MicroRNAs: Novel Molecular Targets and Response Modulators of Statin Therapy

Induction of let-7d-5p miRNA modulates aortic smooth muscle inflammatory signaling and phenotypic switching

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Activation of vascular smooth muscle cell inflammation is recognised as an important early driver of vascular disease. We have previously identified the let-7 miRNA family as important regulators of inflammation in in vitro and in vivo models of atherosclerosis. Here we investigated a dual statin/let-7d-5p miRNA combination therapy approach to target human aortic SMC (HAoSMC) activation and inflammation.

METHODS

In vitro studies using primary HAoSMCs were performed to investigate the effects of let-7d-5p miRNA overexpression and inhibition. HAoSMCs were treated with combinations of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and atorvastatin or lovastatin. HAoSMC Bulk RNA-seq transcriptomics of HAoSMCs revealed downstream regulatory networks modulated by let-7d-5p miRNA overexpression and statins. Proteome profiler cytokine array, Western blotting and quantitative PCR analyses were performed on HAoSMCs to validate key findings.

RESULTS

Let-7d-5p overexpression significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced upregulation of IL-6, ICAM1, VCAM1, CCL2, CD68, MYOCD gene expression in HAoSMCs (p<0.05). Statins (atorvastatin, lovastatin) significantly attenuated inflammatory gene expression and upregulated Let-7d levels in HAoSMCs (p<0.05). Bulk RNA-seq analysis of a dual Let-7d-5p overexpression/statin therapy in HAoSMCs revealed that let-7d-5p activation and statins converge on key inflammatory pathways (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ). Let-7d-5p overexpression led to reduced expression of the ox-LDL receptor OLR1, and this was associated with lower ox-LDL uptake in HAoSMCs. In silico analysis of smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching shows that overexpression of let-7d-5p in HAoSMCs maintains a contractile phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting the Let-7 network alongside statins can modulate HAoSMC activation and attenuate key inflammatory pathway signals.

The pharmaco-epigenetics of hypertension: a focus on microRNA

Hypertension is a major harbinger of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It predisposes to higher rates of myocardial infarction, chronic kidney failure, stroke, and heart failure than most other risk factors. By 2025, the prevalence of hypertension is projected to reach 1.5 billion people. The pathophysiology of this disease is multifaceted, as it involves nitric oxide and endothelin dysregulation, reactive oxygen species, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, and vessel wall calcification, among others. With the advent of new biomolecular techniques, various studies have elucidated a gaping hole in the etiology and mechanisms of hypertension. Indeed, epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA-mediated translational silencing appear to play crucial roles in altering the molecular phenotype into a hypertensive profile. Here, we critically review the experimentally determined associations between microRNA (miRNA) molecules and hypertension pharmacotherapy. Particular attention is given to the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the physiological responses to antihypertensive drugs like candesartan, and other relevant drugs like clopidogrel, aspirin, and statins among others. Furthermore, how miRNA affects the pharmaco-epigenetics of hypertension is especially highlighted.

Noncoding RNAs: Versatile regulators of endothelial dysfunction

Noncoding RNAs have recently emerged as versatile regulators of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of plaques within the arterial walls. Through their ability to modulate gene expression, noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, play crucial roles in various cellular processes involved in endothelial dysfunction (ECD), such as inflammation, pyroptosis, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs in endothelial dysfunction during atherosclerosis. It highlights the specific noncoding RNAs that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ECD, their target genes, and the mechanisms by which they contribute to ECD. Furthermore, we have reviewed the current therapeutics in atherosclerosis and explore their interaction with noncoding RNAs. Understanding the intricate regulatory network of noncoding RNAs in ECD may open up new opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat ECD.

Statins Use in Alzheimer Disease: Bane or Boon from Frantic Search and Narrative Review

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was used to describe pre-senile dementia to differentiate it from senile dementia, which develops in the adult age group of more than 65 years. AD is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque and tau-neurofibrillary tangles (TNTs) in the brain. The neuropathological changes in AD are related to the deposition of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and progression of neuroinflammation, neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy dysfunction, and cholinergic synaptic dysfunction. Statins are one of the main cornerstone drugs for the management of cardiovascular disorders regardless of dyslipidemia status. Increasing the use of statins, mainly in the elderly groups for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, may affect their cognitive functions. Extensive and prolonged use of statins may affect cognitive functions in healthy subjects and dementia patients. Statins-induced cognitive impairments in both patients and health providers had been reported according to the post-marketing survey. This survey depends mainly on sporadic cases, and no cognitive measures were used. Evidence from prospective and observational studies gives no robust conclusion regarding the beneficial or detrimental effects of statins on cognitive functions in AD patients. Therefore, this study is a narrative review aimed with evidences to the beneficial, detrimental, and neutral effects of statins on AD.

Decoding microRNA drivers in Atherosclerosis

An estimated 97% of the human genome consists of non-protein-coding sequences. As our understanding of genome regulation improves, this has led to the characterization of a diverse array of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA). Among these, micro-RNAs (miRNAs) belong to the short ncRNA class (22–25 nucleotides in length), with approximately 2500 miRNA genes encoded within the human genome. From a therapeutic perspective, there is interest in exploiting miRNA as biomarkers of disease progression and response to treatments, as well as miRNA mimics/repressors as novel medicines. miRNA have emerged as an important class of RNA master regulators with important roles identified in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory build-up, driven largely by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol accumulation within the artery wall and vascular injury, including endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte recruitment and vascular remodelling. Conventional therapy focuses on lifestyle interventions, blood pressure-lowering medications, high-intensity statin therapy and antiplatelet agents. However, a significant proportion of patients remain at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This continued cardiovascular risk is referred to as residual risk. Hence, a new drug class targeting atherosclerosis could synergise with existing therapies to optimise outcomes. Here, we review our current understanding of the role of ncRNA, with a focus on miRNA, in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, highlighting novel biological mechanisms and therapeutic avenues.

EIF4A3-regulated circ_0087429 can reverse EMT and inhibit the progression of cervical cancer via miR-5003-3p-dependent upregulation of OGN expression

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with stable structures with high expression and tissue-specific expression. Studies have shown that circRNA dysregulation is closely related to the progression of tumours. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of most circRNAs in cervical cancer are still unclear.   METHODS: CircRNAs related to cervical cancer were screened through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of circ_0087429 in cervical cancer tissues and cells. Then, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of circ_0087429 in the progression of cervical cancer. The role of the circ_0087429/miR-5003-3p/osteoglycin (OGN) axis in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was confirmed by rescue experiments, fluorescence in situ hybridization, luciferase reporter assays, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. The inhibitory effect of Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III (EIF4A3) on the biogenesis of circ_0087429 was verified by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays and qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

circ_0087429 is significantly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues and cells and negatively correlated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging and lymphatic metastasis in cervical cancer patients. circ_0087429 can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of cervical cancer in vitro and tumour growth and metastasis in vivo. OGN is significantly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues and cells. circ_0087429 can upregulate the expression of OGN by competitively binding with miR-5003-3p, thereby reversing EMT and inhibiting the progression of cervical cancer. EIF4A3 can inhibit circ_0087429 expression by binding to its flanking regions.

CONCLUSIONS

As a tumour suppressor, circ_0087429 regulated by EIF4A3 can reverse EMT and inhibit the progression of cervical cancer through the miR-5003-3p/OGN axis. It is expected to become a potential target for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Associations Among PCSK9 Levels, Atherosclerosis-Derived Extracellular Vesicles, and Their miRNA Content in Adults With Obesity

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EV) concentration is generally increased in patients with cardiovascular diseases, although the protective role of EVs in atherosclerosis has been reported. Among the specific cargo of EVs, miRNAs contribute to different stages of atherosclerosis. Aim of the present report has been to investigate, in individuals with obesity, the interplay among EVs derived from cells relevant for the atherosclerotic process (i.e., platelets, endothelium, monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophils), their miRNA content and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), one of the main regulators of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR).

Methods and Results: EVs have been isolated from 936 individuals with obesity (body mass index = 33.6 ± 5.6 Kg/m²) and a raised cardiovascular risk (e.g., LDL-C = 131.6 ± 36.4 mg/dL, HOMA-IR = 3.1, and roughly 50% on anti-hypertensive medications). PCSK9 levels were negatively associated with EV count in the range 150–400 nm and with those derived from macrophages (CD14⁺), endothelium (CD105⁺), and neutrophils (CD66⁺). The association between PCSK9 and platelet-derived EVs (CD61⁺) was modified by platelet counts. PCSK9 was significantly associated with five EV-derived miRNAs (hsa-miRNA−362−5p,−150,−1244,−520b-3p,−638). Toll-like receptor 4 and estrogen receptor 1 were targeted by all five miRNAs and LDLR by four. The effect on LDLR expression is mainly driven by hsa-miR-150. Considering the implication of EV in atherosclerosis onset and progression, our findings show a potential role of PCSK9 to regulate EV-derived miRNAs, especially those involved in inflammation and expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) receptor.

miR-23a-3p regulates the inflammatory response and fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease by targeting early growth response 1

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the most common cause of chronic kidney disease. Proteinuria is generally considered one of the clinical indicators of renal damage, and it is also closely related to the progression of DKD. Accumulating evidence indicates that proteinuria induces an upregulation of the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis markers in renal tubular epithelial cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. Previously, we showed that early growth response 1 (Egr1) played a key role in renal tubular injury. However, the upstream mechanism of Egr1 in the development of DKD is poorly understood. In this study, we found that albumin stimulation significantly increased the expression levels of Egr1, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and fibronectin (FN) in HK-2 cells but decreased miR-23a-3p levels. We then identified that miR-23a-3p targeted the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of Egr1 and directly suppressed the expression of Egr1. Moreover, we found that overexpression and inhibition of miR-23a-3p in HK-2 cells attenuated and promoted the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and FN, respectively. Additionally, Egr1 silencing reversed the inflammation and fibrosis caused by the miR-23a-3p inhibitor. Thus, we conclude that miR-23a-3p attenuates the development of DKD through Egr1, suggesting that targeting miR-23a-3p may be a novel therapeutic approach for DKD.

MicroRNAs hsa-miR-618 and hsa-miR-297 Might Modulate the Pleiotropic Effects Exerted by Statins in Endothelial Cells Through the Inhibition of ROCK2 Kinase: in-silico Approach

Several studies show that statin therapy improves endothelial function by cholesterol-independent mechanisms called “pleiotropic effects.” These are due to the inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK kinase pathway, its inhibition being an attractive atheroprotective treatment. In addition, recent work has shown that microRNAs, posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, can affect the response of statins and their efficacy. For this reason, the objective of this study was to identify by bioinformatic analysis possible new microRNAs that could modulate the pleiotropic effects exerted by statins through the inhibition of ROCK kinases. A bioinformatic study was performed in which the differential expression of miRNAs in endothelial cells was compared under two conditions: Control and treated with simvastatin at 10 μM for 24 h, using a microarray. Seven miRNAs were differentially expressed, three up and four down. Within the up group, the miRNAs hsa-miR-618 and hsa-miR-297 present as a predicted target to ROCK2 kinase. Also, functional and enriched pathway analysis showed an association with mechanisms associated with atheroprotective effects. This work shows an in-silico approach of how posttranscriptional regulation mediated by miRNAs could modulate the pleiotropic effects exerted by statins on endothelial cells, through the inhibition of ROCK2 kinase and its effects.

Statins' Regulation of the Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori and the Production of ROS May Inhibit the Development of Gastric Cancer

Conventionally, statins are used to treat high cholesterol levels. They exhibit pleiotropic effects, such as the prevention of cardiovascular disease and decreased cancer mortality. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers, ranking as the third leading global cause of cancer-related deaths, and is mainly attributed to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. During their co-evolution with hosts, H. pylori has developed the ability to use the cellular components of the host to evade the immune system and multiply in intracellular niches. Certain H. pylori virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), and cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase (CGT), have been shown to exploit host cholesterol during pathogenesis. Therefore, using statins to antagonize cholesterol synthesis might prove to be an ideal strategy for reducing the occurrence of H. pylori-related GC. This review discusses the current understanding of the interplay of H. pylori virulence factors with cholesterol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may prove to be novel therapeutic targets for the development of effective treatment strategies against H. pylori-associated GC. We also summarize the findings of several clinical studies on the association between statin therapy and the development of GC, especially in terms of cancer risk and mortality.

Reducing Cardiac Injury during ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Reasoned Approach to a Multitarget Therapeutic Strategy

The significant reduction in ‘ischemic time’ through capillary diffusion of primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI) has rendered myocardial-ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) prevention a major issue in order to improve the prognosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. In fact, while the ischemic damage increases with the severity and the duration of blood flow reduction, reperfusion injury reaches its maximum with a moderate amount of ischemic injury. MIRI leads to the development of post-STEMI left ventricular remodeling (post-STEMI LVR), thereby increasing the risk of arrhythmias and heart failure. Single pharmacological and mechanical interventions have shown some benefits, but have not satisfactorily reduced mortality. Therefore, a multitarget therapeutic strategy is needed, but no univocal indications have come from the clinical trials performed so far. On the basis of the results of the consistent clinical studies analyzed in this review, we try to design a randomized clinical trial aimed at evaluating the effects of a reasoned multitarget therapeutic strategy on the prevention of post-STEMI LVR. In fact, we believe that the correct timing of pharmacological and mechanical intervention application, according to their specific ability to interfere with survival pathways, may significantly reduce the incidence of post-STEMI LVR and thus improve patient prognosis.

miR-223: An Effective Regulator of Immune Cell Differentiation and Inflammation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in regulating various biological processes, such as cell differentiation and immune modulation by binding to their target genes. miR-223 is a miRNA with important functions and has been widely investigated in recent years. Under certain physiological conditions, miR-223 is regulated by different transcription factors, including sirtuin1 (Sirt1), PU.1 and Mef2c, and its biological functions are mediated through changes in its cellular or tissue expression. This review paper summarizes miR-223 biosynthesis and its regulatory role in the differentiation of granulocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphocytes, macrophage polarization, and endothelial and epithelial inflammation. In addition, it describes the molecular mechanisms of miR-223 in regulating lung inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, enteritis, neuroinflammation and mastitis to provide insights into the existing molecular regulatory networks and therapies for inflammatory diseases in humans and animals.

Anti-tumor Activity of Propofol: A Focus on MicroRNAs

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs are endogenous, short, non-coding RNAs with the length as low as 20 to 25 nucleotides. These RNAs are able to negatively affect the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It has been demonstrated that microRNAs play a significant role in cell proliferation, cell migration, cell death, cell differentiation, infection, immune response, and metabolism. Besides, the dysfunction of microRNAs has been observed in a variety of cancers. So, modulation of microRNAs is of interest in the treatment of disorders.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the current review is to investigate the modulatory effect of propofol on microRNAs in cancer therapy.

METHODS

This review was performed at PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science data-bases using keywords "propofol', "microRNA", "cancer therapy", "propofol + microRNA" and "propofol + miR".

RESULTS

It was found that propofol dually down-regulates/upregulates microRNAs to exert its antitumor activity. In terms of oncogenesis microRNAs, propofol exert an inhibitory effect, while propofol significantly enhances the expression of oncosuppressor microRNAs.

CONCLUSION

It seems that propofol is a potential modulator of microRNAs and this capability can be used in the treatment of various cancers.

Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin against Bladder Cancer: A Review of Possible Molecular Pathways

There are concerns about the increased incidence of cancer both in developing and developed countries. In spite of recent progress in cancer therapy, this disease is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Consequently, there have been rigorous attempts to improve cancer therapy by looking at nature as a rich source of naturally occurring anti-tumor drugs. Curcumin is a well-known plant-derived polyphenol found in turmeric. This compound has numerous pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anti-tumor properties. Curcumin is capable of suppressing the growth of a variety of cancer cells including those of bladder cancer. Given the involvement of various signaling pathways such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR and VEGF in the progression and malignancy of bladder cancer, and considering the potential of curcumin in targeting signaling pathways, it seems that curcumin can be considered as a promising candidate in bladder cancer therapy. In the present review, we describe the molecular signaling pathways through which curcumin inhibits invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells.

MicroRNA-183-5p contributes to malignant progression through targeting PDCD4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the biological role of microRNA-183-5p (miR-183-5p), a novel tumor-related microRNA (miRNA), in HCC and illuminate the possible molecular mechanisms. The expression patterns of miR-183-5p in clinical samples were characterized using qPCR analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival curve was applied to evaluate the correlation between miR-183-5p expression and overall survival of HCC patients. Effects of miR-183-5p knockdown on HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion capabilities were determined via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assays, flow cytometry, scratch wound healing assays and Transwell invasion assays, respectively. Mouse neoplasm transplantation models were established to assess the effects of miR-183-5p knockdown on tumor growth in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assays and rescue assays were performed for mechanistic researches. Results showed that miR-183-5p was highly expressed in tumorous tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Elevated miR-183-5p expression correlated with shorter overall survival of HCC patients. Moreover, miR-183-5p knockdown significantly suppressed proliferation, survival, migration and invasion of HCC cells compared with negative control treatment. Consistently, miR-183-5p knockdown restrained tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4) was identified as a direct target of miR-183-5p. Additionally, PDCD4 down-regulation was observed to abrogate the inhibitory effects of miR-183-5p knockdown on malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. Collectively, our data suggest that miR-183-5p may exert an oncogenic role in HCC through directly targeting PDCD4. The current study may offer some new insights into understanding the role of miR-183-5p in HCC.

MicroRNA-302c-3p inhibits endothelial cell pyroptosis via directly targeting NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 in atherosclerosis

Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are important participants and drivers in atherosclerosis. NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and the resulting pyroptosis are involved in the initiation and vicious circle of chronic inflammation, thus playing an indispensable role in atherosclerosis. Accordingly, blocking the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome may be a promising treatment strategy to blunt the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, it was demonstrated that miR-302c-3p exerted anti-pyroptosis effects by directly targeting NLRP3 in vivo and in vitro. In brief, the expression of miR-302c-3p was down-regulated whereas the expression of NLRP3 was up-regulated in human plaques and in vitro pyroptosis model of endothelial cells. Overexpression of miR-302c-3p suppressed endothelial cell pyroptosis by targeting specific sites of NLRP3. By comparison, down-regulation of endogenous miR-302c-3p led to the opposite results, which were reversed by silencing the expression of NLRP3. Finally, the up-regulation of miR-302c-3p inhibited the inflammation and pyroptosis of atherosclerosis mouse model. In conclusion, miR-302c-3p may be a powerful and attractive target for suppressing endothelial inflammation and pyroptosis, providing a novel strategy for preventing or alleviating the progression of atherosclerosis.

Effect of statins on lipid metabolism-related microRNA expression in HepG2 cells

BACKGROUND

Statins are potent cholesterol-lowering drugs that prevent cardiovascular events. microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways and cardiovascular functions post-transcriptionally. This study explored the effects of statins on the expression of miRNAs and their target genes involved in lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells.

METHODS

HepG2 cells were treated with atorvastatin or simvastatin (0.1-10 µM) for 24 h. The expression of 84 miRNAs and nine target genes, selected by in silico studies, was measured by qPCR Array and TaqMan-qPCR, respectively.

RESULTS

Five miRNAs were upregulated (miR-129, miR-143, miR-205, miR-381 and miR-495) and two downregulated (miR-29b and miR-33a) in atorvastatin-treated HepG2 cells. Simvastatin also downregulated miR-33a expression. Both statins upregulated LDLR, HMGCR, LRP1, and ABCG1, and downregulated FDFT1 and ABCB1, whereas only atorvastatin increased SCAP mRNA levels. In silico analysis of miRNA-mRNA interactions revealed a single network with six miRNAs modulating genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism. The statin-dysregulated miRNAs were predicted to target genes involved in cellular development and differentiation, regulation of metabolic process and expression of genes involved in inflammation, and lipid metabolism disorders contributing to metabolic and liver diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

Atorvastatin-mediated miR-129, miR-143, miR-205, miR-381, and miR-495 upregulation, and miR-29b, and miR-33a downregulation, modulate the expression of target genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Thus, statins may prevent hepatic lipid accumulation and ameliorate dyslipidemia.

Effects of statins on myocarditis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms

Myocarditis refers to the clinical and histological characteristics of a diverse range of inflammatory cellular pathophysiological conditions which result in cardiac dysfunction. Myocarditis is a major cause of mortality in individuals less than 40 years of age and accounts for approximately 20% of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Myocarditis contributes to dilated cardiomyopathy in 30% of patients and can progress to cardiac arrest, which has a poor prognosis of <40% survival over 10 years. Myocarditis has also been documented after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The most commonly used lipid-lowering therapies, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), decrease CVD-related morbidity and mortality. In addition to their lipid-lowering effects, increasing evidence supports the existence of several additional beneficial, 'pleiotropic' effects of statins. Recently, several studies have indicated that statins may attenuate myocarditis. Statins modify the lipid oxidation, inflammation, immunomodulation, and endothelial activity of the pathophysiology and have been recommended as adjuvant treatment. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of action of statins and their effects on myocarditis, SARS-CoV-2 and CVD.

The Efficacy of Anti-inflammatory Agents in the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrences

Several studies have indicated an association between inflammation and the recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation (AF), especially after ablation, which is a therapeutic option leading to local inflammation. On the other hand, each AF can lead to another AF, as a general rule. Thus, preventing recurrences of AF is extremely important for patient outcomes. In this paper, we attempted to review the effect of medicinal agents with anti-inflammatory properties on the prevention of AF recurrence. There are several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses on the prevention of AF recurrence using agents with anti-inflammatory properties, which include steroids, colchicine, statins, and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA). Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in preventing the recurrence of AF led to inconsistent results for corticosteroids, statins and n-3 FAs. These results may be related to the fact that inflammation is not the only factor responsible for triggering recurrences of AF. For example, the presence of structural, mechanical and electrical remodeling could potentially be the most important factors that trigger recurrences of AF but these factors have not been addressed in most of the reported studies. Therefore, future clinical trials are needed to compare the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in AF patients with, or without other factors. For colchicine, a potent anti-inflammatory drug, there are limited studies. However, all the studies investigating colchicine in the context of AF were consistent and promising, especially when colchicine was used on a short-term basis following ablation in patients with paroxysmal AF. Therefore, colchicine could be a promising candidate for further clinical studies involving recurrent AF.

Effect of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Delirium is one of the most prevalent complications in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, which is related to worse clinical outcomes including a longer ICU stay, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, higher mortality rates and increased risk of cognitive impairment. Observational studies have suggested that statins might have a positive effect on delirium status of hospitalized patients. To date, there has been no trial assessing the effect of atorvastatin on delirium status in critically ill patients. Thus, the aim of the current study was to determine the efficacy of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the ICU.

METHODS

In this randomized, double-blind and controlled trial, a total of 90 patients in the general ICU who had delirium for at least 2 days were randomly divided into atorvastatin (40 mg/day) (n = 40) and control (n = 50) groups. Delirium status of the patients was determined twice a day at 10:00 a.m. and 18:00 p.m. using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS).

RESULTS

Administration 40 mg/day of atorvastatin significantly reduced the mean RASS score and increased delirium-free days at both morning and afternoon time points compared to the control group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of atorvastatin had a significant positive effect on delirium status in patients admitted to the ICU.

Therapeutic Value of miRNAs in Coronary Artery Disease

Atherosclerotic ischemic coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant community health challenge and the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries for all ethnic groups. The progressive chronic coronary atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of CAD. Although enormous progress occurred in the last three decades in the management of cardiovascular diseases, the prevalence of CAD continues to increase worldwide, indicating the need for discovery of deeper molecular insights of CAD mechanisms, biomarkers, and innovative therapeutic targets. Recently, several research groups established that microRNAs essentially regulate various cardiovascular development and functions, and a deregulated cardiac enriched microRNA profile plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of CAD and its biological aging. Numerous studies established that over- or downregulation of a single miRNA gene by ago-miRNA or anti-miRNA is enough to modify the CAD disease process, significantly prevent age-dependent cardiac cell death, and markedly improve cardiac function. In the light of more recent experimental and clinical evidences, we briefly reviewed and discussed the involvement of miRNAs in CAD and their possible diagnostic/therapeutic values. Moreover, we also focused on the role of miRNAs in the initiation and progression of the atherosclerosis plaque as the strongest risk factor for CAD.

Statins: Epidrugs with effects on endothelial health?

BACKGROUND

Epigenetic events involving the methylation of CpG cites in DNA, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs correlated with many essential processes in human cells and diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)-the LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs-are broadly used in cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases. It is well established that statins exert pleiotropic functions, but how they exert effects on epigenetic modifications independently of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is not yet clear. Thereby, understanding these mechanisms may pave the way for further clinical application of statin therapy.

DESIGN

Following and electronic database search, studies reporting substantial effects of statins on epigenetic reprogramming in both cultured cells and in vivo models were retrieved and reviewed.

RESULTS

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in cellular development and function, and data collected in the past few years have revealed that many of the pleiotropic properties of statins are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, those 'nonclassical' effects are not limited to CV field but they would extend to other conditions such as malignancies.

CONCLUSION

This review suggests that the epigenetic effects of statins mediate, at least in part, the pleiotropic actions of these drugs but further validation of such effects in clinical studies is yet to be provided.

The role of microRNAs in multiple sclerosis

Despite numerous studies on multiple sclerosis (MS) and understanding many aspects of this disease, researchers still struggle to find proper biomarkers that facilitate diagnosis; prognosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy in MS. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as endogenous, comparatively stable and small non-coding RNAs involved in various biological and pathological signaling pathways. Interestingly, miRNAs have been emerged as a potential biomarker for monitoring novel therapies in MS patients. In this review, we described the miRNAs alteration in the MS patients as well as their altered expression in patients under common MS therapies.

High expression of miR-483-5p aggravates sepsis-induced acute lung injury

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has high morbidity and mortality rates, and there remains a need for therapeutic methods to improve the outcome of ALI patients. miR-483-5p is an important regulator for the development of various diseases such as sepsis. Nevertheless, it is not known whether miR-483-5p has an effect on sepsis-induced ALI. To explore this issue, this study used cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-treated mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) cells to simulate the models of sepsis-induced ALI in vivo and in vitro. Pathological and histological changes of lungs from sepsis-induced ALI mice were detected by Hematoxylin-eosin staining. The detection levels of caspase-3, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were used to reflect the effect of miR-483-5p on apoptosis and inflammation of sepsis-induced ALI. The detection level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in PMVECs cells was used to reflect the severe extent of sepsis-induced injury. The expression of miR-483-5p in lung tissues of sepsis-induced ALI mice was determined by qRT-PCR. In addition, the interaction of miR-483-5p with PIAS1 was identified and validated by Targetscan website and luciferase reporter assay, respectively. The results showed that miR-483-5p was up-regulated in the lung tissues of sepsis-induced ALI mice. Knockdown of miR-483-5p effectively ameliorated lung injury in mice with sepsis-induced ALI and inhibited inflammation and apoptosis of LPS-treated PMVECs cells. Furthermore, in vitro experiment revealed that PIAS1 was a potential target of miR-483-5p. Moreover, miR-483-5p could suppress PIAS1 expression to aggravate inflammation and apoptosis of LPS-treated PMVECs cells. These findings suggest miR-483-5p is a potential therapeutic and diagnostic biomarker for sepsis-induced ALI and provide a new insight for understanding the molecular mechanism of sepsis-induced ALI.

Melatonin ameliorates aortic valve calcification via the regulation of circular RNA CircRIC3/miR-204-5p/DPP4 signaling in valvular interstitial cells

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is highly prevalent with marked morbidity and mortality rates and a lack of pharmaceutical treatment options because its mechanisms are unknown. Melatonin is reported to exert atheroprotective effects. However, whether melatonin protects against aortic valve calcification, a disease whose pathogenesis shares many similarities to that of atherosclerosis, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we found that the intragastric administration of melatonin for 24 weeks markedly ameliorated aortic valve calcification in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-treated ApoE^-/- mice, as evidenced by reduced thickness and calcium deposition in the aortic valve leaflets, improved echocardiographic parameters (decreased transvalvular peak jet velocity and increased aortic valve area), and decreased osteogenic differentiation marker (Runx2, osteocalcin, and osterix) expression in the aortic valves. Consistent with these in vivo data, we also confirmed the suppression of in vitro calcification by melatonin in hVICs. Mechanistically, melatonin reduced the level of CircRIC3, a procalcification circular RNA, which functions by acting as a miR-204-5p sponge to positively regulate the expression of the procalcification gene dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). Furthermore, CircRIC3 overexpression abolished the inhibitory effects of melatonin on hVIC osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that melatonin ameliorates aortic valve calcification via the regulation of CircRIC3/miR-204-5p/DPP4 signaling in hVICs; therefore, melatonin medication might be considered a novel pharmaceutical strategy for CAVD treatment.

MicroRNAs as sentinels and protagonists of carotid artery thromboembolism

Stroke is the leading cause of serious disability in the world and a large number of ischemic strokes are due to thromboembolism from unstable carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque. As it is difficult to predict plaque rupture and surgical treatment of asymptomatic disease carries a risk of stroke, carotid disease continues to present major challenges with regard to clinical decision-making and revascularization. There is therefore an imminent need to better understand the molecular mechanisms governing plaque instability and rupture, as this would allow for the development of biomarkers to identify at-risk asymptomatic carotid plaque prior to disease progression and stroke. Further, it would aid in creation of therapeutics to stabilize carotid plaque. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated as key protagonists in various stages of atherosclerotic plaque initiation, development and rupture. Notably, they appear to play a crucial role in carotid artery thromboembolism. As the molecular pathways governing the role of miRNAs are being uncovered, we are learning that their involvement is complex, tissue- and stage-specific, and highly selective. Notably, miRNAs can be packaged and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs), where they participate in cell-cell communication. The measurement of EV-encapsulated miRNAs in the circulation may inform disease mechanisms occurring in the plaque itself, and therefore may serve as sentinels of unstable plaque as well as therapeutic targets.

Long non-coding RNA MEG3 promotes fibrosis and inflammatory response in diabetic nephropathy via miR-181a/Egr-1/TLR4 axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in diabetic nephropathy (DN). This research aimed to study the potential role and underlying molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNA MEG3 in DN. We found that MEG3 was upregulated in DN in vivo and in vitro and could enhance cell fibrosis and inflammatory response in DN. MEG3 functioned as an endogenous sponge for miR-181a in mesangial cells (MCs) via direct targeting and in an Ago2-dependent manner. MiR-181a inhibition promoted MC fibrosis and inflammatory response. In addition, Egr-1 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-181a. Further investigations verified that MEG3 promotes fibrosis and inflammatory response via the miR-181a/Egr-1/TLR4 axis in vitro and in vivo. These results provide new insights into the regulation between MEG3 and the miR-181a/Egr-1/TLR4 signaling pathway during DN progression.

Improved cardiovascular risk prediction in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis using machine learning modeling and circulating microribonucleic acids

Rationale: To test whether novel biomarkers, such as microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), and nonstandard predictive models, such as decision tree learning, provide useful information for medical decision-making in patients on hemodialysis (HD).

Methods: Samples from patients with end-stage renal disease receiving HD included in the AURORA trial were investigated (n=810). The study included two independent phases: phase I (matched cases and controls, n=410) and phase II (unmatched cases and controls, n=400). The composite endpoint was cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke. miRNA quantification was performed using miRNA sequencing and RT-qPCR. The CART algorithm was used to construct regression tree models. A bagging-based procedure was used for validation.

Results: In phase I, miRNA sequencing in a subset of samples (n=20) revealed miR-632 as a candidate (fold change=2.9). miR-632 was associated with the endpoint, even after adjusting for confounding factors (HR from 1.43 to 1.53). These findings were not reproduced in phase II. Regression tree models identified eight patient subgroups with specific risk patterns. miR-186-5p and miR-632 entered the tree by redefining two risk groups: patients older than 64 years and with hsCRP<0.827 mg/L and diabetic patients younger than 64 years. miRNAs improved the discrimination accuracy at the beginning of the follow-up (24 months) compared to the models without miRNAs (integrated AUC [iAUC]=0.71).

Conclusions: The circulating miRNA profile complements conventional risk factors to identify specific cardiovascular risk patterns among patients receiving maintenance HD.

Simvastatin induces breast cancer cell death through oxidative stress up-regulating miR-140-5p

Statins, a class of hyperlipidemic drugs, are widely used cholesterol lowering drugs that selectively inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to decreasing of cholesterol biosynthesis. Statins exert anti-tumoral effects on various cancer, including breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms for the actions were not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of statins on proliferation and apoptosis in the ER-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Our results showed that simvastatin increased the expression of miR-140-5p in a dose dependent manner via activating transcription factor NRF1, reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, and we also found that SLC2A1 was a new target of miR-140-5p. In conclusion, data in this study shed light on the potential anti-tumoral effects of simvastatin in breast cancer and presents a highly promising therapeutic option, using drug and miRNA for combined treating cancers.

Long noncoding RNAs in endometriosis: Biological functions, expressions, and mechanisms

Endometriosis refers to a benign chronic gynecological disorder, and is defined as the ectopic growth of endometrium in pelvic cavity. Endometriosis affects about 10% of reproductive-aged women. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of endometriosis remains obscure, and the disease witnesses a lack of effective therapy approaches. Therefore, more research needs to be performed to throw light on endometriosis, its pathogenesis, and therapy. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are defined as functional cellular RNA longer than 200 nucleotides, have been implicated in many chronic disorders. It has been suggested that lncRNAs are closely related to the endometriosis process. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs associate with endometriosis should be elucidated more detailed. In our brief review, we first exhibit the aberrant lncRNAs expression in endometriosis. Then, we talk about the molecular mechanisms underlying lncRNAs in endometriosis. Finally, we also present the potential of lncRNAs as biomarkers for endometriosis.

Wnt-regulating microRNAs role in gastric cancer malignancy

Gastric cancer (GC) is responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. This cancer claims fifth place among other cancers. There are a number of factors associated with GC development such as alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. It seems that genetic factors play significant role in GC malignancy and progression. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short non-coding RNA molecules with negative impact on the expression of target genes. A variety of studies have elucidated the potential role of miRs in GC growth. Investigation of molecular pathways has revealed that miRs function as upstream modulators of Wnt signaling pathway. This signaling pathway involves in important biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, and its dysregulation is associated with GC invasion. At the present review, we demonstrate that how miRs regulate Wnt signaling pathway in GC malignancy.

miR-144 Mediates High Fat-Induced Changes of Cholesterol Metabolism via Direct Regulation of C/EBPα in the Liver and Isolated Hepatocytes of Yellow Catfish

BACKGROUND

microRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and act as important modulators of cholesterol homeostasis.

OBJECTIVE

The study explores the mechanism by which miRNAs mediate high fat-induced changes of cholesterol metabolism in yellow catfish.

METHODS

Yellow catfish (weight: 3.79 ± 0.16 g, 3 mo old, mixed sex) were fed 2 diets containing lipids at 11.3% [control (CON)] or 15.4% [high-fat diet (HFD)] (by weight) for 8 wk. Cholesterol content was measured; hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, qPCR assays, and small RNA sequencing were conducted in the liver. Hepatocytes were isolated from separate, untreated fish and incubated for 24 h in control solution or palmitic acid (PA; 0.25 mM)/oleic acid (OA; 0.5 mM) after 4 h pretreatment with or without miR-144 inhibitor/mimic (40 nM). Cholesterol content was measured; qPCR assays and Western blotting were conducted in the hepatocytes. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids to validate miR-144 target genes. The promoter activities of miR-144 were analyzed in HEK293T cells with PA (0.25 mM) or OA (0.25 or 0.5 mM) treatment for 24 h. Luciferase activity assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and Western blotting were conducted in HEK293T cells.

RESULTS

Compared with CON, HFD induced hepatic cholesterol accumulation (31.5%), and upregulated miR-144 expression (8.40-fold, P < 0.05). miR-144 directly targeted hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (hmgcr), cholesterol 7α-monooxygenase A1 (cyp7a1), and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1 (abca1) in HEK293T cells. In the hepatocytes of yellow catfish, miR-144 inversely regulated the expression of hmgcr, cyp7a1, and abca1 (30.3-78.5%, P < 0.05); loss of miR-144 function alleviated PA- or OA-induced cholesterol accumulation (19.5-61.1%, P < 0.05). We also characterized the C/EBPα binding site in the miR-144 promoter, and found that C/EBPα positively regulated miR-144 expression through binding to the miR-144 promoter.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-144 mediated HFD-induced changes in the liver and hepatocytes of yellow catfish, suggesting a possible mechanism for HFD-induced dysfunction in cholesterol metabolism.

MicroRNAs mediate the anti-tumor and protective effects of ginsenosides

MicroRNAs (miRs(, as short non-coding RNAs, regulate important biological processes and mainly are associated with regulation of gene expression. The miRs are beneficial targets for diagnosis of various disorders, particularly cancer, since their expression profile undergoes alterations in pathological conditions. The numerous drugs have been designed with the capability of targeting miRs for treating pathological conditions. On the other hand, the application of naturally occurring compounds has been increased due to their minimal side effects and valuable biological and therapeutic activities. Ginsenosides are able to act as anti-tumor agents via either increasing or decreasing the expression level of miRs. Ginsenosides affect the expression profile of miRNAs to induce their protective impacts. Angiogenesis as a key factor in the progression of cancer can be suppressed by ginsenosides which is mediated by miR regulation. The aim of this review is to shed some light on the protective and anti-tumor activities of ginsenosides mediated by miRNAs.

Regulation of cardiac stem cells by microRNAs: State-of-the-art

Stem cells have a therapeutic potential in various medical conditions. In cases without sufficient response to conventional drug treatments, stem cells represent a next generation therapeutic strategy in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac stem cells (CSCs), among a wide variety of stem cell sources, have been identified as a valid option for stem cell-based therapy in cardiovascular diseases. CSCs mainly act as a cell source to supply the physiological need for cardiovascular cells. However, they have been demonstrated to reproduce the myocardial cells under pathological settings. Despite their roles and functions have somewhat been clarified, molecular pathways underlying the regulatory mechanisms of CSCs are still not fully elucidated. Several studies have recently shown that different microRNAs (miRNAs) play a substantial role in regulating and controlling both the physiological and pathological proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and may undergo aberrant expression levels during pathological conditions. Understanding the way through which miRNAs regulate CSC behavior may open up new horizons in modulating these cells in vitro to devise sophisticated approaches for treating patients with cardiovascular diseases. In this review article, we tried to discuss available evidence about the role of miRNAs in regulating CSCs.

Mechanisms of statin‐induced new‐onset diabetes

Statins, with their lipid‐lowering properties, are a first‐line therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Recent evidence, however, suggests that statins can increase the risk of new‐onset diabetes (NOD). The molecular mechanisms of statin‐induced NOD are not precisely known, although some pathophysiologic mechanisms have been suggested. Specific to the beta cell, these mechanisms include alterations in insulin secretion, changes in ion channels, modulation of signaling pathways, and inflammation/oxidative stress. Outwith the beta cell, other suggested mechanisms involve adipocytes, including alterations in adipocyte differentiation and modulation of leptin and adiponectin, and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, including alterations in microRNA. The evidence supporting these and other mechanisms will be discussed. Greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms linking the onset of diabetes to statin therapy is essential and clinically relevant, as it may enable novel preventative or therapeutic approaches to be instituted and guide the production of a new generation of statins lacking this side effect.

Prognostic Role of miR-221 and miR-222 Expression in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: A wealth of evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can modulate specific genes, increasing our knowledge on the fine-tuning regulation of protein expression. miR-221 and miR-222 have been frequently identified as deregulated across different cancer types; however, their prognostic significance in cancer remains controversial. In view of these considerations, we performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of published data investigating the effects of miR-221/222 on overall survival (OS) and other secondary outcomes among cancer patients. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library databases was performed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. Results: Fifty studies, analyzing 6086 patients, were included in the systematic review. Twenty-five studies for miR-221 and 17 studies for miR-222 which assessed OS were included in the meta-analysis. High expression of miR-221 and miR-222 significantly predicted poor OS (HR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.14–1.93, p = 0.003 and HR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.43–2.54, p < 0.001, respectively). Subgroup analysis revealed that the finding on miR-221 was not as robust as the one on miR-222. Furthermore, high miR-222 expression was also associated with worse progression-free survival and disease-free survival pooled with recurrence-free survival. Conclusions: The meta-analysis demonstrated that high expression of miR-222 is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients, whereas the significance of miR-221 remains unclear. More work is required to fully elucidate the role of miR-221 and miR-222 in cancer prognosis, particularly in view of the limitations of existing results, including the significant heterogeneity and limited number of studies for some cancers.

Non-antibiotic adjunctive therapy: A promising approach to fight tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is currently a clinical and public health problem. There is a concern about the emergence and development of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) species. Additionally, the lack of effective vaccines is another limitation to control the related infections. To overcome these problems various approaches have been pursued such as finding novel drug candidates with a new mechanism of action or repurposing conventional antibiotics. However, these strategies are still far from clinical application. Hence, the use of adjunctive therapy has been suggested for TB. In this paper, we review non-antibiotic adjunctive treatment options for TB. Natural products, vitamins, micronutrients, and trace elementals, as well as non-antibiotic drugs, are examples of agents which have been used as adjunctive therapies. The use of these adjunctive therapies has been shown to improve disease outcomes and reduce the adverse effects of antibiotic drugs. Employing these agents, either alone or in combination with antibiotics, might be considered as a promising approach to control TB infections and achieve better clinical outcomes. However, supportive evidence from randomized controlled trials is still scant and merits further investigations.

Several circulating miRNAs related to hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases

Background

In recent years, an increasing number of studies have proved that circulating miRNAs could be used for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and even play vital roles in the evaluation of therapeutic effects or prognosis. This study was conducted to examine the correlation between serum microRNAs and hyperlipidemia to provide a theoretical basis for the early screening and intervention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD).

Methods

The serum samples and clinical data of 122 patients with hyperlipidemia and 168 healthy subjects were collected. Related clinical information was statistically analyzed for the two groups. Expression of circulating miRNAs was detected by miRNA microarray analysis and further verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).

Results

Statistical analysis of clinical information revealed a significant difference in the incidence of ASCVD between the two groups. The MiRNA microarray analysis (n = 10) showed 22 miRNAs with significantly different expression, among which 12 showed upregulation, and the others showed downregulation. Those possessing obvious differences and stable expression in the miRNA microarray, including miRNA-191-3p, miRNA-933, and miRNA-425-3p, were chosen for further investigation using RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that several miRNAs were related to lipid metabolism disorders, especially miRNA-933. The area under the curve (AUC) of miRNA-933 in distinguishing the hyperlipidemia and ASCVD patients was 0.739 (95% CI, 0.682–0.795; P < 0.01) and 0.703 (95% CI, 0.643–0.763, P < 0.01), respectively.

Conclusions

In conclusion, miRNA-191-3p, miRNA-933, and miRNA-425-3p may be depressed in the peripheral circulation of patients with lipid metabolism disorders (mainly LDL). Circulating miRNA-933 could be a feasible predictor for ASCVD at the early stage.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1046-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Harnessing nucleic acid-based therapeutics for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: state of the art

Dyslipidemia is one of the major but modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Despite the accessibility of statins and other lipid-lowering drugs, the burden of ACVD is still high globally, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Nucleic acid-based technologies, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering (si)RNAs, miRNAs, and decoys, are emerging therapeutic modalities for the treatment of ACVD. These technologies aim to degrade gene mRNA transcripts to decrease the levels of atherogenic lipoproteins. Using gene-silencing approaches, the levels of atherogenic lipoproteins can be decreased by targeting proteins that have key roles in lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we highlight preclinical and clinical findings using these approaches for the development of novel therapies against ACVD.

RNA N6-methyladenosine modification participates in miR-660/E2F3 axis-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation in gastric cancer

Increasing evidence has shown that dysregulation of mircoRNA (miRNA) is linked to the development and progression of human cancer, including gastric cancer (GC). In the current study, by analysing the GEO database (GSE78091), we found that miR-660 was significantly downregulated in GC. Consistently, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that miR-660 was dramatically decreased in GC tissues and cell lines. Importantly, low miR-660 expression was closely related to larger tumor size (P =  0.008), lymph node metastasis (P =  0.006), advanced TNM stage (P =  0.029), and poor outcome (P = 0.023). Ectopic expression of miR-660 inhibited proliferation of MGC-803 and AGS cells and induced apoptosis. Further mechanism experiments suggested that the well-known oncogene E2F3 (E2F transcription factor 3) was a downstream target of miR-660. Overexpression of miR-660 reduced the activity of E2F3 by directly binding to the 3221˜3226 region of E2F3 3`-UTR, and there was a strong negative correlation between the expression of miR-660 and E2F3 in GC tissues (r = - 0.648, P <  0.001). Furthermore, E2F3 overexpression abrogated the anti-proliferation effect of miR-660 in GC cell lines. Of note, we found an N6-methyladenosine (m<sup>6</sup>A) motif at the 3063˜3067 region of E2F3 3`-UTR, and this m⁶A-modified motif was required for the interaction between miR-660 and E2F3 3`-UTR. Collectively, our findings reveal the compelling role of m⁶A in GC and highlight the regulatory function of the miR-660/E2F3 pathway in GC progression.

Effect of Statin Therapy on Arterial Wall Inflammation Based on 18F-FDG PET/CT: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies

Aim. To evaluate by meta-analysis of interventional studies the effect of statin therapy on arterial wall inflammation. Background. Arterial exposure to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels is responsible for initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and arterial wall inflammation. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has been used to detect arterial wall inflammation and monitor the vascular anti-inflammatory effects of lipid-lowering therapy. Despite a number of statin-based interventional studies exploring 18F-FDG uptake, these trials have produced inconsistent results. Methods. Trials with at least one statin treatment arm were searched in PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases. Target-to-background ratio (TBR), an indicator of blood-corrected 18F-FDG uptake, was used as the target variable of the statin anti-inflammatory activity. Evaluation of studies biases, a random-effects model with generic inverse variance weighting, and sensitivity analysis were performed for qualitative and quantitative data assessment and synthesis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were also performed. Results. Meta-analysis of seven eligible studies, comprising 10 treatment arms with 287 subjects showed a significant reduction of TBR following statin treatment (Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): −0.104, p = 0.002), which was consistent both in high-intensity (WMD: −0.132, p = 0.019) and low-to-moderate intensity statin trials (WMD: −0.069, p = 0.037). Statin dose/duration, plasma cholesterol and C-reactive protein level changes, and baseline TBR did not affect the TBR treatment response to statins. Conclusions. Statins were effective in reducing arterial wall inflammation, as assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Larger clinical trials should clarify whether either cholesterol-lowering or other pleiotropic mechanisms were responsible for this effect.

The therapeutic and diagnostic role of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases

Exosomes are nano-sized membranous vesicles that are secreted by cells. They have an important role in transferring proteins, mRNA, miRNA and other bioactive molecules between cells and regulate gene expression in recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes are a mechanism by which communication between cells is achieved and they are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, especially those requiring cell-cell communication. In the cardiovascular system, exosomes are associated with endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, vascular cells, stem and progenitor cells, and play an essential role in development, injury and disease of the cardiovascular system. In recent years, accumulating evidence implicates exosomes in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, exosomal microRNAs are considered to be key players in cardiac regeneration and confer cardioprotective and regenerative properties on both cardiac and non-cardiac cells and, additionally, stem and progenitor cells. Notably, miRNAs may be isolated from blood and offer a potential source of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize and assess the functional roles of exosomes in cardiovascular physiology, cell-to-cell communication and cardio-protective effects in cardiovascular disease.