak heart rate (149.5±17.1 bpm vs. 152.7±17.0 bpm; p<0.001), and had significantly lower rate-pressure products (26,366±5,207 mmHg·bpm vs. 27,629±5,242 mmHg*bpm; p<0.001) than those without masks. The proportion of patients who were unable to complete stage II of the Bruce protocol was significantly higher among patients with masks (15.1% vs. 9.0%; p<0.001). The proportion of nondiagnostic result was significantly higher among patients with mask (12.2% vs. 8.8%; p<0.001), whereas the proportion of positive ischemic ST-segment response rate was significantly higher among patients without mask (28.1% vs. 23.3%; p=0.001). Conclusions Our study demonstrated that performing treadmill exercise test with mask could significantly decrease the duration of exercise, reduce the maximal achieved heart rate, decease the rate-pressure product, and thus reduce the diagnostic power of treadmill exercise testing. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Ko
- National Yang Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - T P Tsao
- Cheng-Hsin General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - M C Fong
- Cheng-Hsin General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - W H Yin
- Cheng-Hsin General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - H Y Chang
- Cheng-Hsin General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
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Hsiao MC, Huang TY, Yu BH, Chang TC, Chang HY, Sang TK. Whole-mount immunofluorescent labeling of the adult fly retina. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101430. [PMID: 35664260 PMCID: PMC9157552 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult Drosophila compound eye is an ideal in vivo model for studying biological questions. However, light microscopy of this tissue requires cumbersome embedding and sectioning. Here, we document detailed whole-mount procedures for immunolabeling the adult retina, enabling high-quality studies of fluorescent-tagged targets with straightforward preparations. We describe the steps for visualizing the nuclear lamina, membrane-associated protein, and actin-rich rhabdomere, but this robust protocol can apply to other cellular structures and target proteins. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Chang et al. (2021). Reproducible protocol to study fluorescent-marked targets in adult Drosophila retina Utilizes straightforward immunolabeling and mounting techniques Can be performed in pupal eyes with modified tissue isolation procedures
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chun Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30031, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30031, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Hua Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30031, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Chia Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30031, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30031, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30031, Taiwan
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Liu CY, Kung PT, Chang HY, Hsu YH, Tsai WC. Influence of Admission Time on Health Care Quality and Utilization in Patients with Stroke: Analysis for a Possible July Effect and Weekend Effect. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182312362. [PMID: 34886086 PMCID: PMC8656472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(1) Purpose: Undesirable health care outcomes could conceivably increase as a result of the entry of new, less experienced health care personnel into patient care during the month of July (the July effect) or as a result of the less balanced allocation of health care resources on weekends (the weekend effect). Whether these two effects were present in Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) system was investigated. (2) Methods: The current study data were acquired from the NHI Research Database. The research sample comprised ≥18-year-old patients diagnosed as having a stroke for the first time from 1 January 2006 to 30 September 2012. The mortality rate within 30 days after hospitalization and readmission rate within 14 days after hospital discharge were used as health care quality indicators, whereas health care utilization indicators were the total length and cost of initial hospitalization. (3) Results: The results revealed no sample-wide July effect with regard to the four indicators among patients with stroke. However, an unexpected July effect was present among in-patients in regional and public hospitals, in which the total lengths and costs of initial hospitalization for non-July admissions were higher than those for July admissions. Furthermore, the total hospitalization length for weekend admissions was 1.06–1.07 times higher than that for non-weekend admissions; the total hospitalization length for weekend admissions was also higher than that for weekday admissions during non-July months. Thus, weekend admission did not affect the health care quality of patients with stroke but extended their total hospitalization length. (4) Conclusions: Consistent with the NHI’s general effectiveness in ensuring fair, universally accessible, and high-quality health care services in Taiwan, the health care quality of patients examined in this study did not vary significantly overall between July and non-July months. However, a longer hospitalization length was observed for weekend admissions, possibly due to limitations in personnel and resource allocations during weekends. These results highlight the health care efficiency of hospitals during weekends as an area for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Liu
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (H.-Y.C.)
- Department of Education, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Yueh-Han Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmansion Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 600566, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmansion Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 600566, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan 736302, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (H.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22994045; Fax: +886-4-22993643
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Gao Z, Shao JJ, Zhang GL, Ge SD, Chang YY, Xiao L, Chang HY. Development of an indirect ELISA to specifically detect antibodies against African swine fever virus: bioinformatics approaches. Virol J 2021; 18:97. [PMID: 33952293 PMCID: PMC8097255 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF), characterized by acute, severe, and fast-spreading, is a highly lethal swine infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which has caused substantial economic losses to the pig industry worldwide in the past 100 years. METHODS This study started with bioinformatics methods and verified the epitope fusion protein method's reliability that does not rely on traditional epitope identification. Meanwhile, it will also express and purify the constructed genes through prokaryotic expression and establish antibody detection methods. RESULTS The results indicated that the protein had good reactivity and did not cross-react with other swine diseases. The receiver-operating characteristic analysis was performed to verify the determination. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.9991 (95% confidence interval 0.9973 to 1.001). CONCLUSIONS It was proved that the recombinant protein is feasible as a diagnostic antigen to distinguish ASFV and provides a new idea for ASFV antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Guang-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Su-Dan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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Chi H, Sun L, Shiu RH, Han R, Hsieh CP, Wei TM, Lo CC, Chang HY, Sang TK. Cleavage of human tau at Asp421 inhibits hyperphosphorylated tau induced pathology in a Drosophila model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13482. [PMID: 32778728 PMCID: PMC7417559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated and truncated tau variants are enriched in neuropathological aggregates in diseases known as tauopathies. However, whether the interaction of these posttranslational modifications affects tau toxicity as a whole remains unresolved. By expressing human tau with disease-related Ser/Thr residues to simulate hyperphosphorylation, we show that despite severe neurodegeneration in full-length tau, with the truncation at Asp421, the toxicity is ameliorated. Cytological and biochemical analyses reveal that hyperphosphorylated full-length tau distributes in the soma, the axon, and the axonal terminal without evident distinction, whereas the Asp421-truncated version is mostly restricted from the axonal terminal. This discrepancy is correlated with the fact that fly expressing hyperphosphorylated full-length tau, but not Asp421-cleaved one, develops axonopathy lesions, including axonal spheroids and aberrant actin accumulations. The reduced presence of hyperphosphorylated tau in the axonal terminal is corroborated with the observation that flies expressing Asp421-truncated variants showed less motor deficit, suggesting synaptic function is preserved. The Asp421 cleavage of tau is a proteolytic product commonly found in the neurofibrillary tangles. Our finding suggests the coordination of different posttranslational modifications on tau may have an unexpected impact on the protein subcellular localization and cytotoxicity, which may be valuable when considering tau for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Lee Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Huei Shiu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Rui Han
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Wei
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chuan Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Ou HW, Fang ML, Chou MS, Chang HY, Shiao TF. Long-term evaluation of activated carbon as an adsorbent for biogas desulfurization. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2020; 70:641-648. [PMID: 32343197 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1754305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as an adsorbent for biogas desulfurization. Biogas containing 932-2,350 ppm of H2S was collected from an anaerobic digester to treat the wastewater from a dairy farm with about 200 cows. An adsorption test was performed by introducing the biogas to a column that was packed with approximately 50 L of commercial GAC. The operation ceased if the effluent gas had an H2S concentration of over 100 ppm. The GAC was replaced by a given weight of new GAC in a subsequent test. According to the results, for H2S concentrations in the range of 932-1,560 ppm (average±SD = 1,260 ± 256 ppm), 1 kg of the GAC yielded biogas treatment capacities of 568 ± 112 m3 and H2S adsorption capacities of 979 ± 235 g. For the higher influent H2S concentrations of 2,110 ± 219 ppm, the biogas treatment and H2S-adsorption capacities decreased to 229 ± 18 m3 and 668 ± 47 g, respectively. An estimation indicated a requisite cost of US$16.5 for the purification of 1,000 m3 of biogas containing 2,110 ppm of H2S. This cost is approximately 5% of US$330, the value of 1,000 m3 of biogas. IMPLICATIONS Biogas generated from anaerobic digesters of animal manure and municipal wastewater sludge contains hydrogen sulfide which must be removed before it can be combusted in electricity-generation engines. This study demonstrated that commercial activated carbon adsorption can be an economical and effective approach for removing hydrogen sulfide from biogas. In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as an adsorbent for biogas desulfurization. The biogas containing 932-2,350 ppm of H2S was collected from an anaerobic digester for treating wastewater collected from a 200 dairy farm. The adsorption test was performed by introducing the biogas to a PVC column packed with a commercial GAC of around 50 L. Operation ceased if the effluent gas had an H2S concentration of over 100 ppm. A given weight of the new GAC was replaced for a successive test.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Ou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Livestock Research Institute , Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - M L Fang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Super Micro Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University , Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - M S Chou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - H Y Chang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - T F Shiao
- Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Livestock Research Institute , Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chung WS, Kung PT, Chang HY, Tsai WC. Demographics and medical disorders associated with smoking: a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:702. [PMID: 32414354 PMCID: PMC7227312 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated factors associated with smoking behaviors. In this population-based study, we investigated demographics and medical comorbid diseases to establish a prediction model for smoking behaviors by using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Methods We enrolled individuals aged ≥40 years who had participated in the NHIS in 2001, 2005, and 2009. We identified the smoking behaviors of the study participants in the NHIS. Smoking behaviors were divided into ever smokers (current smokers and ex-smokers) and nonsmokers (never smokers).We defined medical comorbid disorders of the study participants by using medical claim data from the NHIRD. We used multivariable logistic regression models to calculate the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for variables associated with smoking. The significant variables in the multivariable model were included in the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) to predict the sensitivity and specificity of the model. Results In total, 26,375 participants (12,779 men and 13,596 women) were included in the analysis. The prevalence of smoking was 39.29%. The mean ages of the 16,012 nonsmokers were higher than those of the 10,363 smokers (57.86 ± 12.92 years vs. 53.59 ± 10.82 years). Men outnumbered women among smokers (68.18% vs. 31.82%). Male sex, young age and middle age, being insured categories, residence in suburban areas, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were independent factors associated with smoking. The area under the ROC curve of these significant factors to predict smoking behaviors was 71.63%. Conclusion Sex, age, insured categories, residence in suburban areas, and COPD were associated with smoking in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road,, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tseng Kung
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road,, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Tsai
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road,, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Abstract
The discovery of extensive transcription of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) provide an important new perspective on the centrality of RNA in gene regulation. I will discuss genome-scale strategies to discover and characterize lncRNAs, including RNA chemical modifications and RNA structures. LncRNAs form extensive networks of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes with numerous chromatin regulators, and target these enzymatic activities to appropriate locations in the genome. Long noncoding RNAs can function as modular scaffolds to specify higher order organization in RNP complexes and in chromatin states. A new emerging theme is that DNA elements that mediate lncRNA expression can also have powerful effects in controlling chromatin neighborhoods, which alter oncogene expression and activity. The importance of these modes of regulation is underscored by the newly recognized roles of long RNAs in human diseases.
Citation Format: HY Chang. Genome regulation by long noncoding RNA genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr BS1-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- HY Chang
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Li SF, Gong MJ, Shao JJ, Sun YF, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Antiviral activity of merimepodib against foot and mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:226-232. [PMID: 31386979 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of family Picornaviridae, belongs to the genus Aphthovirus, which causes foot and mouth disease (FMD), a highly transmissible disease that affects cloven-hoof animals. In spite of the fact that efficient vaccines are available, effective antiviral molecules for FMD are needed to reduce viral infection during early stages of infection. In this study, merimepodib was found to efficiently inhibit FMDV replication in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of merimepodib antiviral activity against two distinct FMDV strains (O/MYA98/BY/2010 and A/GD/MM/CHA/2013) was estimated to be 7.859 and 2.876 μM, respectively, while the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of merimepodib was found to be 47.74 μM. Furthermore, treatment with 30 μg merimepodib efficiently prolonged the survival time of suckling mice infected with FMDV. Taken together, these results suggested that merimepodib has the potential to be a novel antiviral agent against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yue-Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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Gong MJ, Chang YY, Shao JJ, Li SF, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Antiviral effect of amiloride on replication of foot and mouth disease virus in cell culture. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103638. [PMID: 31326561 PMCID: PMC7125800 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, amiloride was shown to potently suppress Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) replication. In the current study, we investigated whether amiloride could also exhibit antiviral activity against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the same family (Picornaviridae) as CVB3. We found that amiloride exerted antiviral activity in a dose-dependent manner against two strains of FMDV in IBRS-2 cells, with slight cytotoxicity at 1000 μM. Besides, amiloride did not inhibit the attachment and entry of FMDV in IBRS-2 cells, but prevented early viral replication. These data implied that amiloride could be a promising candidate for further research as a potential antiviral drug against FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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Gong MJ, Li SF, Xie YL, Zhao FR, Shao JJ, Zhang YG, Wang WH, Chang HY. Inhibitory effects of homoharringtonine on foot and mouth disease virus in vitro. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1595-1601. [PMID: 31032977 PMCID: PMC7166808 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoof animals including cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and lots of wild species. Effectively control measures are urged needed. Here, we showed that homoharringtonine treatment exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against two different strains of FMDVs (O/MYA98/BY/2010 and A/GD/MM/2013) in swine kidney (IBRS-2) cells. Further experiments demonstrated that homoharringtonine did not affect virus attachment or entry. Using time-of-addition assays, we found that the antiviral activity of homoharringtonine occurred primarily during the early stage of infection. These results demonstrated that homoharringtonine might be an effective anti-FMDV drug. Further studies are required to explore the antiviral activity of homoharringtonine against FMDV replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jiao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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12
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Li SF, Gong MJ, Sun YF, Shao JJ, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Antiviral activity of brequinar against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:108982. [PMID: 31146110 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most highly contagious animal disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals. However, the FMD vaccine does not provide effective protection until adaptive immune protection elicited by the vaccination occurs. Therefore, an alternative application of antiviral agents for inhibition of the FMD virus (FMDV) is needed. Here, we demonstrated that brequinar could exhibit antiviral activity in swine kidney cells (IBRS-2 cells) infected with two different FMDV serotypes. Subsequently, in vivo activity of brequinar was confirmed in a mouse model of infection. Specifically, brequinar at a concentration of 50 μg, provided 25% protection for 5 days following FMDV challenge. These results suggested that brequinar could be used as effective antiviral agent against FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yue-Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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13
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Li SF, Gong MJ, Sun YF, Shao JJ, Zhang YG, Chang HY. In Vitro and in Vivo Antiviral Activity of Mizoribine Against Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091723. [PMID: 31058822 PMCID: PMC6539406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has significant economic consequences in affected countries. As the currently available vaccines against FMD provide no protection until 4–7 days post-vaccination, the only alternative method to control the spread of FMD virus (FMDV) during outbreaks is the application of antiviral agents. Hence, it is important to identify effective antiviral agents against FMDV infection. In this study, we found that mizoribine has potent antiviral activity against FMDV replication in IBRS-2 cells. A time-of-drug-addition assay demonstrated that mizoribine functions at the early stage of replication. Moreover, mizoribine also showed antiviral effect on FMDV in vivo. In summary, these results revealed that mizoribine could be a potential antiviral drug against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yue-Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Chen HJ, Chuang SY, Chang HY, Pan WH. Energy intake at different times of the day: Its association with elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:390-397. [PMID: 30782508 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study examined the association between macronutrient intake at different times of the day and blood lipid levels. METHODS AND RESULTS The study was based on the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, a cross-sectional study of non-institutionalized and non-pregnant healthy adults (≥19-years-old). A one-day (24 h) dietary recall assessed participants' food intake. Fasting plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were determined. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was estimated based on the Friedewald formula. According to the data of eligible subjects (n = 1283), the time of energy intake was categorized into three meal times 0500-0929 (morning), 1130-1329 (noon), and 1730-2029 (evening), along with three snack times 0930-1129 (mid-morning), 1330-1729 (afternoon), and 2030-0459 (night). Energy and macronutrient intake were calculated for the 6 time periods, based on 24 h recall data. An adjusted regression model showed that by transferring 100 kcal intake at night to the morning or noon, LDL cholesterol would be lower by 1.46 (95% CI: 2.42-0.50) and 1.27 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.24-0.30), respectively. Transferring 100 kcal of fat intake at night to earlier periods was associated with a lower LDL cholesterol level, especially transferring to noontime (significantly lower by 5.21 mg/dL, 95% CI: [7.42-2.99]) and evening (significantly lower by 3.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: [6.29-0.08]). CONCLUSIONS Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol had the same pattern of association with the timing of energy intake. The study showed that elevated total and LDL cholesterol were positively associated with nighttime energy and fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chen
- Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - S Y Chuang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - H Y Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - W H Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Chang HY, Xie RX, Zhang L, Fu LZ, Zhang CT, Chen HH, Wang ZQ, Zhang Y, Quan FS. Overexpression of miR-101-2 in donor cells improves the early development of Holstein cow somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4662-4673. [PMID: 30879805 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies have suggested that microRNA play a part in regulating multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, the cell cycle, and embryo development. This study explored the effects of miR-101-2 on donor cell physiological status and the development of Holstein cow somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos in vitro. Holstein cow bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFF) overexpressing miR-101-2 were used as donor cells to perform SCNT; then, cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, inner cell mass-to-trophectoderm ratio, and the expression of some development- and apoptosis-related genes in different groups were analyzed. The miR-101-2 suppressed the expression of inhibitor of growth protein 3 (ING3) at mRNA and protein levels, expedited cell proliferation, and decreased apoptosis in BFF, suggesting that ING3, a target gene of miR-101-2, is a potential player in this process. Moreover, by utilizing donor cells overexpressing miR-101-2, the development of bovine SCNT embryos in vitro was significantly enhanced; the apoptotic rate in SCNT blastocysts was reduced, and the inner cell mass-to-trophectoderm ratio and SOX2, POU5F1, and BCL2L1 expression significantly increased, whereas BAX and ING3 expression decreased. Collectively, these findings suggest that miR-101-2 promotes BFF proliferation and vitality, reduces their apoptosis, and improves the early development of SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - R X Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Z Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - C T Zhang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Xining, Xining 810003, Qinghai, China
| | - H H Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Q Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - F S Quan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Li SF, Gong MJ, Zhao FR, Shao JJ, Xie YL, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Type I Interferons: Distinct Biological Activities and Current Applications for Viral Infection. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 51:2377-2396. [PMID: 30537741 DOI: 10.1159/000495897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are a primary defense against pathogens because of the strong antiviral activities they induce. IFNs can be classified into three groups: type I, type II and type III, according to their genetic, structural, and functional characteristics and their receptors on the cell surface. The type I IFNs are the largest group and include IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-ω, IFN-κ, IFN-δ, IFN-τ and IFN-ζ. The use of IFNs for the treatment of viral infectious diseases on their antiviral activity may become an important therapeutic option, for example, IFN-α is well known for the successful treatment of hepatitis B and C virus infections, and interest is increasing in the antiviral efficacy of other novel IFN classes and their potential applications. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of the biological activities of all the type I IFN classes and their potential applications in the treatment of infections with immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis viruses, and influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou,
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17
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Li SF, Gong MJ, Xie YL, Shao JJ, Zhao FR, Zhang YG, Chang HY. A novel type I interferon, interferon alphaomega, shows antiviral activity against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:79-84. [PMID: 30500407 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel type I interferon alphaomega (IFN-αω), also known as IFN-μ, was identified. However, the biological activity of IFN-αω remain poorly understood. In this study, the porcine IFN-αω (PoIFN-αω) was expressed, purified, and its antiviral activities assessed by its ability to inhibit the cytopathic effect caused by FMDV on IBRS-2 cells. In addition, q-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of IFN-stimulated genes induced by PoIFN-αω. It was found that PoIFN-αω exerted effective antiviral activity against FMDV pre- and post-infection. Additionally, PoIFN-αω induced the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes, including Mx1, ISG15, OAS1, and PKR genes. Our study reported a new indication of PoIFN-αω as an effective anti-FMDV agent for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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18
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Li SF, Zhao FR, Gong MJ, Shao JJ, Xie YL, Chang HY, Zhang YG. Antiviral activity of porcine interferon omega 7 against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro. J Med Virol 2018; 91:208-214. [PMID: 30039874 PMCID: PMC7166596 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is a disease of worldwide economic importance, and vaccines play an important role in preventing FMDV outbreaks. However, new control strategies are still needed since FMDV outbreaks still occur in some disease‐free countries. Currently, interferon (IFN)‐based strategies have been demonstrated to be an efficient biotherapeutic option against FMDV; however, interferon omega (IFN‐ω) has not yet been assessed in this capacity. Thus, this study evaluated the antiviral activity of porcine IFN omega 7 (PoIFN‐ω7) against FMDV. After the PoIFN‐ω7 was expressed and purified, cell proliferation assays and quantitative real‐time reverse transciption‐polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the effective anti‐cytopathic concentration of PoIFN‐ω7 and its effectiveness pre‐ and post‐infection with FMDV in swine kidney cells (IBRS‐2). Results showed the rHis‐PoIFN‐ω7 fusion protein was considerably expressed using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain, and the recombinant protein exhibited significant in vitro protection against FMDV, including two strains belonging to type O and A FMDV, respectively. In addition, PoIFN‐ω7 upregulated the transcription of Mx1, ISG15, OAS1, and PKR genes. These findings indicated that IFN‐ω has the potential for serving as a useful therapeutic agent to prevent FMDV or other viral outbreaks in pigs. PoIFN‐ω7 exerted effective antiviral activity against FMDV pre‐ and post‐infection in vitro. PoIFN‐ω7 induced the transcription of IFN‐stimulated genes, including Mx1, ISG15, OAS1, and PKR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention and Control Technology Team, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention and Control Technology Team, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention and Control Technology Team, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention and Control Technology Team, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention and Control Technology Team, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention and Control Technology Team, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention and Control Technology Team, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Chi H, Chang HY, Sang TK. Neuronal Cell Death Mechanisms in Major Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3082. [PMID: 30304824 PMCID: PMC6213751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death in the central nervous system has always been a challenging process to decipher. In normal physiological conditions, neuronal cell death is restricted in the adult brain, even in aged individuals. However, in the pathological conditions of various neurodegenerative diseases, cell death and shrinkage in a specific region of the brain represent a fundamental pathological feature across different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will briefly go through the general pathways of cell death and describe evidence for cell death in the context of individual common neurodegenerative diseases, discussing our current understanding of cell death by connecting with renowned pathogenic proteins, including Tau, amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein, huntingtin and TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
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20
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Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that mainly localizes to the axon to stabilize axonal microtubule structure and neuronal connectivity. Tau pathology is one of the most common proteinopathies that associates with age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and various Parkinsonism. Tau protein undergoes a plethora of intra-molecular modifications and some altered forms promote the production of toxic oligomeric tau and paired helical filaments, and through which further assemble into neurofibrillary tangles, also known as tauopathy. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances of the tauopathy research, primarily focusing on its association with the early axonal manifestation of axonal transport defect, axonal mitochondrial stress, autophagic vesicle accumulation and the proceeding of axon destruction, and the pathogenic Tau spreading across the synapse. Two alternative strategies either by targeting tau protein itself or by improving the age-related physiological decline are currently racing to find the hopeful treatment for tauopathy. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to combat this devastating condition that has already affected millions of people in our aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yun Chang
- Department of Medical Science, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Department of Medical Science, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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21
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Chang HY, Seo JH, Kwon JW, Suh DI, Cho HJ, Yoon J, Kim EJ, Lee JS, Shin YJ, Hong SJ. Independent association among suicidal ideation, asthma, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adolescents. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1671-1674. [PMID: 28985451 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Sunflower Center of Southern Gyeonggi for Women and Children Victims of Violence, Suwon, Korea
| | - J-H Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dangook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - J-W Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - D I Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-J Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - E-J Kim
- Division of Allergy and Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korean National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - J-S Lee
- Korean National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - Y-J Shin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-J Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Chang HY. Change in sugar sweetened beverage consumption and crelated biomarkers and nutrient in adolescents. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- HY Chang
- National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
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23
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Li SF, Zhao FR, Shao JJ, Xie YL, Chang HY, Zhang YG. Interferon-omega: Current status in clinical applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:253-260. [PMID: 28957693 PMCID: PMC7106160 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since 1985, interferon (IFN)-ω, a type I IFN, has been identified in many animals, but not canines and mice. It has been demonstrated to have antiviral, anti-proliferation, and antitumor activities that are similar to those of IFN-α. To date, IFN-ω has been explored as a treatment option for some diseases or viral infections in humans and other animals. Studies have revealed that human IFN-ω displays antitumor activities in some models of human cancer cells and that it can be used to diagnose some diseases. While recombinant feline IFN-ω has been licensed in several countries for treating canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus infections, it also exhibits a certain efficacy when used to treat other viral infections or diseases. This review examines the known biological activity of IFN-ω and its clinical applications. We expect that the information provided in this review will stimulate further studies of IFN-ω as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China..
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China..
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
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24
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Chang YK, Huang LF, Shin SJ, Lin KD, Chong K, Yen FS, Chang HY, Chuang SY, Hsieh TJ, Hsiung CA, Hsu CC. A Point-based Mortality Prediction System for Older Adults with Diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12652. [PMID: 28978911 PMCID: PMC5627261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality prediction models for the general diabetic population have been well established, but the corresponding elderly-specific model is still lacking. This study aims to develop a mortality prediction model for the elderly with diabetes. The data used for model establishment were derived from the nationwide adult health screening program in Taiwan in 2007-2010, from which we applied a 10-fold cross-validation method for model construction and internal validation. The external validation was tested on the MJ health screening database collected in 2004-2007. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to predict five-year mortality for diabetic patients ≥65 years. A total of 220,832 older subjects with diabetes were selected for model construction, of whom 23,241 (10.5%) died by the end of follow-up (December 31, 2011). The significant predictors retained in the final model included age, gender, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, leukocyte count, liver and renal function, total cholesterol, hemoglobin, albumin, and uric acid. The Harrell's C in the development, internal-, and external-validation datasets were 0.737, 0.746, and 0.685, respectively. We established an easy-to-use point-based model that could accurately predict five-year mortality risk in older adults with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - L F Huang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - S J Shin
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Ditvision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K D Lin
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Ditvision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K Chong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - F S Yen
- Dr. Yen's Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - H Y Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - S Y Chuang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - T J Hsieh
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - C A Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - C C Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Family Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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25
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Zhao FR, Xie YL, Liu ZZ, Shao JJ, Li SF, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Lithium chloride inhibits early stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication in vitro. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2041-2046. [PMID: 28390158 PMCID: PMC7159107 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease of cloven‐hoofed animals such as cattle, swine, and sheep. FMD vaccine is the traditional way to protect against the disease, which can greatly reduce its occurrence. However, the use of FMD vaccines to protect early infection is limited. Therefore, the alternative strategy of applying antiviral agents is required to control the spread of FMDV in outbreak situations. As previously reported, LiCl has obviously inhibition effects on a variety of viruses such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV), and pseudorabies herpesvirus and EV‐A71 virus. In this study, our findings were the first to demonstrate that LiCl inhibition of the FMDV replication. In this study, BHK‐21 cell was dose‐dependent with LiCl at various stages of FMDV. Virus titration assay was calculated by the 50% tissue culture infected dose (TCID50) with the Reed and Muench method. The cytotoxicity assay of LiCl was performed by the CCK8 kit. The expression level of viral mRNA was measured by RT‐qPCR. The results revealed LiCl can inhibit FMDV replication, but it cannot affect FMDV attachment stage and entry stage in the course of FMDV life cycle. Further studies confirmed that the LiCl affect the replication stage of FMDV, especially the early stages of FMDV replication. So LiCl has potential as an effective anti‐FMDV drug. Therefore, LiCl may be an effective drug for the control of FMDV. Based on that, the mechanism of the antiviral effect of LiCl on FMDV infection is need to in‐depth research in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Livestock Epidemic Prevention and Control and Biological Technology, Longyan, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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26
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Lin WC, Kovalsky A, Wang YC, Wang LL, Goldberg S, Kao WL, Wu CY, Chang HY, Shyue JJ, Burda C. Interpenetration of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 and TiO 2 improves perovskite solar cells while TiO 2 expansion leads to degradation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21407-21413. [PMID: 28758661 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have drawn much attention and achieved efficiencies over 22%, but relatively little is known about the long-term stability under photovoltaic operation. So far, stability studies have reported about the importance of degradation of each layer, but little to no consideration has been given to the whole device architecture. We investigated the stability of perovskite solar cells in order to fundamentally understand the mechanism behind efficiency improvement/degradation during device operation. We found that during operation the interfaces of the perovskite and the electron-transport layer (ETL), meso-porous TiO2, further intermix with each other, which leads to improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) during the initial operation of these solar cells. The operation-induced structural changes are examined directly by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with in situ low-energy Ar+ sputtering and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) with C60 sputtering. In addition, this study describes that the primary cause of irreversible degradation during operation is due to the expansion of TiO2 and ion migration throughout the perovskite solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Lin
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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27
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Inoshita T, Arano T, Hosaka Y, Meng H, Umezaki Y, Kosugi S, Morimoto T, Koike M, Chang HY, Imai Y, Hattori N. Vps35 in cooperation with LRRK2 regulates synaptic vesicle endocytosis through the endosomal pathway in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2933-2948. [PMID: 28482024 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the retromer component Vps35 and endosomal kinase LRRK2 are linked to autosomal dominant forms of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the physiological and pathological roles of Vps35 and LRRK2 in neuronal functions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the loss of Drosophila Vps35 (dVps35) affects synaptic vesicle recycling, dopaminergic synaptic release and sleep behavior associated with dopaminergic activity, which is rescued by the expression of wild-type dVps35 but not the PD-associated mutant dVps35 D647N. Drosophila LRRK2 dLRRK together with Rab5 and Rab11 is also implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling, and the manipulation of these activities improves the Vps35 synaptic phenotypes. These findings indicate that defects of synaptic vesicle recycling in which two late-onset PD genes, Vps35 and LRRK2, are involved could be key aspects of PD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taku Arano
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuka Hosaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hongrui Meng
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sakiko Kosugi
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takako Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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28
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Lasser EC, Pfoh ER, Chang HY, Chan KS, Bailey JC, Kharrazi H, Weiner JP, Dy SM. Has Choosing Wisely® affected rates of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry use? Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2311-2316. [PMID: 26860499 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reducing overuse of tests such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans in younger women is an important quality issue. We evaluated trends in DXA ordering before and after Choosing Wisely recommendations were released. We found no significant difference in ordering trends suggesting that other initiatives are needed to change behavior. INTRODUCTION Reducing overuse of tests such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans in younger women is an important quality issue, but trends in care are difficult to change. We evaluated (1) trends in DXA ordering before and after the Choosing Wisely recommendation release and (2) patterns of key characteristics that indicate a potentially appropriate DXA scan order. METHODS We performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis of electronic health record data at a multi-specialty, ambulatory care network of 34 practices across Maryland and Washington, DC. Since the Choosing Wisely DXA recommendation was released April 2012, the study periods were April-December 2011 (pre-initiative) and April-December 2012 (post-initiative). Women between 50 and 64 years with primary care encounters, and primary care providers who saw ten or more women in the study population in both pre and post periods were included. RESULTS For 42,320 eligible patients, the mean provider ordering rate was 2.6 % pre-initiative and 2.0 % post-initiative; there was no significant difference in trend over time. Over 70 % of the population had no characteristics associated with potentially appropriate DXA ordering. Low body mass index, current smoker status, and osteopenia were the most common characteristics indicating potentially appropriate DXA orders. Patients with any of these three characteristics had DXA ordering rates between 3-20 %. CONCLUSIONS The trend in provider ordering rates of DXA scans did not decrease after the release of the DXA Choosing Wisely recommendation. Targeted initiatives addressing providers with high ordering rates will be needed to change behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Lasser
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins Center for Population Health IT, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - E R Pfoh
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Y Chang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - K S Chan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - J C Bailey
- Johns Hopkins Community Physicians, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Kharrazi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for Population Health IT, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J P Weiner
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for Population Health IT, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S M Dy
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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29
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Zhao FR, Zhou DH, Shao JJ, Lin T, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Avian influenza and live mixed poultry-animal markets in China. J Infect 2015; 71:693-5. [PMID: 26327234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao FR, Zhou DH, Zhang YG, Shao JJ, Lin T, Li YF, Wei P, Chang HY. Detection prevalence of H5N1 avian influenza virus among stray cats in eastern China. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1436-40. [PMID: 25952001 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since 1997, more and more cases of the infectious H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans have been reported all over the world but the transmission of H5N1 avian influenza virus to stray cats has been little demonstrated. The objective of this pilot investigation was to determine the prevalence of H5N1 AIV antibodies in stray cats in eastern China where is the dominant enzootic H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HP AIV). A total of 1,020 nasal swab and 1,020 serum samples were collected and tested. Evidence of HPAI H5N1 virus antibodies was present in two of the 1,020 serum samples that were positive by HI assay and NT assay, respectively. The results imply little transmission and that the Clade 2.3.2 HPAIV H5N1 infections in poultry did not significantly affect the rural animal shelters or suburban environment in eastern China. In future studies, these results can be used as baseline seroepidemiological levels for H5N1 AIV among cats in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Northeast Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Haerbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhao FR, Zhou DH, Lin T, Shao JJ, Wei P, Zhang YG, Chang HY. The first lack of evidence of H7N9 avian influenza virus infections among pigs in Eastern China. Microb Pathog 2015; 80:63-6. [PMID: 25680835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to examine whether evidence existed suggesting that pigs were being infected with the novel H7N9 avian influenza virus. From November 2012 to November 2013, blood was drawn from 1560 pigs from 100 large farms in 4 provinces of eastern China. Many of these pigs were in close proximity to wild birds or poultry. Swine sera were studied using hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against the H7 antigen derived from the emergent H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV). Only 29 of the 1560 samples had HI titers of 1:20 when using the H7N9 AIV antigens, and none of the 29 (H7N9 AIV) HI-positive samples were positive when using ELISA, indicating that no samples were positive for H7N9. The negative results were also verified using a novel competitive HA-ELISA. As pigs have been shown to be infected with other avian influenza viruses and as the prevalence of novel influenza A viruses (e.g., H7N9 AIV) may be increasing among poultry in China, similar seroepidemiological studies of pigs should be periodically conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China; Northeast Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Haerbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chang
- National Health Research Institutes, Maoli county, Taiwan
| | - H L Feng
- National Health Research Institutes, Maoli county, Taiwan
| | - L Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P Chou
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P F Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
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Liang CJ, Chang YC, Chang HC, Wang CK, Hung YC, Lin YE, Chan CC, Chen CH, Chang HY, Sang TK. Derlin-1 regulates mutant VCP-linked pathogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004675. [PMID: 25255315 PMCID: PMC4177747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in VCP (Valosin-containing protein), an AAA ATPase critical for ER-associated degradation, are linked to IBMPFD (Inclusion body myopathy with Paget disease and frontotemporal dementia). Using a Drosophila IBMPFD model, we have identified the ER protein Derlin-1 as a modifier of pathogenic TER94 (the fly VCP homolog) mutants. Derlin-1 binds to TER94 directly, and this interaction is essential for Derlin-1 overexpression to suppress the pathogenic TER94-induced neurodegeneration. Derlin-1 overexpression reduces the elevated ATPase activity of pathogenic TER94, implying that IBMPFD is caused by ATPase hyper-activation. Under physiological condition, Derlin-1 expression is increased upon ER stress to recruit TER94 to the ER. However, in response to severe ER stress, Derlin-1 is required for activating apoptosis to eliminate damaged cells. This pro-apoptotic response is mimicked by Derlin-1 overexpression, which elicits acute ER stress and triggers apoptosis via a novel C-terminal motif (α). As this Derlin-1-dependent cell death is negated by TER94 overexpression, we propose that while Derlin-1 and VCP work cooperatively in ER stress response, their imbalance has a role in removing cells suffering prolonged ER stress. We have previously developed a fly model for IBMPFD (inclusion body myopathy with Paget disease and frontotemporal dementia) and demonstrated that specific mutations in VCP gene, a highly conserved ATPase, cause muscle and neuron degeneration by depleting cellular ATP level. Using this model, we show that expression of Derlin-1, an ER membrane protein capable of directly interacting with VCP, restores the normal cellular ATP level and suppresses IBMPFD-like neurodegeneration. As Derlin-1 expression can be induced by tunicamycin (an antibiotic) in experimental systems, our findings may yield new therapeutic strategies for VCP-linked diseases. In addition, we have obtained important insights regarding Derlin-1 function under physiological conditions. ER stress, caused by accumulation of improperly folded proteins, results in increased Derlin-1 expression, which is important for ER stress-induced cell death. We propose that Derlin-1 promotes ER homeostasis through multiple mechanisms. In addition to cooperating with VCP to extract improperly folded proteins from the ER, elevated Derlin-1 expression removes cells suffering from irreparable ER stress, thus preventing these damaged cells from further harming the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyong-Jhih Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Henry C. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chung-Kang Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chien Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Er Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Chan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Chen GY, Yang SS, Tian Y, Ge T, Qin H, Han W, Chang HY. Effects of high thoracic epidural anesthesia on ischemic cardiomyopathy cardiac function and autonomic neural function. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13:6813-9. [PMID: 25177960 DOI: 10.4238/2014.august.29.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We aimed at observing the effects of high thoracic epidural anesthesia (HTEA) on cardiac structure and function, heart rate variability (HRV), and QT interval variation (QTV) in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients with chronic heart failure. We divided 30 ICM patients into HTEA (N = 16) and control (N = 14) groups.The control group was treated with medication, and the HTEA group was treated with HTEA and medication for 4 weeks. We measured the changes in the left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd) and left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) before and after treatment by using echocardiography and examined changes in HRV and QTV using ambulatory electrocardiogram. HTEA significantly narrowed the LVEDd, improved LVEF, significantly increased the HRV, and significantly reduced the QTV in the ICM group compared to the control group. HTEA significantly narrowed the ventricular chamber diameter size of ICM patients, enhanced myocardial contractility, increased myocardial electrical stability, and improved the cardiac structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - G Y Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - S S Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Y Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - T Ge
- Department of Medical, Second Hospital of Harbin City, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Qin
- Department of Medical, Second Hospital of Harbin City, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - W Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Y Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Chuang CL, Lu YN, Wang HC, Chang HY. Genetic dissection reveals that Akt is the critical kinase downstream of LRRK2 to phosphorylate and inhibit FOXO1, and promotes neuron survival. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5649-58. [PMID: 24916379 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex kinase and mutations in LRRK2 are perhaps the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the identification of the normal physiological function of LRRK2 remains elusive. Here, we show that LRRK2 protects neurons against apoptosis induced by the Drosophila genes grim, hid and reaper. Genetic dissection reveals that Akt is the critical downstream kinase of LRRK2 that phosphorylates and inhibits FOXO1, and thereby promotes survival. Like human LRRK2, Drosophila lrrk also promotes neuron survival; lrrk loss-of-function mutant displays reduced cell numbers, which can be rescued by LRRK2 expression. Importantly, LRRK2 G2019S and LRRK2 R1441C mutants impair the ability of LRRK2 to activate Akt, and fail to prevent apoptotic death. Ectopic expression of a constitutive active form of Akt hence is sufficient to rescue this functional deficit. These data establish that LRRK2 can protect neurons from apoptotic insult through a survival pathway in which LRRK2 signals to activate Akt, and then inhibits FOXO1. These results might indicate that a LRRK-Akt therapeutic pathway to promote neuron survival and to prevent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Chuang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning Lu
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan and Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Zhao FR, Liu CG, Yin X, Zhou DH, Wei P, Chang HY. Serological report of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection among cats in northeastern China in 2012-02 and 2013-03. Virol J 2014; 11:49. [PMID: 24624924 PMCID: PMC3995557 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus has a wide range of hosts. It has not only infected human, but also been reported interspecies transmission from humans to other animals, such as pigs, poultry, dogs and cats. However, prevalence of A (H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus infections in cats in northeastern China is unknown. Therefore, the prevalence of A (H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus infections was performed among cats in northeastern China in this study. Findings Of all samples in this study, the overall seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection in cats was 21% (240/1140). It also showed a higher prevalence rate of pandemic(H1N1) 2009 infection in pet cats (30.6%) than roaming cats (11%) based on NT. In addition, the results also showed a trend of difference in term of species of cats and it was statistically significant. Conclusions This is the first survey on the seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection among cats in northeastern China. This study has observed a relatively high seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among different cat populations in northeastern China, similar seroprevalence studies should be conducted elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
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Hsu YH, Huang MC, Chang HY, Shin SJ, Wahlqvist ML, Chang YL, Hsu KC, Hsu CC. Association between serum ferritin and microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. Diabet Med 2013; 30:1367-73. [PMID: 23756251 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Serum ferritin has been found closely related with diabetes and glucose metabolism, but its impact on diabetic nephropathy remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the association between serum ferritin and microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes. METHODS Eight hundred and fifty-one subjects with Type 2 diabetes were selected from a cohort participating in a glycaemic control study in Taiwan in 2008. We used urine albumin:creatinine ratio to define microalbuminuria; serum ferritin was divided into quartiles for analysis. Logistic regression and trend tests were used to delineate the association between serum ferritin and microalbuminuria. RESULTS Subjects with diabetes with higher ferritin tended to have more metabolic disorders, higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and higher prevalence of microalbuminuria. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, subjects with diabetes in the highest ferritin quartile were 55% (P = 0.029) more likely to have microalbuminuria. After controlling for demographics, metabolic profiles and other inflammatory markers, the association between serum ferritin levels and microalbuminuria remained significant (P for trend < 0.001). This independent relationship was not changed either for those who had better glycaemic control or those who had not used an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows hyperferritinemia may be an independent risk factor of nephropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi; Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung; Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan
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Sun CL, Yeh SZ, Chang YJ, Chang HY, Chu SL. Reproductive biology of female bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus in the western Pacific Ocean. J Fish Biol 2013; 83:250-271. [PMID: 23902305 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive biology of female bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus was assessed by examining 888 fish (ranging from 84·9 to 174·4 cm fork length, LF ) caught by Taiwanese offshore longliners in the western Pacific Ocean from November 1997 to November 1998 and November to December 1999 and 258 gonad samples from these fish. The overall sex ratio of the catch during the sampling differed significantly from 0·5, but males were predominant in sizes >140 cm LF . Reproductive activity (assessed by histology), a gonado-somatic index, and the size-frequency distributions of whole oocytes indicated that spawning occurred throughout the year and the major spawning season appeared to be from February to September. The estimated sizes at 50% maturity (LF50 ) of females was 102·85 cm (95% c.i.: 90·79-110·21 cm) and the smallest mature female was 99·7 cm LF . They are multiple spawners and oocytes develop asynchronously. The proportion of mature (0·63) and reproductively active (0·70) females with ovaries containing postovulatory follicles indicated that they spawn almost daily. Batch fecundity for 15 females with the most advanced oocytes (>730 µm) ranged from 0·84 to 8·56 million eggs (mean ± s.d. = 3·06 ± 2·09). The relationships between batch fecundity (FB , in millions of eggs) and LF (cm) and round mass (MR , kg) were FB=9·91×10-14LF6·38 (r(2) = 0·84) and FB=8·89×10-4MR2·05 (r(2) = 0·80), respectively. The parameters estimated in this study are key information for stock assessments of T. obesus in the western Pacific Ocean and will contribute to the conservation and sustainable yield of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Sun
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Ma YB, Hao CX, Chang HY. Nucleotide mismatches of foot-and-mouth disease virus during replication. Genet Mol Res 2013; 12:1022-7. [PMID: 23613248 DOI: 10.4238/2013.april.2.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As there is a lack of error correction mechanisms during RNA replication, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has a very high mismatch rate, which leads to a high mutation rate, in the range of 10(-3) to 10(-5) per nucleotide site per genome replication. We examined the nucleotide mismatch of FMDV during replication, based on the whole genomes of the 7 serotypes retrieved from NCBI. With the Mega bio-software, SPSS, and Microsoft Excel, we studied the nucleotide differences compared to the sequence in the RefSeq database, and developed two probable mutation models, i.e., once mutation model and complication mutation model. Further analysis on the nucleotide mismatch during replication was made. We found that FMDV share similar difference rates between nucleotide and reverse differences, for example the mutation U→C and C→U. We also found that each nucleotide has its domain mismatch, and the virus kept a constant nucleotide composition during mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Hsu CC, Chang HY, Huang MC, Hwang SJ, Yang YC, Lee YS, Shin SJ, Tai TY. HbA1c variability is associated with microalbuminuria development in type 2 diabetes: a 7-year prospective cohort study. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3163-72. [PMID: 22923064 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS HbA(1c) variability has been shown to be an independent risk factor for nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between HbA(1c) variability and microalbuminuria development in patients with type 2 diabetes. We also intended to test the applicability of serially measured HbA(1c) over 2 years for this risk assessment. METHODS Between 2003 and 2005, we recruited 821 middle-aged normoalbuminuric individuals with type 2 diabetes and followed them through to the end of 2010. The average follow-up time was 6.2 years. We defined microalbuminuria as a urine albumin to creatinine ratio of 30 mg/g (3.4 mg/mmol) or higher. HbA(1c) variability was calculated by the SD of serially measured HbA(1c). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association between HbA(1c) SD quartile and development of microalbuminuria. RESULTS The incidence of microalbuminuria for the overall population was 58.4, 58.6, 60.8 and 91.9 per 1,000 person-years for Q1- to Q4-adjusted HbA(1c) SD, respectively (p for trend = 0.042). Compared with patients in Q1, those in Q4 were about 37% more likely to develop microalbuminuria. The HR derived from a series of 2 year HbA(1c) measurements was similar to that from data collection for longer than 4 years. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In addition to mean HbA(1c) values, HbA(1c) variability, even measured as early as 2 years, is independently associated with the development of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Hsu
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Caspases are an evolutionarily conserved family of aspartate-specific cystein-dependent proteases with essential functions in apoptosis and normally exist in cells as inactive proenzymes. In addition to the inflammatory caspases, the initiator and effector caspases have been shown to have an important role in regulating the immune response, but are involved in different ways. We give a brief introduction on the benefit of apoptosis on the clearance of invasive pathogens, and the caspase functions involved in the immune response. Then we construct a working model of caspases during pathogen invasion. A detailed description of the three modes is given in the discussion. These three modes are regulated by different inhibitors, and there may be a novel way to treat intracellular pathogen and autoimmune diseases based on the specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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He XN, Su F, Lou ZZ, Jia WZ, Song YL, Chang HY, Wu YH, Lan J, He XY, Zhang Y. Ipr1 gene mediates RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line resistance to Mycobacterium bovis. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:438-44. [PMID: 21790702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) seriously affects efficiency of animal production with impacts on public health as well. Effective programmes of prevention and eradication of M. bovis infection therefore are urgently needed. Intracellular pathogen resistance gene 1 (Ipr1) is well known to mediate innate immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), but there are no reports as to whether Ipr1 can enhance the phagocytic ability of macrophage against M. bovis. In this investigation, RAW 264.7 macrophage was transduced with lentiviral vector carrying Ipr1 (named Lenti-Ipr1); transgenic cells were identified by RT-PCR and western blotting. Transgenic positive cells (R-Ipr1) were then infected with an M. bovis virulent strain, with non-transduced cells used as control. When cell proliferation, viability and apoptosis of the two groups were investigated, it was found that infected RAW 264.7 died by necrosis whereas R-Ipr1 underwent apoptosis. Furthermore, the numbers of intracellular bacteria in R-Ipr1 were lower than those in control cells (P < 0.05). To identify the role of Ipr1, we measured the genes of Casp3, Mcl-1 and NOS2A which associated with macrophage activation and apoptosis by real-time quantitative PCR. The results demonstrated that Ipr1 gene expression can enhance anti-M. bovis infection of macrophage. This establishes a basis for the future production of Ipr1-transgenic cattle to strengthen the tuberculosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- X N He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
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Weng CT, Chung TJ, Liu MF, Weng MY, Lee CH, Chen JY, Wu AB, Lin BW, Luo CY, Hsu SC, Lee BF, Tsai HM, Chao SC, Wang JY, Chen TY, Chen CW, Chang HY, Wang CR. A retrospective study of pulmonary infarction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from southern Taiwan. Lupus 2011; 20:876-85. [PMID: 21693494 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311401458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since large-scale reports of pulmonary infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are limited, a retrospective study was performed for this manifestation in 773 hospitalized patients in southern Taiwan from 1999 to 2009. Pulmonary infarction was defined as the presence of pulmonary embolism, persistent pulmonary infiltrates, and characteristic clinical symptoms. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological images data were analyzed. There were 12 patients with pulmonary embolism and 9 of them had antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Six patients (19 to 53 years, average 38.2 ± 12.6) with 9 episodes of lung infarction were identified. All cases were APS and four episodes had coincidental venous thromboembolism. There were four episodes of bilateral infarction and seven episodes of larger central pulmonary artery embolism. Heparin therapy was routinely prescribed and thrombolytic agents were added in two episodes. Successful recovery was noted in all patients. In conclusion, there was a 0.8% incidence of pulmonary infarction in patients with SLE, all with the risk factor of APS. Differentiation between pulmonary infarction and pneumonia in lupus patients should be made; they have similar chest radiography with lung consolidation but require a different clinical approach in management. Although this report is a retrospective study with relatively small numbers of lupus patients with lung infarcts, our observation might provide beneficial information on the clinical features and radiological presentations during the disease evolution of pulmonary infarction in SLE with APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- CT Weng
- Section of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Dou-Liou Branch, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - TJ Chung
- Department of Radiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - MF Liu
- Section of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Dou-Liou Branch, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - MY Weng
- Section of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Dou-Liou Branch, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - CH Lee
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - JY Chen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - AB Wu
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - BW Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - CY Luo
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - SC Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - BF Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - HM Tsai
- Department of Radiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - SC Chao
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - JY Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - TY Chen
- Section of Hemato-oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - CW Chen
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - HY Chang
- Section of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
| | - CR Wang
- Section of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and Dou-Liou Branch, Tainan, Taiwan–Republic of China
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Sadik H, Shah N, Gupta RA, Chang HY, Sukumar S. Abstract P4-01-03: The Homeobox Protein H0XC10 Is Overexpressed in Breast Cancer and Confers Resistance to Chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-p4-01-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Although chemotherapy is effective, resistance to drugs develops over time and can account for treatment failure in over 90% of metastatic breast cancer patients. HOX genes are homeobox-containing transcription factors well-known for their role in morphogenesis. However, accumulating evidence has emphasized their importance during carcinogenesis and metastasis. The goal of this study is to understand the role of HOXC10 in breast cancer and the consequence of its overexpression in conferring chemotherapy resistance.
Methods: We conducted a tiling array of all four HOX clusters to identify dysregulated HOX genes in a panel of primary and metastatic breast cancer tissues, and validated the overexpression of HOXC10 in metastatic breast cancer. Next we established cell lines that stably overexpress HOXC10 and others where endogenously overexpressed HOXC10 was silenced by shRNAs, and determined phenotypic and biochemical changes resulting from these manipulations.
Results: HOXC10 is overexpressed in 67% of primary breast tumors (n=31), in 82% of the metastatic tissues (n=49) and in most breast cancer cell lines. When compared to cancers at other sites, overexpression tends to be significantly higher in breast cancer, and correlates with increasing grade and tumor size. Cell survival assays (MTT and colony formation) after drug treatment show that overexpression of exogenous HOXC10 in MCF10A conferred drug resistance. Further molecular examination revealed that overexpression of HOXC10 led to a dysregulation in the Rb-E2F pathway, and therefore the G1/S checkpoint was affected. In addition, the tendency for the formation of 8N cells and the concomitant protection from apoptosis suggested that HOXC10 overexpression might lead to genomic endoreduplication and instability. This fact along with the strikingenhanced recovery of the cells from pactitaxel treatment (as compared to the recovery from any other chemotherapeutic drug) and the protection from mitotic catastrophe implied a role of HOXC10 in the mitotic checkpoint. This was confirmed by a dysregulation of the expression of the genes involved in this checkpoint. All these experiments were further validated by stably expressing a shRNA to HOXC10 in SUM159 breast cancer cells with high endogenous HOXC10 levels. Conclusion: Our studies show for the first time that HOXC10, a homeobox protein previously shown to be regulated during the cell cycle and to have a positive effect on proliferation, is overexpressed in the majority of breast cancers. This upregulation may have some clinical implications since cells with higher expression of HOXC10 tend to have more invasive properties, more genomic instability, and are more resistant to some chemotherapy drugs.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sadik
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - N Shah
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - RA Gupta
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - HY Chang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - S. Sukumar
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD; Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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Chen HY, Senserrick T, Martiniuk ALC, Ivers RQ, Boufous S, Chang HY, Norton R. Fatal crash trends for Australian young drivers 1997-2007: geographic and socioeconomic differentials. J Safety Res 2010; 41:123-128. [PMID: 20497797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little has been published on changes in young driver fatality rates over time. This paper examines differences in Australian young driver fatality rates over the last decade, examining important risk factors including place of residence and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS Young driver (17-25years) police-recorded passenger vehicle crashes were extracted from New South Wales State records from 1997-2007. Rurality of residence and SES were classified into three levels based on drivers' residential postcode: urban, regional, or rural; and high, moderate, or low SES areas. Geographic and SES disparities in trends of fatality rates were examined by the generalized linear model. Chi-square trend test was used to examine the distributions of posted speed limits, drinking driving, fatigue, seatbelt use, vehicle age, night-time driving, and the time from crash to death across rurality and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Young driver fatality rate significantly decreased 5% per year (p<0.05); however, stratified analyses (by rurality and by SES) showed that only the reduction among urban drivers was significant (average 5% decrease per year, p<0.01). The higher relative risk of fatality for rural versus urban drivers, and for drivers of low versus high SES remained unchanged over the last decade. High posted speed limits, fatigue, drink driving and seatbelt non-use were significantly associated with rural fatalities, whereas high posted speed limit, fatigue, and driving an older vehicle were significantly related to low SES fatality. CONCLUSION The constant geographic and SES disparities in young driver fatality rates highlight safety inequities for those living in rural areas and those of low SES. Better targeted interventions are needed, including attention to behavioral risk factors and vehicle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chen
- The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney. Postal address: PO Box M201 Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050.
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Chen HY, Senserrick T, Chang HY, Ivers RQ, Martiniuk ALC, Boufous S, Norton R. Road crash trends for young drivers in New South Wales, Australia, from 1997 to 2007. Traffic Inj Prev 2010; 11:8-15. [PMID: 20146138 DOI: 10.1080/15389580903434207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this article was to explore overall crash and injury trends over the past decade for young drivers residing in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, including gender and age disparities. METHODS Passenger vehicle crashes for drivers aged 17-25 occurring during 1997-2007 were extracted from the state crash database to calculate crash rates (per licensed driver). Generalized linear models were used to examine crash trends over time by severity of driver injury, adjusting for age, gender, rurality of residence, and socioeconomic status. Yearly adjusted relative risks of crash by gender and by age group were also examined over the study period. RESULTS Young driver noninjury and fatality rates significantly decreased by an average of 4 percent (95% CI: 4-5) and 5 percent (95% CI: 0-9) respectively each year from 1997 to 2007. Young driver injury rates significantly increased by about 12 percent (95% CI: 9-14) to the year 2001 and then significantly decreased. The relative risk of crash (regardless of driver injury) for males compared to females significantly decreased over time. Compared to drivers aged 21-25, drivers aged 17 and particularly 18- to 20-year-olds had significantly and consistently higher crash risks across the study period. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there has been a significant decline in young driver crashes in NSW over the last decade. Regardless of injury severity, males' risk of crash has reduced more than female young drivers, but drivers aged 17 continue to be at higher risk. These findings provide feedback on potential road safety successes and areas needing specific interventions for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chen
- The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether health-related quality of life (HRQOL) predicts hospital admission in a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes. METHODS We conducted a prospective study on persons aged > or = 18 years with self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes (n = 797) who participated in the National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan, 2001. Of these potential participants, 674 provided consent for data linkage and were successfully linked to the National Health Insurance claims data. We analysed the associations between the Short Form 36 (SF-36) subscales and summaries and the occurrence of hospital admission for any cause during 2002. RESULTS Approximately 23% of participants with diabetes had at least one hospital admission during 2002. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, co-morbidities and diabetics-related attributes, those who had been admitted to hospital had significantly poorer mean scores on each of the physical dimensions, physical components summary (PCS) and social functioning domain of the SF-36 at baseline. In logistic regression models, poorer scores on the PCS [odds ratio (OR) = 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.14-2.86)], duration of diabetes > or = 10 years [OR = 2.10; 95% CI = (1.14-3.89)] and the presence of heart disease [OR = 1.63; 95% CI = (1.01-2.63)] were significantly associated with an increased risk of hospital admission. CONCLUSION In people with diabetes, poorer scores on the PCS of the SF-36 at baseline may provide additional information for assessment of hospital admission risk, independent of other measures of health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Li
- Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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Gao SD, Chang HY, DU JZ, Wang JF, Zhou JH, Zhao JY, Xie QG. [Preparation and characterization of the polyclonal antibody against pig integrin beta6 subunit LBD as FMDV receptor]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2008; 24:975-978. [PMID: 18845083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To induce the expression of FMDV receptor integrin beta6 subunit ligand-binding domain in E.coli and prepare the rabbit polyclonal antibody against it. METHODS The fragment coding beta6 ligand-binding domain was amplified by PCR and doubly digested with BamH Iand Xho I. Then it was cloned into expression vector pGEX-4T-1 to obtain recombinant plasmid pGEX-4T-1-beta6LBD. After pGEX-4T-1-beta6LBD was transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) and induced by IPTG, the expression of fusion proteins was identified by SDS-PAGE, with inclusion body prepared and fusion protein purified. Then new Zealand rabbits were immunized to prepare polyclonal antibody against beta6LBD. GST-beta6LBD antiserum was obtained and the specificity of polyclonal antibody was detected by Western blot. RESULTS SDS-PAGE demonstrated that the fusion protein GST-beta6LBD was expressed with the expected molecular weight at 42 000. A single clear band of GST-beta6LBD fusion protein appeared in SDS-PAGE gel after purification. The titer of the polyclonal antibody was above 1:12 800 and it is of high specificity. CONCLUSION The successful preparation of rabbit anti pig beta6LBD polyclonal antibody with high affinity and specificity will lay a foundation for further research into the function of integrin beta6 in FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Dian Gao
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Chow KPN, Wu CC, Chang HY, Chang C, Chang YS. A simplified tumour model established via Epstein-Barr virus-encoded, nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived oncogene latent membrane protein 1 in immunocompetent mice. Lab Anim 2008; 42:193-203. [PMID: 18435877 DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.006037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The expression and immune modulation of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (N-LMP1) is essential in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In previous studies, cell transformation has been induced by the expression of EBV-encoded N-LMP1 in non-tumour BALB/c-3T3 cells and these cells have then been used to form tumours in T-cell-deficient nude mice. However, studies using this model have been limited by the lack of a competent immune system. To facilitate the study of immune components in N-LMP1-driven oncogenesis, we herein developed a simplified N-LMP1-derived tumour model in immunocompetent mice. Cell transformation was induced by the expression of N-LMP1 in BALB/c-3T3 cells, and these transformants were used to induce oncogenesis in BALB/c mice. In contrast to the 100% successful tumour-induction rate in nude mice treated with monodispersed transformed cells, the tumour incidence in BALB/c mice was only 5-36%. However, the transplantation of tumour fragments into BALB/c mice yielded a reproducible tumour-induction rate of >85%, which is acceptable for most of the research needs. This novel model of N-LMP1-directed oncogenesis in an immunocompetent environment may serve as an important platform for the future assessment of N-LMP1-targeted tumour therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ping N Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Kwei-shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Fu HC, Chang HY, Xu YY, Pao HT. User adaptive handwriting recognition by self-growing probabilistic decision-based neural networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 11:1373-84. [PMID: 18249861 DOI: 10.1109/72.883451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is generally agreed that, for a given handwriting recognition task, a user dependent system usually outperforms a user independent system, as long as a sufficient amount of training data is available. When the amount of user training data is limited, however, such a performance gain is not guaranteed. One way to improve the performance is to make use of existing knowledge, contained in a rich multiuser data base, so that a minimum amount of training data is sufficient to initialize a model for the new user.We mainly address the user adaption issues for a handwriting recognition system. Based on self-growing probabilistic decision-based neural networks (SPDNNs), user adaptation of the parameters of SPDNN is formulated as incremental reinforced and antireinforced learning procedures, which are easily integrated into the batched training procedures of the SPDNN. In this study, we developed 1) an SPDNN based handwriting recognition system; 2) a two-stage recognition structure; and 3) a three-phase training methodology for a) a global coarse classifier (stage 1); b) a user independent hand written character recognizer (stage 2); and c) a user adaptation module on a personal computer. With training and testing on a 600-word commonly used Chinese character set, the recognition results indicate that the user adaptation module significantly improved the recognition accuracy. The average recognition rate increased from 44.2% to 82.4% in five adapting cycles, and the performance could finally increase up to 90.2% in ten adapting cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Fu
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, R.O.C
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