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Tanwar D, Kaur T, Sudheendranath A, Kumar U, Sharma D. Pd(II) complexes bearing NNS pincer ligands: unveiling potent cytotoxicity against breast and pancreatic cancer. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9798-9811. [PMID: 38787690 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00282b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The continuously increasing rate of breast cancer is one of the major threats to female health worldwide. Recently, palladium complexes have emerged as impressive candidates with effective biocompatibility and anticancer activities. Hence, in the present study, we report a new series of palladium complexes bearing NNS pincer ligands for cytotoxicity studies. The reaction of thiophenol/4-chlorothiophenol/4-methylthiophenol/4-methoxythiophenol with 2-bromo-N-quinolin-8-yl-acetamide in the presence of sodium hydroxide in ethanol at 80 °C gave [C9H6N-NH-C(O)-CH2-S-Ar] [Ar = C6H5 (L1), C6H4Cl-4 (L2), C6H4Me-4 (L3), and C6H4-OMe-4 (L4)]. The corresponding reaction of L1-L4 with Na2PdCl4 in methanol at room temperature for 3 h resulted in complexes [(L1-H)PdCl] (C1), [(L2-H)PdCl] (C2), [(L3-H)PdCl] (C3), and [(L4-H)PdCl] (C4). All new compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic analyses. The structures of complexes C1, C3, and C4 have also been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The cytotoxicities of L1-L4 and C1-C4 have been investigated for breast cancer 4T1 and pancreatic cancer MIA-PaCa-2 cells. The IC50 values for complexes C2 and C3 were observed to be comparable to or higher than those of cisplatin. The stressed morphology and cell death of cancerous cells were successfully observed through cellular morphology analysis and the assessment of cytoskeleton damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Tanwar
- Catalysis and Bioinorganic Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110019, India.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Tashmeen Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India.
| | - Athul Sudheendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- Catalysis and Bioinorganic Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110019, India.
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India.
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Ávila RID, Mattos Alvarenga CB, Ávila PHMD, Moreira RC, Arruda AF, Fernandes TDO, Rodrigues BDS, Andrade WM, Batista AC, Paula JRD, Valadares MC. Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae) exerts chemopreventive effects against hexavalent chromium-induced damage in vitro and in vivo. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2652-2663. [PMID: 27241623 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1178306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae) has been widely used in the folk medicine and it presents phytochemicals constituents associated to antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of E. dysenterica leaf hydroalcoholic extract (EDE) in vitro and in vivo using AMJ2-C11 cells and Swiss mice exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS AMJ2-C11 cells were pretreated with EDE and exposed to Cr(VI) to evaluate cytotoxicity and the pathways involved in the chemopreventive effects of the extract. Mice were daily pretreated with EDE and then exposed to Cr(VI). Survival analysis, histopathological examination and determination of Cr levels in biological tissues were carried out. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that pretreatment of the AMJ2-C11 cells with EDE protected against the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by Cr(VI). Consequently, the pretreatment with EDE reduced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis triggered by Cr(VI), probably by a marked antioxidant and chelating activities demonstrated by EDE. Regarding in vivo studies, pretreatment for 10 days with EDE increased survival of the mice exposed to Cr(VI). In addition, EDE prevented liver and kidney pathological damages, in parallel with reduction in chromium levels found in these organs and plasma. EDE also showed a marked antioxidant potential associated with the presence of polyphenols, especially flavonoids and tannins, as confirmed by HPLC-PDA. CONCLUSION The study showed that EDE protects against Cr(VI)-induced damage in vitro and in vivo supporting further studies for the development of therapeutic products applied to prevent the damage induced by toxic metals, especially Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Cátia Belo Mattos Alvarenga
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Marcelino de Ávila
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Roger Cardoso Moreira
- b Laboratório de Espectroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Andréa Fernandes Arruda
- b Laboratório de Espectroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Thaís de Oliveira Fernandes
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Bruna Dos Santos Rodrigues
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Wanessa Machado Andrade
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- c Laboratório de Patologia Bucal, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - José Realino de Paula
- d Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais - LPPN, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
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Ristic L, Vucevic D, Radovic L, Djordjevic S, Nikacevic M, Colic M. Corrosive and cytotoxic properties of compact specimens and microparticles of Ni-Cr dental alloy. J Prosthodont 2013; 23:221-6. [PMID: 24118161 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) dental alloys have been widely used in prosthodontic practice, but there is a permanent concern about their biocompatibility due to the release of metal ions. This is especially important when Ni-Cr metal microparticles are incorporated into gingival tissue during prosthodontic procedures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine and compare the corrosion and cytotoxic properties of compact specimens and microparticles of Ni-Cr dental alloy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ni-Cr alloy, Remanium CSe bars (4 mm diameter), were made by the standard casting method and then cut into 0.5-mm-thick disks. Metal particles were obtained by scraping the bars using a diamond instrument for crown preparation. The microstructure was observed by an optical microscope. Quantitative determination and morphological and dimensional characterization of metal particles were carried out by a scanning electron microscope and Leica Application Suite software for image analysis. Corrosion was studied by conditioning the alloy specimens in the RPMI 1640 medium, containing 10% fetal calf serum in an incubator with 5% CO2 for 72 hours at 37°C. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was used to assess metal ion release. The cytotoxity of conditioning medium (CM) was investigated on L929 cells using an MTT test. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS After casting, the microstructure of the Remanium CSe compact specimen composed of Ni, Cr, Mo, Si, Fe, Al, and Co had a typical dendritic structure. Alloy microparticles had an irregular shape with a wide size range: from less than 1 μm to more than 100 μm. The release of metal ions, especially Ni and Mo from microparticles, was significantly higher, compared to the compact alloy specimen. The CM prepared from compact alloy was not cytotoxic at any tested dilutions, whereas CM from alloy microparticles showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity (90% CM and 45% CM versus control; p < 0.005). CONCLUSION Ni-Cr microparticles showed less corrosion resistance and lower biocompatibility than compact alloy. This could affect health on long-term exposure, especially in sensitized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubisa Ristic
- Dental Clinic, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
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Afolaranmi GA, Akbar M, Brewer J, Grant MH. Distribution of metal released from cobalt-chromium alloy orthopaedic wear particles implanted into air pouches in mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1529-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Asatiani N, Kartvelishvili T, Abuladze M, Asanishvili L, Sapojnikova N. Chromium (VI) can activate and impair antioxidant defense system. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:388-97. [PMID: 20809274 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The changes in glutathione-dependent cycle enzymes and catalase activities under Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress were investigated in two distinct cell lines: L-41-human epithelial-like cells and HLF-fetal human diploid lung fibroblasts, which differ in tissue origin, proliferation, and antioxidant enzymes activities. The chromium concentrations from 1 to 5 μM cause nontoxic effects and activate antioxidant enzymes to overcome oxidative stress. In spite of some differences in the endogenous antioxidant activities, both cell lines reveal the same range of toxic concentrations (20-30 μM). The irreversible inhibition of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes develops under toxic concentrations and serves as a marker of toxicity. The endogenous antioxidant activity influences time-dependent expression of Cr(VI) toxicity and the dynamics of antioxidant enzymes activity under nontoxic conditions. The cell antioxidant defense system is an important marker of the cell adaptive capacity under nontoxic and toxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Asatiani
- Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, 6, Tamarashvili St, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Disruption of blastomeric F-actin: a potential early biomarker of developmental toxicity in zebrafish. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 353:283-90. [PMID: 21461911 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The expression of at least some biomarkers of toxicity is generally thought to precede the appearance of frank pathology. In the context of developmental toxicity, certain early indicators may be predictive of later drastic outcome. The search for predictive biomarkers of toxicity in the cells (blastomeres) of an early embryo can benefit from the fact that for normal development to proceed, the maintenance of blastomere cellular integrity during the process of transition from an embryo to a fully functional organism is paramount. Actin microfilaments are integral parts of blastomeres in the developing zebrafish embryo and contribute toward the proper progression of early development (cleavage and epiboly). In early embryos, the filamentous actin (F-actin) is present and helps to define the boundary of each blastomere as they remain adhered to each other. In our studies, we observed that when blastomeric F-actin is depolymerized by agents like gelsolin, the blastomeres lose cellular integrity, which results in abnormal larvae later in development. There are a variety of toxicants that depolymerize F-actin in early mammalian embryos, the later consequences of which are, at present, not known. We propose that very early zebrafish embryos (~5-h old) exposed to such toxicants will also respond in a like manner. In this review, we discuss the potential use of F-actin disruption as a predictive biomarker of developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
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Winn B, Quarles, Jr. CD, Marcus RK, LaBerge M. Nickel ions inhibit α-actin expression and decrease aspect ratio of rat vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Metallomics 2011; 3:934-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Measurement of the thickness and volume of adherent cells using transmission-through-dye microscopy. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:1097-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Effects of dietary nickel on apoptosis of hemocytes of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jia X, Wang Q, Meng H, Sun H, Zhan D. Effects of Different Dental Alloys on Cytotoxic and Apoptosis Related Genes Expression in L929 Cells. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.19.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Response of antioxidant defense system to chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity in human diploid cells. Biometals 2009; 23:161-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Smith S, Griffiths S, MacGregor S, Beveridge J, Anderson J, van der Walle C, Grant MH. Pulsed electric field as a potential new method for microbial inactivation in scaffold materials for tissue engineering: The effect on collagen as a scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:844-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Ho G, Barbenel J, Grant MH. Effect of low-level laser treatment of tissue-engineered skin substitutes: contraction of collagen lattices. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:034002. [PMID: 19566296 DOI: 10.1117/1.3127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast-populated collagen lattices (FPCL) are widely used in tissue-engineered artificial skin substitutes, but their main drawback is that interaction of fibroblasts and matrix causes contraction of the lattice, reducing it to about 20% of its original area. The effect of low-level laser treatment (LLLT) on the behavior of 3T3 fibroblasts seeded in collagen lattices containing 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate was investigated to determine whether LLLT could control the contraction of FPCL. A He-Ne laser was used at 632.8 nm to deliver a 5-mW continuous wave with fluences from 1 to 4 J/cm(2). Laser treatment at 3 J/cm(2) increased contraction of collagen lattices in the absence of cells but decreased contraction of cell seeded lattices over a 7-day period. The effect was energy dependent and was not observed at 1, 2, or 4 J/cm(2). There was no alteration in fibroblast viability, morphology, or mitochondrial membrane potential after any laser treatments, but the distribution of actin fibers within the cells and collagen fibers in the matrices was disturbed at 3 J/cm(2). These effects contribute to the decrease in contraction observed. LLLT may offer a means to control contraction of FPCL used as artificial skin substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Ho
- Exploit Technologies, Biomedical Sciences Division, Agency of Science and Technology (A STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore
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Lee Y, Park SY, Kim C, Park TG. Thermally triggered intracellular explosion of volume transition nanogels for necrotic cell death. J Control Release 2009; 135:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Raghunathan VK, Grant MH, Ellis EM. Changes in protein expression associated with chronicin vitroexposure of hexavalent chromium to osteoblasts and monocytes: A proteomic approach. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 92:615-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Přibyl P, Cepák V, Zachleder V. Cytoskeletal alterations in interphase cells of the green alga Spirogyra decimina in response to heavy metals exposure: II. The effect of aluminium, nickel and copper. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Gunaratnam M, Grant MH. Cr (VI) inhibits DNA, RNA and protein syntheses in hepatocytes: Involvement of glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione and DT-diaphorase. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:879-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Afolaranmi GA, Tettey J, Meek RMD, Grant MH. Release of chromium from orthopaedic arthroplasties. Open Orthop J 2008; 2:10-8. [PMID: 19461924 PMCID: PMC2685051 DOI: 10.2174/1874325000802010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many orthopaedic implants are composed of alloys containing chromium. Of particular relevance is the increasing number of Cobalt Chromium bearing arthroplasies being inserted into young patients with osteoarthritis. Such implants will release chromium ions. These patients will be exposed to the released chromium for over 50 years in some cases. The subsequent chromium ion metabolism and redistribution in fluid and tissue compartments is complex. In addition, the potential biological effects of chromium are also controversial, including DNA and chromosomal damage, reduction in CD8 lymphocyte levels and possible hypersensitivity reactions (ALVAL). The establishment of these issues and the measurement of chromium in biological fluids is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Afolaranmi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
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Pal S, Poddar MK. Long-term exposure of variable dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio: effect on brain regional glutamatergic activity with age. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:952-61. [PMID: 17763947 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic activity of hypothalamus and hippocampus of young (3 months) male albino rats having normal diet [protein (20%)-carbohydrate (68%)] was increased with the increase of age. Long-term (60 consecutive days) feeding of low protein (8%)-high carbohydrate (80%) diet (LP-HC) increased glutamatergic activity in these brain regions of young rats and decreased that in aged (18 months). On the contrary, supplementation of high protein (50%)-low carbohydrate (38%) diet (HP-LC) under similar condition decreased glutamatergic activity in those brain regions of young and increased that in aged brain regions. Thus, prolonged exposure of LP-HC diet may damage young brain; whereas, HP-LC diet under similar condition causes excitotoxicity to aged brain. Therefore, considering the present scenario in relation to metabolism and receptor activity of glutamatergic system, it may be suggested that long-term consumption of LP-HC and HP-LC diets modulate the brain regional glutamatergic activity reversibly with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Pal
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35 B. C. Road, Kolkata 700 019, India
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Cammarota M, Lamberti M, Masella L, Galletti P, De Rosa M, Sannolo N, Giuliano M. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors as biomarkers for metal toxicity in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:1125-32. [PMID: 16581223 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to nickel and chromium, and their compounds, has been associated with adverse health effects. These metals are two human carcinogens whose pathogenesis involves active extracellular matrix degradation and remodelling. In this work we have compared the effects of in vitro exposure to nickel and chromium of a keratinocyte cell line (HaCat). The modulation of matrix metalloproteinase genes was used as biomarker of chemical damage. Confluent cells were constantly exposed to subtoxic chromium and nickel concentrations (10(-5) and 10(-7)M) up to 72 h. Total RNA was extracted and specific matrix metalloproteinase, and inhibitor, gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. Moreover, cell cycle alterations were evaluated by flow cytometry. Nickel and chromium showed different results, with an upregulation of MMP-2 mRNA production in nickel-treated cells while chromium exposure down-regulated MMP-2 mRNA production. This result could be correlated to the precocious (6h) over-expression of tissue inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA in chromium-treated cells. Cell cycle analysis showed and increase of cells with 4N DNA. These results could be explained as a survival response of cells that escape metal induced apoptosis through the anti-apoptotic effects of TIMP-1. These cells that encompass the genotoxic insult may have a selective proliferation advantage, and therefore represent the precursor pool from which degenerating variants may emerge. To study if the chemical damage was reversible, subconfluent cells were stimulated only for 24 h, then the medium was replaced without metal. Cells were able to recover from nickel exposure, showing only weak alterations in specific mRNA expression and cell cycle alteration respect to control. Chromium-induced damage was irreversible. Our results demonstrated that there is an association between metal toxicity and expression of MMPs and their inhibitors. These biomarkers could be potentially useful to elaborate a prediction model of chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Cammarota
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Medical School, II University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80128, Naples, Italy
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Rudolf E, Cervinka M, Cerman J, Schroterova L. Hexavalent chromium disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human dermal fibroblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:713-23. [PMID: 15908174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hexavalent chromium causes various adverse effects including deep skin ulcerations and allergic dermatitis. Because of many potential intracellular targets for hexavalent chromium toxicity, its mechanisms of action are not entirely understood. To investigate the role of the cytoskeleton and mitochondria in this process, primary human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of potassium chromate for 24 h. The followed markers included cell motility, cytoskeletal organization, oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity and activation of the apoptotic cascade. Potassium chromate (1.5-45 microM) induced time- and concentration-dependent cell shrinkage, reorganization of cytoskeleton and loss of motile activity in fibroblasts. In some cells this was followed by membrane blebbing. Dynamic changes in cell morphology were accompanied with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased oxidative stress and release of cytochrome c. Apoptosis was confirmed by detection of activated caspase-3 and nuclear fragmentation. The results indicate that in fibroblasts hexavalent chromium-induced damage to cytoskeleton and mitochondria might occur concurrently at relatively early stages of exposure. Furthermore, alterations of these targets seem to activate mitochondria-dependent and- independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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