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Underwood O, Fritzwanker S, Glenn J, Blum NK, Batista-Gondin A, Drube J, Hoffmann C, Briddon SJ, Schulz S, Canals M. Key phosphorylation sites for robust β-arrestin2 binding at the MOR revisited. Commun Biol 2024; 7:933. [PMID: 39095612 PMCID: PMC11297201 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Desensitisation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is proposed to underlie the initiation of opioid analgesic tolerance and previous work has shown that agonist-induced phosphorylation of the MOR C-tail contributes to this desensitisation. Moreover, phosphorylation is important for β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor, and ligands of different efficacies induce distinct phosphorylation barcodes. The C-tail 370TREHPSTANT379 motif harbours Ser/Thr residues important for these regulatory functions. 375Ser is the primary phosphorylation site of a ligand-dependent, hierarchical, and sequential process, whereby flanking 370Thr, 376Thr and 379Thr get subsequently and rapidly phosphorylated. Here we used GRK KO cells, phosphosite specific antibodies and site-directed mutagenesis to evaluate the contribution of the different GRK subfamilies to ligand-induced phosphorylation barcodes and β-arrestin2 recruitment. We show that both GRK2/3 and GRK5/6 subfamilies promote phosphorylation of 370Thr and 375Ser. Importantly, only GRK2/3 induce phosphorylation of 376Thr and 379Thr, and we identify these residues as key sites to promote robust β-arrestin recruitment to the MOR. These data provide insight into the mechanisms of MOR regulation and suggest that the cellular complement of GRK subfamilies plays an important role in determining the tissue responses of opioid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Underwood
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Sebastian Fritzwanker
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Nina Kathleen Blum
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Arisbel Batista-Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Drube
- Institut fur Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut fur Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- 7TM Antibodies GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Straße 6, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK.
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2
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Kise R, Inoue A. GPCR signaling bias: an emerging framework for opioid drug development. J Biochem 2024; 175:367-376. [PMID: 38308136 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Biased signaling, also known as functional selectivity, has emerged as an important concept in drug development targeting G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Drugs that provoke biased signaling are expected to offer an opportunity for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness with minimized side effects. Opioid analgesics, whilst exerting potent pain-relieving effects, have become a social problem owing to their serious side effects. For the development of safer pain medications, there has been extensive exploration of agonists with a distinct balance of G-protein and β-arrestin (βarr) signaling. Recently, several approaches based on protein-protein interactions have been developed to precisely evaluate individual signal pathways, paving the way for the comprehensive analysis of biased signals. In this review, we describe an overview of bias signaling in opioid receptors, especially the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), and how to evaluate signaling bias in the GPCR field. We also discuss future directions for rational drug development through the integration of diverse signal datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kise
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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3
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Schafer CT, Chen Q, Tesmer JJG, Handel TM. Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 "Senses" CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Activation Through GPCR Kinase Phosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:174-186. [PMID: 37474305 PMCID: PMC11033958 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is an arrestin-biased receptor that regulates extracellular chemokine levels through scavenging. The scavenging process restricts the availability of the chemokine agonist CXCL12 for the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 and requires phosphorylation of the ACKR3 C-terminus by GPCR kinases (GRKs). ACKR3 is phosphorylated by GRK2 and GRK5, but the mechanisms by which these kinases regulate the receptor are unresolved. Here we determined that GRK5 phosphorylation of ACKR3 results in more efficient chemokine scavenging and β-arrestin recruitment than phosphorylation by GRK2 in HEK293 cells. However, co-activation of CXCR4-enhanced ACKR3 phosphorylation by GRK2 through the liberation of Gβγ, an accessory protein required for efficient GRK2 activity. The results suggest that ACKR3 "senses" CXCR4 activation through a GRK2-dependent crosstalk mechanism, which enables CXCR4 to influence the efficiency of CXCL12 scavenging and β-arrestin recruitment to ACKR3. Surprisingly, we also found that despite the requirement for phosphorylation and the fact that most ligands promote β-arrestin recruitment, β-arrestins are dispensable for ACKR3 internalization and scavenging, suggesting a yet-to-be-determined function for these adapter proteins. Since ACKR3 is also a receptor for CXCL11 and opioid peptides, these data suggest that such crosstalk may also be operative in cells with CXCR3 and opioid receptor co-expression. Additionally, kinase-mediated receptor cross-regulation may be relevant to other atypical and G protein-coupled receptors that share common ligands. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The atypical receptor ACKR3 indirectly regulates CXCR4-mediated cell migration by scavenging their shared agonist CXCL12. Here, we show that scavenging and β-arrestin recruitment by ACKR3 are primarily dependent on phosphorylation by GRK5. However, we also show that CXCR4 co-activation enhances the contribution of GRK2 by liberating Gβγ. This phosphorylation crosstalk may represent a common feedback mechanism between atypical and G protein-coupled receptors with shared ligands for regulating the efficiency of scavenging or other atypical receptor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (C.T.S., T.M.H.) and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Q.C., J.J.G.T.)
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4
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Schafer CT, Chen Q, Tesmer JJG, Handel TM. Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 'Senses' CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Activation Through GPCR Kinase Phosphorylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530029. [PMID: 36865154 PMCID: PMC9980177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) is an arrestin-biased receptor that regulates extracellular chemokine levels through scavenging. The scavenging action mediates the availability of the chemokine CXCL12 for the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR4 and requires phosphorylation of the ACKR3 C-terminus by GPCR kinases (GRKs). ACKR3 is phosphorylated by GRK2 and GRK5, but the mechanisms by which these kinases regulate the receptor are unresolved. Here we mapped the phosphorylation patterns and determined that GRK5 phosphorylation of ACKR3 dominates β-arrestin recruitment and chemokine scavenging over GRK2. Co-activation of CXCR4 significantly enhanced phosphorylation by GRK2 through the liberation of Gβγ. These results suggest that ACKR3 'senses' CXCR4 activation through a GRK2-dependent crosstalk mechanism. Surprisingly, we also found that despite the requirement for phosphorylation, and the fact that most ligands promote β-arrestin recruitment, β-arrestins are dispensable for ACKR3 internalization and scavenging, suggesting a yet to be determined function for these adapter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Schafer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Present address: Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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5
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Ono Y, Kawakami K, Nakamura G, Ishida S, Aoki J, Inoue A. Generation of Gαi knock-out HEK293 cells illuminates Gαi-coupling diversity of GPCRs. Commun Biol 2023; 6:112. [PMID: 36709222 PMCID: PMC9884212 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are pivotal cell membrane proteins that sense extracellular molecules and activate cellular responses. The G-protein α subunit i (Gαi) family represents the most common GPCR-coupling partner and consists of eight subunits with distinct signaling properties. However, analyzing the coupling pattern has been challenging owing to endogenous expression of the Gαi subunits in virtually all cell lines. Here, we generate a HEK293 cell line lacking all Gαi subunits, which enables the measurement of GPCR-Gαi coupling upon transient re-expression of a specific Gαi subunit. We profile Gαi-coupling selectivity across 11 GPCRs by measuring ligand-induced inhibitory activity for cAMP accumulation. The coupling profiles are then classified into three clusters, representing those preferentially coupled to Gαz, those to Gαo, and those with unapparent selectivity. These results indicate that individual Gαi-coupled GPCRs fine-tune Gαi signaling by exerting coupling preference at the Gαi-subunit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ono
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Gaku Nakamura
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Satoru Ishida
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
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6
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van Senten JR, Møller TC, Von Moo E, Seiersen SD, Bräuner-Osborne H. Use of CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells reveals that both conventional and novel protein kinase C isozymes are involved in mGlu 5a receptor internalization. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102466. [PMID: 36087841 PMCID: PMC9530845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be regulated by protein kinase C (PKC). However, most tools available to study the contribution of PKC isozymes have considerable limitations, including a lack of selectivity. In this study, we generated and characterized human embryonic kidney 293A (HEK293A) cell lines devoid of conventional or novel PKC isozymes (ΔcPKC and ΔnPKC) and employ these to investigate the contribution of PKC isozymes in the internalization of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5). Direct activation of PKC and mutation of rat mGlu5a Ser901, a PKC-dependent phosphorylation site in the receptor C-tail, both showed that PKC isozymes facilitate approximately 40% of the receptor internalization. Nonetheless, we determined that mGlu5a internalization was not altered upon the loss of cPKCs or nPKCs. This indicates that isozymes from both classes are involved, compensate for the absence of the other class, and thus fulfill dispensable functions. Additionally, using the Gαq/11 inhibitor YM-254890, GPCR kinase 2 and 3 (GRK2 and GRK3) knock-out cells and a receptor containing a mutated putative adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) interaction motif, we demonstrate that internalization of rat mGlu5a is mediated by Gαq/11 proteins (77% of the response), GRK2 (27%) and AP-2 (29%), but not GRK3. Our PKC knock-out cell lines expand the repertoire of knock-out HEK293A cell lines available to research GPCR pharmacology. Moreover, since pharmacological tools to study PKC isozymes generally lack specificity and/or potency, we present the PKC knock-out cell lines as more specific research tools to investigate PKC-mediated aspects of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ee Von Moo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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IBD-associated G protein-coupled receptor 65 variant compromises signalling and impairs key functions involved in inflammation. Cell Signal 2022; 93:110294. [PMID: 35218908 PMCID: PMC9536022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) result in chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Genetic studies have shown that the GPR65 gene, as well as its missense coding variant, GPR65*Ile231Leu, is associated with IBD. We aimed to define the signalling and biological pathways downstream of GPR65 activation and evaluate the impact of GPR65*231Leu on these. METHODS We used HEK 293 cells stably expressing GPR65 and deficient for either Gαs, Gαq/11 or Gα12/13, to define GPR65 signalling pathways, IBD patient biopsies and a panel of human tissues, primary immune cells and cell lines to determine biologic context, and genetic modulation of human THP-1-derived macrophages to examine the impact of GPR65 in bacterial phagocytosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. RESULTS We confirmed that GPR65 signals via the Gαs pathway, leading to cAMP accumulation. GPR65 can also signal via the Gα12/13 pathway leading to formation of stress fibers, actin remodeling and RhoA activation; all impaired by the IBD-associated GPR65*231Leu allele. Gene expression profiling revealed greater expression of GPR65 in biopsies from inflamed compared to non-inflamed tissues from IBD patients or control individuals, potentially explained by infiltration of inflammatory immune cells. Decreased GPR65 expression in THP-1-derived macrophages leads to impaired bacterial phagocytosis, increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion in response to an inflammatory stimulus. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that GPR65 exerts its effects through Gαs- and Gα12/13-mediated pathways, that the IBD-associated GPR65*231Leu allele has compromised interactions with Gα12/13 and that KD of GPR65 leads to impaired bacterial phagocytosis and increased inflammatory signalling via the NLRP3 inflammasome. This work identifies a target for development of small molecule therapies.
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8
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Agonist-induced phosphorylation of orthologues of the orphan receptor GPR35 functions as an activation sensor. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101655. [PMID: 35101446 PMCID: PMC8892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is poorly characterized but nevertheless has been revealed to have diverse roles in areas including lower gut inflammation and pain. The development of novel reagents and tools will greatly enhance analysis of GPR35 functions in health and disease. Here, we used mass spectrometry, mutagenesis, and [32P] orthophosphate labeling to identify that all five hydroxy-amino acids in the C-terminal tail of human GPR35a became phosphorylated in response to agonist occupancy of the receptor and that, apart from Ser294, each of these contributed to interactions with arretin-3, which inhibits further G protein-coupled receptor signaling. We found that Ser303 was key to such interactions; the serine corresponding to human GPR35a residue 303 also played a dominant role in arrestin-3 interactions for both mouse and rat GPR35. We also demonstrated that fully phospho-site–deficient mutants of human GPR35a and mouse GPR35 failed to interact effectively with arrestin-3, and the human phospho-deficient variant was not internalized from the surface of cells in response to agonist treatment. Even in cells stably expressing species orthologues of GPR35, a substantial proportion of the expressed protein(s) was determined to be immature. Finally, phospho-site–specific antisera targeting the region encompassing Ser303 in human (Ser301 in mouse) GPR35a identified only the mature forms of GPR35 and provided effective sensors of the activation status of the receptors both in immunoblotting and immunocytochemical studies. Such antisera may be useful tools to evaluate target engagement in drug discovery and target validation programs.
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9
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Jenkins L, Marsango S, Mancini S, Mahmud ZA, Morrison A, McElroy SP, Bennett KA, Barnes M, Tobin AB, Tikhonova IG, Milligan G. Discovery and Characterization of Novel Antagonists of the Proinflammatory Orphan Receptor GPR84. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1598-1613. [PMID: 34661077 PMCID: PMC8506611 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
![]()
GPR84 is a poorly
characterized, nominally orphan, proinflammatory
G protein-coupled receptor that can be activated by medium chain length
fatty acids. It is attracting considerable interest as a potential
therapeutic target for antagonist ligands in both inflammatory bowel
diseases and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Successful screening of
more than 300 000 compounds from a small molecule library followed
by detailed analysis of some 50 drug-like hits identified 3-((5,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole as a high affinity and highly selective competitive
antagonist of human GPR84. Tritiation of a di-iodinated form of the
core structure produced [3H]3-((5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole, which allowed effective measurement of receptor
levels in both transfected cell lines and lipopolysaccharide-treated
THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells. Although this compound series lacks
significant affinity at mouse GPR84, homology modeling and molecular
dynamics simulations provided a potential rationale for this difference,
and alteration of two residues in mouse GPR84 to the equivalent amino
acids in the human orthologue, predicted to open the antagonist binding
pocket, validated this model. Sequence alignment of other species
orthologues further predicted binding of the compounds as high affinity
antagonists at macaque, pig, and dog GPR84 but not at the rat orthologue,
and pharmacological experiments confirmed these predictions. These
studies provide a new class of GPR84 antagonists that display species
selectivity defined via receptor modeling and mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jenkins
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Marsango
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Mancini
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Morrison
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo'Ness Road, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart P McElroy
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo'Ness Road, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie A Bennett
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Barnes
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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10
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Seibel-Ehlert U, Plank N, Inoue A, Bernhardt G, Strasser A. Label-Free Investigations on the G Protein Dependent Signaling Pathways of Histamine Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9739. [PMID: 34575903 PMCID: PMC8467282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein activation represents an early key event in the complex GPCR signal transduction process and is usually studied by label-dependent methods targeting specific molecular events. However, the constrained environment of such "invasive" techniques could interfere with biological processes. Although histamine receptors (HRs) represent (evolving) drug targets, their signal transduction is not fully understood. To address this issue, we established a non-invasive dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assay for the human H1-4Rs expressed in HEK cells, showing excellent signal-to-background ratios above 100 for histamine (HIS) and higher than 24 for inverse agonists with pEC50 values consistent with literature. Taking advantage of the integrative nature of the DMR assay, the involvement of endogenous Gαq/11, Gαs, Gα12/13 and Gβγ proteins was explored, pursuing a two-pronged approach, namely that of classical pharmacology (G protein modulators) and that of molecular biology (Gα knock-out HEK cells). We showed that signal transduction of hH1-4Rs occurred mainly, but not exclusively, via their canonical Gα proteins. For example, in addition to Gαi/o, the Gαq/11 protein was proven to contribute to the DMR response of hH3,4Rs. Moreover, the Gα12/13 was identified to be involved in the hH2R mediated signaling pathway. These results are considered as a basis for future investigations on the (patho)physiological role and the pharmacological potential of H1-4Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Seibel-Ehlert
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (N.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Nicole Plank
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (N.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
| | - Guenther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (N.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrea Strasser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (N.P.); (G.B.)
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11
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Trauelsen M, Hiron TK, Lin D, Petersen JE, Breton B, Husted AS, Hjorth SA, Inoue A, Frimurer TM, Bouvier M, O'Callaghan CA, Schwartz TW. Extracellular succinate hyperpolarizes M2 macrophages through SUCNR1/GPR91-mediated Gq signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109246. [PMID: 34133934 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate functions both as a classical TCA cycle metabolite and an extracellular metabolic stress signal sensed by the mainly Gi-coupled succinate receptor SUCNR1. In the present study, we characterize and compare effects and signaling pathways activated by succinate and both classes of non-metabolite SUCNR1 agonists. By use of specific receptor and pathway inhibitors, rescue in G-protein-depleted cells and monitoring of receptor G protein activation by BRET, we identify Gq rather than Gi signaling to be responsible for SUCNR1-mediated effects on basic transcriptional regulation. Importantly, in primary human M2 macrophages, in which SUCNR1 is highly expressed, we demonstrate that physiological concentrations of extracellular succinate act through SUCNR1-activated Gq signaling to efficiently regulate transcription of immune function genes in a manner that hyperpolarizes their M2 versus M1 phenotype. Thus, sensing of stress-induced extracellular succinate by SUCNR1 is an important transcriptional regulator in human M2 macrophages through Gq signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Trauelsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Maersk Tower, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas K Hiron
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Da Lin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jacob E Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Maersk Tower, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Billy Breton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Sofie Husted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Maersk Tower, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siv A Hjorth
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Maersk Tower, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Maersk Tower, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chris A O'Callaghan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Maersk Tower, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Soave M, Stoddart LA, White CW, Kilpatrick LE, Goulding J, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Detection of genome-edited and endogenously expressed G protein-coupled receptors. FEBS J 2021; 288:2585-2601. [PMID: 33506623 PMCID: PMC8647918 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and major targets for FDA-approved drugs. The ability to quantify GPCR expression and ligand binding characteristics in different cell types and tissues is therefore important for drug discovery. The advent of genome editing along with developments in fluorescent ligand design offers exciting new possibilities to probe GPCRs in their native environment. This review provides an overview of the recent technical advances employed to study the localisation and ligand binding characteristics of genome-edited and endogenously expressed GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Leigh A. Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Carl W. White
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical ResearchQEII Medical CentreThe University of Western AustraliaNedlandsAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of NottinghamUK
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
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13
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Differential Involvement of ACKR3 C-Tail in β-Arrestin Recruitment, Trafficking and Internalization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030618. [PMID: 33799570 PMCID: PMC8002179 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike classical GPCRs, this receptor does not activate G proteins in most cell types but recruits β-arrestins upon activation. ACKR3 plays an important role in cancer and vascular diseases. As recruitment of β-arrestins is triggered by phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of GPCRs, we studied the role of different potential phosphorylation sites within the ACKR3 C-tail to further delineate the molecular mechanism of internalization and trafficking of this GPCR. Methods: We used various bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based sensors and techniques in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T cells expressing WT or phosphorylation site mutants of ACKR3 to measure CXCL12-induced recruitment of β-arrestins and G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), receptor internalization and trafficking. Results: Upon CXCL12 stimulation, ACKR3 recruits both β-arrestin 1 and 2 with equivalent kinetic profiles. We identified interactions with GRK2, 3 and 5, with GRK2 and 3 being important for β-arrestin recruitment. Upon activation, ACKR3 internalizes and recycles back to the cell membrane. We demonstrate that β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor is mainly determined by a single cluster of phosphorylated residues on the C-tail of ACKR3, and that residue T352 and in part S355 are important residues for β-arrestin1 recruitment. Phosphorylation of the C-tail appears essential for ligand-induced internalization and important for differential β-arrestin recruitment. GRK2 and 3 play a key role in receptor internalization. Moreover, ACKR3 can still internalize when β-arrestin recruitment is impaired or in the absence of β-arrestins, using alternative internalization pathways. Our data indicate that distinct residues within the C-tail of ACKR3 differentially regulate CXCL12-induced β-arrestin recruitment, ACKR3 trafficking and internalization.
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14
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Moo EV, van Senten JR, Bräuner-Osborne H, Møller TC. Arrestin-Dependent and -Independent Internalization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Methods, Mechanisms, and Implications on Cell Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:242-255. [PMID: 33472843 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist-induced endocytosis is a key regulatory mechanism for controlling the responsiveness of the cell by changing the density of cell surface receptors. In addition to the role of endocytosis in signal termination, endocytosed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been found to signal from intracellular compartments of the cell. Arrestins are generally believed to be the master regulators of GPCR endocytosis by binding to both phosphorylated receptors and adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) or clathrin, thus recruiting receptors to clathrin-coated pits to facilitate the internalization process. However, many other functions have been described for arrestins that do not relate to their role in terminating signaling. Additionally, there are now more than 30 examples of GPCRs that internalize independently of arrestins. Here we review the methods, pharmacological tools, and cellular backgrounds used to determine the role of arrestins in receptor internalization, highlighting their advantages and caveats. We also summarize key examples of arrestin-independent GPCR endocytosis in the literature and their suggested alternative endocytosis pathway (e.g., the caveolae-dependent and fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis pathways). Finally, we consider the possible function of arrestins recruited to GPCRs that are endocytosed independently of arrestins, including the catalytic arrestin activation paradigm. Technological improvements in recent years have advanced the field further, and, combined with the important implications of endocytosis on drug responses, this makes endocytosis an obvious parameter to include in molecular pharmacological characterization of ligand-GPCR interactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) endocytosis is an important means to terminate receptor signaling, and arrestins play a central role in the widely accepted classical paradigm of GPCR endocytosis. In contrast to the canonical arrestin-mediated internalization, an increasing number of GPCRs are found to be endocytosed via alternate pathways, and the process appears more diverse than the previously defined "one pathway fits all."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Von Moo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Møller TC, Pedersen MF, van Senten JR, Seiersen SD, Mathiesen JM, Bouvier M, Bräuner-Osborne H. Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17395. [PMID: 33060647 PMCID: PMC7567791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Parobchak N, Rao S, Negron A, Schaefer J, Bhattacharya M, Radovick S, Babwah AV. Uterine Gpr83 mRNA is highly expressed during early pregnancy and GPR83 mediates the actions of PEN in endometrial and non-endometrial cells. F&S SCIENCE 2020; 1:67-77. [PMID: 35559741 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the expression and signaling of uterine GPR83 in vivo in the nonpregnant and pregnant mouse and in vitro in human endometrial and nonendometrial cells. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENTS Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expression of uterine Gpr83 was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction throughout the estrous cycle and during early pregnancy in ovarian-stimulated and non-ovarian-stimulated mice and pregnant and pseudopregnant mice. Expression was also determined in ovariectomized mice after the administration of oil, E2, P4, or E2 + P4 and in stromal cells following 6 days of in vitro decidualization. GPR83 signaling was studied in human endometrial and embryonic kidney cell lines. Cells were treated by PEN, a GPR83 ligand, and PEN-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was assayed under conditions that blocked Gαq/11 and/or β-arrestin signaling. RESULTS Uterine Gpr83 is expressed throughout the estrous cycle and during early pregnancy; expression increases dramatically at the time of uterine receptivity, embryo implantation, and stromal cell decidualization. In the ovariectomized mouse, hormone add-back reveals that Gpr83 expression is highly responsive to the combined treatment of E2 and P4, and studies in the ovarian-stimulated mouse show that expression is also very sensitive to changes in E2 and P4 and is therefore tightly regulated by E2 and P4. At the implantation site, expression is elevated up to D6 of pregnancy and then declines rapidly on D7 and D8, suggesting that if there is any involvement in decidualization, it is likely associated with primary but not secondary stromal cell decidualization. This premise was supported by the observation that stromal cell decidualization in vitro progresses with a decline in Gpr83 expression. In ERα/PR-expressing endometrial Ishikawa cells, GPR83 mediates PEN signals in a Gαq/11-dependent manner, and studies conducted in HEK 293 cells lacking β-arrestin revealed that GPR83 also signals via a β-arrestin-dependent manner. When signaling by either one or both pathways is downregulated, cells exhibit a major reduction in responsiveness to PEN treatment, demonstrating that signaling by both pathways is significant. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that PEN/GPR83 signaling regulates uterine receptivity, embryo implantation, and primary stromal cell decidualization by coupling to Gαq/11- and β-arrestin-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Parobchak
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Shivani Rao
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ariel Negron
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer Schaefer
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Sally Radovick
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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17
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Signal profiling of the β 1AR reveals coupling to novel signalling pathways and distinct phenotypic responses mediated by β 1AR and β 2AR. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8779. [PMID: 32471984 PMCID: PMC7260363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of signalling downstream of GPCRs requires a broad approach to capture novel signalling modalities in addition to established pathways. Here, using an array of sixteen validated BRET-based biosensors, we analyzed the ability of seven different β-adrenergic ligands to engage five distinct signalling pathways downstream of the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR). In addition to generating signalling signatures and capturing functional selectivity for the different ligands toward these pathways, we also revealed coupling to signalling pathways that have not previously been ascribed to the βAR. These include coupling to Gz and G12 pathways. The signalling cascade linking the β1AR to calcium mobilization was also characterized using a combination of BRET-based biosensors and CRISPR-engineered HEK 293 cells lacking the Gαs subunit or with pharmacological or genetically engineered pathway inhibitors. We show that both Gs and G12 are required for the full calcium response. Our work highlights the power of combining signal profiling with genome editing approaches to capture the full complement of GPCR signalling activities in a given cell type and to probe their underlying mechanisms.
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18
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Bowin CF, Inoue A, Schulte G. WNT-3A-induced β-catenin signaling does not require signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11677-11684. [PMID: 31235524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.009412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The network of Wingless/Int-1 (WNT)-induced signaling pathways includes β-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways. β-Catenin regulates T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (TCF/LEF)-mediated gene transcription, and in response to WNTs, β-catenin signaling is initiated through engagement of a Frizzled (FZD)/LDL receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) receptor complex. FZDs are G protein-coupled receptors, but the question of whether heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in WNT/β-catenin signaling remains unanswered. Here, we investigate whether acute activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling by purified WNT-3A requires functional signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins. Using genome editing, we ablated expression of Gs/Golf/Gq/G11/G12/G13/Gz in HEK293 (ΔG7) cells, leaving the expression of pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gi/o proteins unchanged, to assess whether WNT-3A activates WNT/β-catenin signaling in WT and ΔG7 cells devoid of functional G protein signaling. We monitored WNT-3A-induced activation by detection of phosphorylation of LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), electrophoretic mobility shift of the phosphoprotein Dishevelled (DVL), β-catenin stabilization and dephosphorylation, and TCF-dependent transcription. We found that purified, recombinant WNT-3A efficiently induces WNT/β-catenin signaling in ΔG7 cells in both the absence and presence of Gi/o-blocking PTX. Furthermore, cells completely devoid of G protein expression, so called Gα-depleted HEK293 cells, maintain responsiveness to WNT-3A with regard to the hallmarks of WNT/β-catenin signaling. These findings corroborate the concept that heterotrimeric G proteins are not required for this FZD- and DVL-mediated signaling branch. Our observations agree with previous results arguing for FZD conformation-dependent functional selectivity between DVL and heterotrimeric G proteins. In conclusion, WNT/β-catenin signaling through FZDs does not require the involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Fredrik Bowin
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Solnavägen 9, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Solnavägen 9, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Pandey S, Li XX, Srivastava A, Baidya M, Kumari P, Dwivedi H, Chaturvedi M, Ghosh E, Woodruff TM, Shukla AK. Partial ligand-receptor engagement yields functional bias at the human complement receptor, C5aR1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9416-9429. [PMID: 31036565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement component, C5a, binds two different seven-transmembrane receptors termed C5aR1 and C5aR2. C5aR1 is a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor that couples to the Gαi subfamily of heterotrimeric G-proteins and β-arrestins (βarrs) following C5a stimulation. Peptide fragments derived from the C terminus of C5a can still interact with the receptor, albeit with lower affinity, and can act as agonists or antagonists. However, whether such fragments might display ligand bias at C5aR1 remains unexplored. Here, we compare C5a and a modified C-terminal fragment of C5a, C5apep, in terms of G-protein coupling, βarr recruitment, endocytosis, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation at the human C5aR1. We discover that C5apep acts as a full agonist for Gαi coupling as measured by cAMP response and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, but it displays partial agonism for βarr recruitment and receptor endocytosis. Interestingly, C5apep exhibits full-agonist efficacy with respect to inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 secretion in human macrophages, but its ability to induce human neutrophil migration is substantially lower compared with C5a, although both these responses are sensitive to pertussis toxin treatment. Taken together, our data reveal that compared with C5a, C5apep exerts partial efficacy for βarr recruitment, receptor trafficking, and neutrophil migration. Our findings therefore uncover functional bias at C5aR1 and also provide a framework that can potentially be extended to chemokine receptors, which also typically interact with chemokines through a biphasic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhi Pandey
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
| | - Xaria X Li
- the School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
| | - Mithu Baidya
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
| | - Punita Kumari
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
| | - Hemlata Dwivedi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
| | - Madhu Chaturvedi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
| | - Eshan Ghosh
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- the School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Arun K Shukla
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India and
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20
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Combining Conformational Profiling of GPCRs with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30969416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9121-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Ligand-biased signaling could have a significant impact on drug discovery programs. As such, many approaches to screening now target a larger section of the signaling responses downstream of an individual G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Biosensor-based platforms have been developed to capture signaling signatures. Despite the ability to use such signaling signatures, they may still be particular to an individual cell type and thus such platforms may not be portable from cell to cell, necessitating further cell-specific biosensor development. We have developed a complementary strategy based on capturing receptor-proximal conformational profiles using intra-molecular BRET-based sensors composed of a Renilla luciferase donor engineered into the carboxy-terminus and CCPGCC motifs which bind fluorescent hairpin biarsenical dyes engineered into different positions into the receptor primary structure. Here, we discuss how these experiments can be conducted and combined with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to assess specific G protein-dependent and -independent events.
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21
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Biebermann H, Kleinau G, Schnabel D, Bockenhauer D, Wilson LC, Tully I, Kiff S, Scheerer P, Reyes M, Paisdzior S, Gregory JW, Allgrove J, Krude H, Mannstadt M, Gardella TJ, Dattani M, Jüppner H, Grüters A. A New Multisystem Disorder Caused by the Gαs Mutation p.F376V. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1079-1089. [PMID: 30312418 PMCID: PMC6380466 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The α subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gαs) links numerous receptors to adenylyl cyclase. Gαs, encoded by GNAS, is expressed predominantly from the maternal allele in certain tissues. Thus, maternal heterozygous loss-of-function mutations cause hormonal resistance, as in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia, whereas somatic gain-of-function mutations cause hormone-independent endocrine stimulation, as in McCune-Albright syndrome. OBJECTIVE We report two unrelated boys presenting with a new combination of clinical findings that suggest both gain and loss of Gαs function. DESIGN AND SETTING Clinical features were studied and sequencing of GNAS was performed. Signaling capacities of wild-type and mutant Gαs were determined in the presence of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) under basal and agonist-stimulated conditions. RESULTS Both unrelated patients presented with unexplained hyponatremia in infancy, followed by severe early onset gonadotrophin-independent precocious puberty and skeletal abnormalities. An identical heterozygous de novo variant (c.1136T>G; p.F376V) was found on the maternal GNAS allele in both patients; this resulted in a clinical phenotype that differed from known Gαs-related diseases and suggested gain of function at the vasopressin 2 receptor (V2R) and lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), yet increased serum PTH concentrations indicative of impaired proximal tubular PTH1 receptor (PTH1R) function. In vitro studies demonstrated that Gαs-F376V enhanced ligand-independent signaling at the PTH1R, LHCGR, and V2R and, at the same time, blunted ligand-dependent responses. Structural homology modeling suggested mutation-induced modifications at the C-terminal α5 helix of Gαs that are relevant for interaction with GPCRs and signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS The Gαs p.F376V mutation causes a previously unrecognized multisystem disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schnabel
- Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Renal Unit, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Tully
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kiff
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monica Reyes
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Paisdzior
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John W Gregory
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Allgrove
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehul Dattani
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annette Grüters
- Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Annette Grüters, PhD, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Department for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Mittelallee 8, 13353 Berlin, Germany. E-mail:
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22
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Mackenzie AE, Quon T, Lin LC, Hauser AS, Jenkins L, Inoue A, Tobin AB, Gloriam DE, Hudson BD, Milligan G. Receptor selectivity between the G proteins Gα 12 and Gα 13 is defined by a single leucine-to-isoleucine variation. FASEB J 2019; 33:5005-5017. [PMID: 30601679 PMCID: PMC6436656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801956r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in structural definition of GPCR-G protein complexes, the basis of receptor selectivity between G proteins remains unclear. The Gα12 and Gα13 subtypes together form the least studied group of heterotrimeric G proteins. G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) has been suggested to couple efficiently to Gα13 but weakly to Gα12. Using combinations of cells genome-edited to not express G proteins and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based sensors, we confirmed marked selectivity of GPR35 for Gα13. Incorporating Gα12/Gα13 chimeras and individual residue swap mutations into these sensors defined that selectivity between Gα13 and Gα12 was imbued largely by a single leucine-to-isoleucine variation at position G.H5.23. Indeed, leucine could not be substituted by other amino acids in Gα13 without almost complete loss of GPR35 coupling. The critical importance of leucine at G.H5.23 for GPR35-G protein interaction was further demonstrated by introduction of this leucine into Gαq, resulting in the gain of coupling to GPR35. These studies demonstrate that Gα13 is markedly the most effective G protein for interaction with GPR35 and that selection between Gα13 and Gα12 is dictated largely by a single conservative amino acid variation.-Mackenzie, A. E., Quon, T., Lin, L.-C., Hauser, A. S., Jenkins, L., Inoue, A., Tobin, A. B., Gloriam, D. E., Hudson, B. D., Milligan, G. Receptor selectivity between the G proteins Gα12 and Gα13 is defined by a single leucine-to-isoleucine variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Mackenzie
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tezz Quon
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Chiung Lin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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23
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Angilletta MJ, Youngblood JP, Neel LK, VandenBrooks JM. The neuroscience of adaptive thermoregulation. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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White CW, Johnstone EKM, See HB, Pfleger KDG. NanoBRET ligand binding at a GPCR under endogenous promotion facilitated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Cell Signal 2018; 54:27-34. [PMID: 30471466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a versatile tool used to investigate membrane receptor signalling and function. We have recently developed a homogenous NanoBRET ligand binding assay to monitor interactions between G protein-coupled receptors and fluorescent ligands. However, this assay requires the exogenous expression of a receptor fused to the nanoluciferase (Nluc) and is thus not applicable to natively-expressed receptors. To overcome this limitation in HEK293 cells, we have utilised CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering to insert Nluc in-frame with the endogenous ADORA2B locus this resulted in HEK293 cells expressing adenosine A2B receptors under endogenous promotion tagged on their N-terminus with Nluc. As expected, we found relatively low levels of endogenous (gene-edited) Nluc/A2B receptor expression compared to cells transiently transfected with expression vectors coding for Nluc/A2B. However, in cells expressing gene-edited Nluc/A2B receptors we observed clear saturable ligand binding of a non-specific fluorescent adenosine receptor antagonist XAC-X-BY630 (Kd = 21.4 nM). Additionally, at gene-edited Nluc/A2B receptors we derived pharmacological parameters of ligand binding; Kd as well as Kon and Koff for binding of XAC-X-BY630 by NanoBRET association kinetic binding assays. Lastly, cells expressing gene-edited Nluc/A2B were used to determine the pKi of unlabelled adenosine receptor ligands in competition ligand binding assays. Utilising CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering here we show that NanoBRET ligand binding assays can be performed at gene-edited receptors under endogenous promotion in live cells, therefore overcoming a fundamental limitation of NanoBRET ligand assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W White
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth K M Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Heng B See
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia; Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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25
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Luttrell LM, Wang J, Plouffe B, Smith JS, Yamani L, Kaur S, Jean-Charles PY, Gauthier C, Lee MH, Pani B, Kim J, Ahn S, Rajagopal S, Reiter E, Bouvier M, Shenoy SK, Laporte SA, Rockman HA, Lefkowitz RJ. Manifold roles of β-arrestins in GPCR signaling elucidated with siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/549/eaat7650. [PMID: 30254056 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat7650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) use diverse mechanisms to regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2. β-Arrestins (βArr1/2) are ubiquitous inhibitors of G protein signaling, promoting GPCR desensitization and internalization and serving as scaffolds for ERK1/2 activation. Studies using CRISPR/Cas9 to delete βArr1/2 and G proteins have cast doubt on the role of β-arrestins in activating specific pools of ERK1/2. We compared the effects of siRNA-mediated knockdown of βArr1/2 and reconstitution with βArr1/2 in three different parental and CRISPR-derived βArr1/2 knockout HEK293 cell pairs to assess the effect of βArr1/2 deletion on ERK1/2 activation by four Gs-coupled GPCRs. In all parental lines with all receptors, ERK1/2 stimulation was reduced by siRNAs specific for βArr2 or βArr1/2. In contrast, variable effects were observed with CRISPR-derived cell lines both between different lines and with activation of different receptors. For β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) and β1ARs, βArr1/2 deletion increased, decreased, or had no effect on isoproterenol-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in different CRISPR clones. ERK1/2 activation by the vasopressin V2 and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors was reduced in these cells but was enhanced by reconstitution with βArr1/2. Loss of desensitization and receptor internalization in CRISPR βArr1/2 knockout cells caused β2AR-mediated stimulation of ERK1/2 to become more dependent on G proteins, which was reversed by reintroducing βArr1/2. These data suggest that βArr1/2 function as a regulatory hub, determining the balance between mechanistically different pathways that result in activation of ERK1/2, and caution against extrapolating results obtained from βArr1/2- or G protein-deleted cells to GPCR behavior in native systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Research Service of the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C IJ4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lama Yamani
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Suneet Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Christophe Gauthier
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Mi-Hye Lee
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seungkirl Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric Reiter
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C IJ4, Canada
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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