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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis and embryonic stem cells. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 352:109783. [PMID: 34932953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an identification and detailed assessment of hormetic dose responses of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with particular emphasis on cell renewal (proliferation) and differentiation, underlying mechanistic foundations and potential therapeutic implications. Hormetic dose responses were commonly reported, being induced by a broad range of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals (e.g., atorvastatin, isoproterenol, lithium, nicotine, ouabain), dietary supplements (e.g., curcumin, multiple ginsenosides, resveratrol), endogenous agents (e.g., estrogen, hydrogen peroxide, melatonin), and physical stressor agents (e.g., hypoxia, ionizing radiation). ESC-hormetic dose responses are similar for other stem cell types (e.g., adipose-derived stem cells, apical papilla, bone marrow stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, endothelial stem cells, muscle stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, neural stem cells), indicating a high degree of generality for the hormetic-stem cells response. The widespread occurrence of hormetic dose responses shown by ESCs and other stem cells suggests that the hormetic dose response may represent a fundamental and highly conserved evolutionary strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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2
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Nembo EN, Hescheler J, Nguemo F. Stem cells in natural product and medicinal plant drug discovery-An overview of new screening approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110730. [PMID: 32920519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products remain a rich source of new drugs, and the search for bioactive molecules from nature continues to play an important role in the development of new medicines. Also, there is increasing use of herbal medicines for the treatment of a plethora of diseases, and demands for more scientific evidence for their efficacy and safety remains a huge challenge. The propensity of stem cells to differentiate into almost every cell type not only holds promise for the delivery of cell-based therapies for currently incurable diseases or a useful tool in studying cell physiology and pathophysiology. Increasingly, stem cells are becoming an important tool in preclinical drug screening and toxicity testing. In this review, we examine the scientific advances made towards the use of pluripotent stem cells as a model for the screening of plant-based medicines. The combination of well-established in vitro electrophysiological and a plethora of toxicogenomic technologies, together with the optimisation of culture methods of herbal plants and pluripotent stem cells can be explored to establish the basis for efficacy, and tissue/organ-based toxicities of many currently used medicinal plants whose efficacies and toxicities remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erastus Nembu Nembo
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Filomain Nguemo
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Kim TW, Che JH, Yun JW. Use of stem cells as alternative methods to animal experimentation in predictive toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The development of stem cell biology has revolutionized regenerative medicine and its clinical applications. Another aspect through which stem cells would benefit human health is their use in toxicology. In fact, owing to their ability to differentiate into all the lineages of the human body, including germ cells, stem cells, and, in particular, pluripotent stem cells, can be utilized for the assessment, in vitro, of embryonic, developmental, reproductive, organ, and functional toxicities, relevant to human physiology, without employing live animal tests and with the possibility of high throughput applications. Thus, stem cell toxicology would tremendously assist in the toxicological evaluation of the increasing number of synthetic chemicals that we are exposed to, of which toxicity information is limited. In this review, we introduce stem cell toxicology, as an emerging branch of in vitro toxicology, which offers quick and efficient alternatives to traditional toxicology assessments. We first discuss the development of stem cell toxicology, and we then emphasize its advantages and highlight the achievements of human pluripotent stem cell-based toxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
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5
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Antofine, a natural phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, suppresses angiogenesis via regulation of AKT/mTOR and AMPK pathway in endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:201-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Liu H, Ren C, Liu W, Jiang X, Wang L, Zhu B, Jia W, Lin J, Tan J, Liu X. Embryotoxicity estimation of commonly used compounds with embryonic stem cell test. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:263-271. [PMID: 28487962 PMCID: PMC5482095 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell test (EST), an alternative model to animal studies, is a reliable and scientifically validated in vitro system for testing embryotoxicity. In contrast to most in vivo animal tests, two permanent cell lines, murine fibroblasts (BALB/c-3T3 cells) and murine embryonic stem cells (mES-D3 cells), are used in EST instead of animals in standard tests of toxicity. The embryotoxic potential of compounds (non, weak or strong embryotoxicity) may be obtained with a biostatistics-based prediction model and calculated from three different experimental endpoint values: The potency to inhibit growth of i) BALB/c-3T3 cells and ii) mES-D3 cells (IC503T3 and IC50ES) as presented using a cell cytotoxicity assay, and iii) the potency to inhibit differentiation of mES-D3 cells into contracting cardiomyocytes (ID50 D3) as demonstrated in a mES-D3 cell differentiation assay. In the present study, a model of EST with mES-D3 cells and BALB/c-3T3 cells was established, according to the standard EST system of the EU Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods, and verified it with 5-fluorouracil (strong embryotoxicity) as a positive control and penicillin G (non-embryotoxic) as a negative control. In addition, the authors further assessed the embryotoxicity of four compounds (eugenol, carnosic acid, procyanidin and dioctyl phthalate) with this model. The embryotoxic potentials of the four compounds were successfully classified by the EST system. Eugenol exhibited strong embryotoxicity, carnosic acid and dioctyl phthalate exhibited weak embryotoxicity, while procyanidin exhibited non-embryotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jia
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jianxing Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Liu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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7
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Cheng W, Zhou R, Liang F, Wei H, Feng Y, Wang Y. Application of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Test to Detect Gender-Specific Effect of Chemicals: A Supplementary Tool for Embryotoxicity Prediction. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1519-33. [PMID: 27445234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gender effect is an inherent property of chemicals, characterized by variations caused by the chemical-biology interaction. It has widely existed, but the shortage of an appropriate model restricts the study on gender-specific effect. The embryonic stem cell test (EST) has been utilized as an alternative test for developmental toxicity. Despite its numerous improvements, mouse embryonic stem cells with an XX karyotype have not been used in the EST, which restricts the ability of the EST to identify gender-specific effects during high-throughput-screening (HTS) of chemicals to date. To address this, the embryonic stem cell (ESC) SP3 line with an XX karyotype was used to establish a "female" model as a complement to EST. Here, we proposed a "double-objects in unison" (DOU)-EST, which consisted of male ESC and female ESC; a seven-day EST protocol was utilized, and the gender-specific effect of chemicals was determined and discriminated; the replacement of myosin heavy chain (MHC) with myosin light chain (MLC) provided a suitable molecular biomarker in the DOU-EST. New linear discriminant functions were given in the purpose of distinguishing chemicals into three classes, namely, no gender-specific effect, male-susceptive, and female-susceptive. For 15 chemicals in the training set, the concordances of prediction result as no gender effect, male susceptive, and female susceptive were 86.67%, 86.67%, and 93.33%, respectively, the sensitivities were 66.67%, 83.33%, and 83.33%, respectively, and the specificities were 91.67%, 88.89%, and 100%, respectively; the total accuracy of DOU-EST was 86.67%. For three chemicals in the test set, one was incorrectively predicted. The possible reason for misclassification may due to the absence of hormone environment in vitro. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) indicated a mean error rate of 18.34%. Taken together, these data suggested a good performance of the proposed DOU-EST. Emerging chemicals with undiscovered gender-specific effects are anticipated to be screened with the DOU-EST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ren Zhou
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Fan Liang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Wei
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200336, P.R. China.,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Jyoti S, Tandon S. Impact of homeopathic remedies on the expression of lineage differentiation genes: an in vitro approach using embryonic stem cells. HOMEOPATHY 2015; 105:148-59. [PMID: 27211322 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-documented studies of the potential effects and safety of homeopathic medicines in pregnancy are required. In this study, specific genes were studied which could serve as biomarkers for specification of three lineages to predict the safety of homeopathic remedies using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Thus, the present work was to study the effects of homeopathic remedies taken during pregnancy using ES cells as the model. METHODS Mouse ES cells were exposed to 30C potency of Nux Vomica and Sepia, which are homeopathic medicines prescribed for the management of pregnancy related symptoms. Cytotoxicity studies were done using a modified Embryonic Stem cell test (EST). The expression levels of key genes and proteins were analyzed using real time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Homeopathic treatment led to modulations in the expression of certain lineage specific genes but this difference was not significant with respect to solvent control and showed normal differentiation as demonstrated by the expression of α/β MHC and α-actinin proteins in the differentiated ES cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study for the first time has shown the feasibility of using ES cells in the developmental toxicity testing of remedies. The results suggest that they are not associated with developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saras Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, India.
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, UP, India.
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A Modified Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Test for Evaluating the Teratogenic Effects of Drugs on Early Embryogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145286. [PMID: 26682887 PMCID: PMC4686177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fetal development is easily disrupted by exogenous agents, making it essential to test new drug candidates for embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. To standardize the testing of drugs that might be used to treat pregnant women, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formulated special grade categories, labeled A, B, C, D and X, that define the level of risk associated with the use of a specific drug during pregnancy. Drugs in categories (Cat.) D and X are those with embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects on humans and animals. However, which stages of pregnancy are affected by these agents and their molecular mechanisms are unknown. We describe here an embryonic stem cell test (EST) that classifies FDA pregnancy Cat.D and Cat.X drugs into 4 classes based on their differing effects on primitive streak formation. We show that ~84% of Cat.D and Cat.X drugs target this period of embryogenesis. Our results demonstrate that our modified EST can identify how a drug affects early embryogenesis, when it acts, and its molecular mechanism. Our test may thus be a useful addition to the drug safety testing armamentarium.
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10
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Li L, Zhang X, Wang L, Chai Z, Shen X, Zhang Z, Liu C. A toxicology study to evaluate the embryotoxicity of metformin compared with the hypoglycemic drugs, the anticancer drug, the anti-epileptic drug, the antibiotic, and the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor. J Diabetes 2015; 7:839-49. [PMID: 25492223 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safe use of medications in pregnant females, their embryos and in offspring is important. The aim of the present study was to evaluate embryotoxicity of metformin (MET) compared with other hypoglycemic drugs (rosiglitazone [RSG] and glimepiride [GLIM]), the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the anti-epileptic drug diphenylhydantoin (DPH), the antibiotic penicillin G (PenG), and the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor nimesulide (NIM) in an embryonic stem cell test (EST). METHODS Differences in the expression of developmental marker genes following treatment with the test compounds during the course of differentiation (from embryonic stem cell D3 (D3 cells) to myocardial cells) were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In these studies, 5-FU was used as a positive control and PenG was used as a negative control. The cytotoxicity of these drugs against D3 cells and 3T3 fibroblasts was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Embryotoxicity was classified according to the prediction model of EST. RESULTS At concentrations >800 μg/mL MET had a greater cytotoxic effect on D3 cells than 3T3 fibroblasts. At the highest concentration of MET (5 mg/mL), the cell viability of D3 cells and 3T3 fibroblasts was <10% and >30%, respectively. The size of the embryonic body (EB) differentiation area was almost the same over the concentration range 50-200 μg/mL MET, and there was no significant difference in EB differentiation area until a concentration of 400 μg/mL MET. At a concentration of 800 μg/mL MET, the size of EB outgrowth was significantly reduced. The same assays revealed GLIM, RSG, and NIM to be weakly embryotoxic substances. CONCLUSIONS Based on the EST, MET can be classified as a weakly embryotoxic substance, which suggests that it should be prescribed with caution to pregnant women with gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenhai Chai
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuping Shen
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongpeng Zhang
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
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11
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Romero AC, Del Río E, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. RNA transcripts for the quantification of differentiation allow marked improvements in the performance of embryonic stem cell test (EST). Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:60-9. [PMID: 26272751 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell test (EST) is an in vitro validated assay for testing embryotoxicity. The EST needs improvements before being used for regulatory purposes, but also needs technical simplification for use in high throughput screenings. We propose the quantification in alterations of the differentiation of D3 monolayer cells cultures through the expression of biomarker genes in a shorter (5-day) and technically simpler (we use only monolayer cultures) test. We have defined a set of sixteen different genes biomarkers of ectoderm (Nrcam, Nes, Shh and Pnpla6), endoderm formation (Flk1 and Afp), mesoderm formation (Mesp1, Vegfa, Myo1e and Hdac7) and general cellular processes (Cdk1, Myc, Jun, Mixl, Cer and Wnt3). These, together with alterations in the viability of D3 and 3T3 cells and the prediction model of a classic EST, enhance the features of EST determinations to 100% concordance between in vivo-in vitro predictions with a set of seven different chemicals used in the validation of a classic EST. In conclusion, the proposed changes implemented in the classic EST confer it more reliability, speed and technical simplicity, which brings the EST closer to high throughput processes and regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Romero
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Del Río
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eugenio Vilanova
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sogorb
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Kugler J, Tharmann J, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Kemler R, Luch A, Oelgeschläger M. A Bmp Reporter Transgene Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Model as a Tool to Identify and Characterize Chemical Teratogens. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:374-85. [PMID: 26001961 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were first isolated from mouse embryos more than 30 years ago. They have proven invaluable not only in generating genetically modified mice that allow for analysis of gene function in tissue development and homeostasis but also as models for genetic disease. In addition, ESCs in vitro are finding inroads in pharmaceutical and toxicological testing, including the identification of teratogenic compounds. Here, we describe the use of a bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-reporter ESC line, isolated from a well-characterized transgenic mouse line, as a new tool for the identification of chemical teratogens. The Bmp-mediated expression of the green fluorescent protein enabled the quantification of dose- and time-dependent effects of valproic acid as well as retinoic acid. Significant effects were detectable at concentrations that were comparable to the ones observed in the classical embryonic stem cell test, despite the fact that the reporter gene is expressed in distinct cell types, including endothelial and endodermal cells. Thus these cells provide a valuable new tool for the identification and characterization of relevant mechanisms of embryonic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Kugler
- *German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety Berlin, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Tharmann
- *German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety Berlin, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Kemler
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Emeritus Laboratory, 79108 Freiburg, Germany and
| | - Andreas Luch
- *German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety Berlin, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Experimental Toxicology and Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Nembo EN, Atsamo AD, Nguelefack TB, Kamanyi A, Hescheler J, Nguemo F. In vitro chronotropic effects of Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) aqueous extract on mouse heart slice and pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 165:163-172. [PMID: 25680843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) bark is commonly used in sub-Saharan traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases including gastrointestinal disorders and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Erythrina senegalensis on the contractile properties of mouse ventricular slices and human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We also investigated the cytotoxic effect of the extract on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiating into cardiomyocytes (CMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We used well-established electrophysiological technologies to assess the effect of Erythrina senegalensis aqueous extract (ESAE) on the beating activity of mouse ventricular slices, mouse ES and hiPS cell-derived CMs. To study the cytotoxic effect of our extract, differentiating mouse ES cells were exposed to different concentrations of ESAE. EB morphology was assessed by microscopy at different stages of differentiation whereas cell viability was measured by flow cytometry, fluorometry and immunocytochemistry. The electrical activity of CMs and heart slices were respectively captured by the patch clamp technique and microelectrode array (MEA) method following ESAE acute exposure. RESULTS Our findings revealed that ESAE exhibits a biphasic chronotropic activity on mouse ventricular slices with an initial low dose (0.001 and 0.01 µg/mL) decrease in beating activity followed by a corresponding significant increase in chronotropic activity at higher doses above 10 µg/mL. The muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine abolished the negative chronotropic activity of ESAE, while propranolol successfully blocked its positive chronotropic activity. ESAE showed a significant dose-dependent positive chronotropic activity on hiPS cell-derived CMs. Also, though not significantly, ESAE decreased cell viability and increased total caspase-3/7 activity of mouse ES cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Erythrina senegalensis aqueous extract exhibits a biphasic chronotropic effect on mouse heart and a positive chronotropic activity on hiPS cell-derived CMs, suggesting a possible mechanism through muscarinic and β-adrenergic receptor pathways. Also, ESAE is not cytotoxic on mouse ES cells at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Donatien Atsamo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Télesphore Benoît Nguelefack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Albert Kamanyi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Filomain Nguemo
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Walker L, Baumgartner L, Keller KC, Ast J, Trettner S, Zur Nieden NI. Non-human primate and rodent embryonic stem cells are differentially sensitive to embryotoxic compounds. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:165-174. [PMID: 28962348 PMCID: PMC5598278 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many industrial chemicals and their respective by-products need to be comprehensively evaluated for toxicity using reliable and efficient assays. In terms of teratogenicity evaluations, the murine-based embryonic stem cell test (EST) offers a promising solution to screen for multiple tissue endpoints. However, use of a mouse model in the EST can yield only a limited understanding of human development, anatomy, and physiology. Non-human primate or human in vitro models have been suggested to be a pharmacologically and pathophysiologically desirable alternative to murine in vitro models. Here, we comparatively evaluated the sensitivity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) of a non-human primate to skeletal teratogens with mouse ESCs hypothesizing that inclusion of non-human primate cells in in vitro tests would increase the reliability of safety predictions for humans. First, osteogenic capacity was compared between ESCs from the mouse and a New World monkey, the common marmoset. Then, cells were treated with compounds that have been previously reported to induce bone teratogenicity. Calcification and MTT assays evaluated effects on osteogenesis and cell viability, respectively. Our data indicated that marmoset ESCs responded differently than mouse ESCs in such embryotoxicity screens with no obvious dependency on chemical or compound classes and thus suggest that embryotoxicity screening results could be affected by species-driven response variation. In addition, ESCs derived from rhesus monkey, an Old World monkey, and phylogenetically closer to humans than the marmoset, were observed to respond differently to test compounds than marmoset ESCs. Together these results indicate that there are significant differences in the responses of non-human primate and mouse ESC to embryotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Walker
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Laura Baumgartner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin C Keller
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Julia Ast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Trettner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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An integrated approach for detecting embryotoxicity and developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants using in vitro alternative methods. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:356-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Estevan C, Fuster E, Del Río E, Pamies D, Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. Organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolites alter the expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells in a comparable way to other model neurodevelopmental toxicants. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1487-95. [PMID: 25137620 DOI: 10.1021/tx500051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are discrepancies about whether chlorpyrifos is able to induce neurodevelopmental toxicity or not. We previously reported alterations in the pattern of expression of biomarker genes of differentiation in D3 mouse embryonic stem cells caused by chlorpyrifos and its metabolites chlorpyrifos-oxon and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Now, we reanalyze these data comparing the effects on these genes with those caused in the same genes by retinoic acid, valproic acid, and penicillin-G (model compounds considered as strong, weak, and non-neurodevelopmental toxicants, respectively). We also compare the effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites on the cell viability of D3 cells and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts with the effects caused in the same cells by the three model compounds. We conclude that chlorpyrifos and its metabolites act, regarding these end-points, as the weak neurodevelopmental toxicant valproic acid, and consequently, a principle of caution should be applied avoiding occupational exposures in pregnant women. A second independent experiment run with different cellular batches coming from the same clone obtained the same result as the first one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Estevan
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche , Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202-Elche, Spain
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17
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Roth A, Singer T. The application of 3D cell models to support drug safety assessment: opportunities & challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:179-89. [PMID: 24378580 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The selection of drug candidates early in development has become increasingly important to minimize the use of animals and to avoid costly failures of drugs later in development. In vitro systems to predict and assess organ toxicity have so far been of limited value due to difficulties in demonstrating in vivo-relevant toxicity at a cell culture level. To overcome the limitations of single-cell type monolayer cultures and short-lived primary cell preparations, researchers have created novel 3-dimensional culture systems which appear to more closely resemble in vivo biology. These could become a key for the pharmaceutical industry in the evaluation of drug candidates. However, the value and acceptance of those new models in standard drug safety applications have yet to be demonstrated. This review aims to provide an overview of the different approaches undertaken in the field of pre-clinical safety assessment, organ toxicity, in particular, with an emphasis on examples and technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Alharbi S, Elsafadi M, Mobarak M, Alrwili A, Vishnubalaji R, Manikandan M, Al-Qudsi F, Karim S, Al-Nabaheen M, Aldahmash A, Mahmood A. Ultrastructural characteristics of three undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cell lines and their differentiated three-dimensional derivatives: a comparative study. Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:151-65. [PMID: 24606239 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine structures of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) grown as colonies and differentiated in three-dimensional (3D) culture as embryoid bodies (EBs) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Undifferentiated mESCs expressed markers that proved their pluripotency. Differentiated EBs expressed different differentiation marker proteins from the three germ layers. The ultrastructure of mESCs revealed the presence of microvilli on the cell surfaces, large and deep infolded nuclei, low cytoplasm-to-nuclear ratios, frequent lipid droplets, nonprominent Golgi apparatus, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, we found prominent juvenile mitochondria and free ribosomes-rich cytoplasm in mESCs. Ultrastructure of the differentiated mESCs as EBs showed different cell arrangements, which indicate the different stages of EB development and differentiation. The morphologies of BALB/c and 129 W9.5 EBs were very similar at day 4, whereas C57BL/6 EBs were distinct from the others at day 4. This finding suggested that differentiation of EBs from different cell lines occurs in the same pattern but not at the same rate. Conversely, the ultrastructure results of BALB/c and 129 W9.5 ESCs revealed differentiating features, such as the dilated profile of a rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, we found low expression levels of undifferentiated markers on the outer cells of BALB/c and 129 W9.5 mESC colonies, which suggests a faster differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Alharbi
- 1 Biology Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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19
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Mori H, Hara M. Cultured stem cells as tools for toxicological assays. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:647-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Kameoka S, Babiarz J, Kolaja K, Chiao E. A high-throughput screen for teratogens using human pluripotent stem cells. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:76-90. [PMID: 24154490 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is need in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries for high-throughput human cell-based assays for identifying hazardous chemicals, thereby reducing the overall reliance on animal studies for predicting the risk of toxic responses in humans. Despite instances of human-specific teratogens such as thalidomide, the use of human cell-teratogenicity assays has just started to be explored. Herein, a human pluripotent stem cell test (hPST) for identifying teratogens is described, benchmarking the in vitro findings to traditional preclinical toxicology teratogenicity studies and when available to teratogenic outcomes in humans. The hPST method employs a 3-day monolayer directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. The teratogenic risk of a compound is gauged by measuring the reduction in nuclear translocation of the transcription factor SOX17 in mesendodermal cells. Decreased nuclear SOX17 in the hPST model was strongly correlated with in vivo teratogenicity. Specifically, 71 drug-like compounds with known in vivo effects, including thalidomide, were examined in the hPST. A threshold of 5 μM demonstrated 94% accuracy (97% sensitivity and 92% specificity). Furthermore, 15 environmental toxicants with physicochemical properties distinct from small molecule pharmaceutical agents were examined and a similarly strong concordance with teratogenicity outcomes from in vivo studies was observed. Finally, to assess the suitability of the hPST for high-throughput screens, a small library of 300 kinase inhibitors was tested, demonstrating the hPST platform's utility for interrogating teratogenic mechanisms and drug safety prediction. Thus, the hPST assay is a robust predictor of teratogenicity and appears to be an improvement over existing in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Kameoka
- Early and Investigative Safety, Nonclinical Safety, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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21
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Kim GD, Cheong OJ, Bae SY, Shin J, Lee SK. 6"-Debromohamacanthin A, a bis (indole) alkaloid, inhibits angiogenesis by targeting the VEGFR2-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1087-103. [PMID: 23549281 PMCID: PMC3705390 DOI: 10.3390/md11041087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamacanthins, bis (indole) alkaloids, are found in a few marine sponges, including Spongosorites sp. Hamacanthins have been shown to possess cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. However, the precise mechanism for the biological activities of hamacanthins has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, the anti-angiogenic effects of 6″-debromohamacanthin A (DBHA), an active component of isolated hamacanthins, were evaluated in cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) and endothelial-like cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. DBHA significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in the HUVEC. DBHA also suppressed the capillary-like structure formation and the expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), an endothelial biomarker, in mES cell-derived endothelial-like cells. To further understand the precise molecular mechanism of action, VEGF-mediated signaling pathways were analyzed in HUVEC cells and mES cell-derived endothelial-like cells. DBHA suppressed the VEGF-induced expression of MAPKs (p38, ERK and SAPK/JNK) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, DBHA inhibited microvessel sprouting in mES/EB-derived embryoid bodies. In an ex vivo model, DBHA also suppressed the microvessel sprouting of mouse aortic rings. The findings suggest for the first time that DBHA inhibits angiogenesis by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Dae Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Oug Jae Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Song Yi Bae
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1 Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mails: (G.D.K.); (S.Y.B.); (J.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2475; Fax: +82-2-762-8322
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22
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Tandon S, Jyoti S. Embryonic stem cells: An alternative approach to developmental toxicity testing. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012; 4:96-100. [PMID: 22557918 PMCID: PMC3341726 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.94808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells in the body have a unique ability to renew themselves and give rise to more specialized cell types having functional commitments. Under specified growth conditions, these cell types remain unspecialized but can be triggered to become specific cell type of the body such as heart, nerve, or skin cells. This ability of embryonic stem cells for directed differentiation makes it a prominent candidate as a screening tool in revealing safer and better drugs. In addition, genetic variations and birth defects caused by mutations and teratogens affecting early human development could also be studied on this basis. Moreover, replacement of animal testing is needed because it involves ethical, legal, and cost issues. Thus, there is a strong requirement for validated and reliable, if achievable, human stem cell-based developmental assays for pharmacological and toxicological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tandon
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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23
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Wang X, Li S, Cao T, Fu X, Yu G. Evaluating biotoxicity with fibroblasts derived from human embryonic stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1056-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Fernández M, Pirondi S, Chen BL, Del Vecchio G, Alessandri M, Farnedi A, Pession A, Feki A, Jaconi MEE, Calzà L. Isolation of rat embryonic stem-like cells: a tool for stem cell research and drug discovery. Dev Dyn 2012; 240:2482-94. [PMID: 22012593 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of rat embryonic stem cells constitutes a precious tool since rat has been extensively used in biomedical research, in particular for the generation of human neurodisease animal models. Up to now only a few studies have described the isolation of rat embryonic stem-like cells. One out of 9 isolated rat embryonic stem-like cell lines (B1-RESC) obtained from a 4.5-day post-coitum blastocyst were extensively characterized and kept in culture for up to 80 passages on feeders with LIF. The stable growth of these cells and the expression of pluripotent markers were confirmed up to a high number of passages in culture, also in the absence of feeders and LIF. B1-RESC expresses the three germ layers markers both in vitro, within differentiating embryoid bodies, and in vivo through teratoma formation. Collectively, the B1-RESC line with a stable near-diploid karyotype can be used as a highly sensitive tool for testing anti-proliferative molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández
- Health Science and Technology Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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25
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Baek DH, Park SH, Park JH, Choi Y, Park KD, Kang JW, Choi KS, Kim HS. Embryotoxicity of lead (II) acetate and aroclor 1254 using a new end point of the embryonic stem cell test. Int J Toxicol 2012; 30:498-509. [PMID: 22013134 DOI: 10.1177/1091581811416522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new end point of the mouse stem cell test (EST) for developmental neurotoxicity. We tested 2 developmental neurotoxicants, namely, lead (II) acetate and Aroclor 1254, using this EST. Our results showed that lead (II) acetate is nonembryotoxic, and Aroclor 1254 is weakly embryotoxic. To identify a new end point for developmental neurotoxicity, we used the default method of neuronal differentiation for D3 mouse embryonic stem cells with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ascorbic acid. Flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to quantify the inhibition of neuronal differentiation. Our results showed that both lead (II) acetate and Aroclor 1254 reduced the percentage of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2)-positive cells and the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of MAP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that these methods can be used to develop an additional end point of the EST for developmental neurotoxicity using default differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Baek
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
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26
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Suzuki N, Yamashita N, Koseki N, Yamada T, Kimura Y, Aiba S, Toyoizumi T, Watanabe M, Ohta R, Tanaka N, Saito K. Assessment of technical protocols for novel embryonic stem cell tests with molecular markers (Hand1- and Cmya1-ESTs): a preliminary cross-laboratory performance analysis. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:845-51. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suzuki
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Naoteru Koseki
- Safety Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Toru Yamada
- Safety Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Yutaka Kimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Mika Watanabe
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center
| | - Ryo Ohta
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center
| | - Noriho Tanaka
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center
| | - Koichi Saito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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27
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Baek DH, Kim TG, Lim HK, Kang JW, Seong SK, Choi SE, Lim SY, Park SH, Nam BH, Kim EH, Kim MS, Park KL. Embryotoxicity assessment of developmental neurotoxicants using a neuronal endpoint in the embryonic stem cell test. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:617-26. [PMID: 22131109 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell test (EST) is a validated in vitro embryotoxicity test; however, as the inhibition of cardiac differentiation alone is used as a differentiation endpoint in the EST, it may not be a useful test to screen embryotoxic chemicals that affect the differentiation of noncardiac tissues. Previously, methylmercury (MeHg), cadmium and arsenic compounds, which are heavy metals that induce developmental neurotoxicity in vivo, were misclassified as nonembryotoxic with the EST. The aim of this study was to improve the EST to correctly screen such developmental neurotoxicants. We developed a neuronal endpoint (Tuj-1 ID₅₀) using flow cytometry analysis of Tuj-1-positive cells to screen developmental neurotoxicants (MeHg, valproic acid, sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite) correctly using an adherent monoculture differentiation method. Using Tuj-1 ID₅₀ in the EST instead of cardiac ID₅₀, all of the tested chemicals were classified as embryotoxic, while the negative controls were correctly classified as nonembryotoxic. To support the validity of Tuj-1 ID₅₀) , we compared the results from two experimenters who independently tested MeHg using our modified EST. An additional neuronal endpoint (MAP2 ID₅₀), obtained by analyzing the relative quantity of MAP2 mRNA, was used to classify the same chemicals. There were no significant differences in the three endpoint values of the two experimenters or in the classification results, except for isoniazid. In conclusion, our results indicate that Tuj-1 ID₅₀ can be used as a surrogate endpoint of the traditional EST to screen developmental neurotoxicants correctly and it can also be applied to other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Baek
- Center for Drug Development Assistance, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, South Korea
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28
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Louisse J, Verwei M, Woutersen RA, Blaauboer BJ, Rietjens IMCM. Towardin vitrobiomarkers for developmental toxicity and their extrapolation to thein vivosituation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 8:11-27. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.639762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Developmental toxicity testing in the 21st century: the sword of Damocles shattered by embryonic stem cell assays? Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1361-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Suzuki N, Ando S, Yamashita N, Horie N, Saito K. Evaluation of Novel High-Throughput Embryonic Stem Cell Tests with New Molecular Markers for Screening Embryotoxic Chemicals In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:460-71. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Shortening and Improving the Embryonic Stem Cell Test through the Use of Gene Biomarkers of Differentiation. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:286034. [PMID: 21876691 PMCID: PMC3163134 DOI: 10.1155/2011/286034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic Stem cell Test (EST) is a validated assay for testing embryotoxicity in vitro. The total duration of this protocol is 10 days, and its main end-point is based on histological determinations. It is suggested that improvements on EST must be focused toward molecular end-points and, if possible, to reduce the total assay duration. Five days of exposure of D3 cells in monolayers under spontaneous differentiation to 50 ng/mL of the strong embryotoxic 5-fluorouracil or to 75 μg/mL of the weak embryotoxic 5,5-diphenylhydeantoin caused between 20 and 74% of reductions in the expression of the following genes: Pnpla6, Afp, Hdac7, Vegfa, and Nes. The exposure to 1 mg/mL of nonembryotoxic saccharin only caused statistically significant reductions in the expression of Nes. These exposures reduced cell viability of D3 cells by 15, 28, and 34%. We applied these records to the mathematical discriminating function of the EST method to find that this approach is able to correctly predict the embryotoxicity of all three above-mentioned chemicals. Therefore, this work proposes the possibility of improve EST by reducing its total duration and by introducing gene expression as biomarker of differentiation, which might be very interesting for in vitro risk assessment embryotoxicity.
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32
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells and their differentiated progeny offer tremendous potential for regenerative medicine, even in the field of drug discovery. There is an urgent need for clinically relevant assays that make use of ES cells because of their rich biological utility. Attention has been focused on small molecules that allow the precise manipulation of cells in vitro, which could allow researchers to obtain homogeneous cell types for cell-based therapies and discover drugs for stimulating the regeneration of endogenous cells. Such therapeutics can act on target cells or their niches in vivo to promote cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and homing. In the present paper, we reviewed the use of ES cell models for high-throughput/content drug screening and toxicity assessment. In addition, we examined the role of stem cells in large pharmaceutical companies' R&D and discussed a novel subject, nicheology, in stem cell-related research fields.
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33
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Augustine-Rauch K, Zhang CX, Panzica-Kelly JM. In vitro developmental toxicology assays: A review of the state of the science of rodent and zebrafish whole embryo culture and embryonic stem cell assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:87-98. [PMID: 20544698 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro developmental model systems have been an important tool for advancing basic research in the embryology and teratology fields. The rat and zebrafish embryo models have had broad utility in both fields for many decades. Furthermore embryonic stem cells, applied as a basic research tool, have broad applications across the development fields and many other fields including cancer, regeneration and epigenetic research. These models have historically been applied in mechanistic studies but were also considered promising for evaluating teratogenic potential of test substances. In recent years, in vitro teratogenicity assays have become an area of interest for supporting the 3 Rs (reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use). Generation of such assays also provides a means to facilitate early assessment of test agents at a higher throughput without excessive use of animals. In this review, the three models are described with an emphasis of how they are being developed and/or refined to support teratogenicity assessment as screening tools. An overview of the state of the science and future directions are described.
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zur Nieden NI, Davis LA, Rancourt DE. Comparing three novel endpoints for developmental osteotoxicity in the embryonic stem cell test. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 247:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pamies D, Vicente-Salar N, Sogorb MA, Roche E, Reig JA. Specific Effect of 5-Fluorouracil on α-Fetoprotein Gene Expression During the In Vitro Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:297-304. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810366312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are considered an important alternative to develop in vitro screening methods for embryotoxicity. Mouse ES cells can be cultured as cell suspension aggregates termed “embryoid bodies” (EBs) in which cells start to differentiate. We have studied the expression of several genes in the presence of a wide range of concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). This well-established embryotoxic compound completely inhibited cell viability at 200 nmol/L in monolayer cultures. At lower concentrations, 5-FU led to decrease in the expression of the α-fetoprotein gene, a marker of the visceral endoderm, in the EBs. However, the expression of several mesodermal gene markers was not significantly affected at these concentrations. These results suggest a high sensitivity of the visceral endoderm differentiation to 5-FU. Therefore, the quantification of the α-fetoprotein gene after exposure to potential embryotoxicants should be considered an additional end point in future embryotoxicity assays in vitro with ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Terapia Celular, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Néstor Vicente-Salar
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Terapia Celular, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Sogorb
- Unidad de Toxicología y Seguridad Química, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Terapia Celular, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan A. Reig
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Terapia Celular, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Chen R, Chen J, Cheng S, Qin J, Li W, Zhang L, Jiao H, Yu X, Zhang X, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Assessment of embryotoxicity of compounds in cosmetics by the embryonic stem cell test. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:112-8. [DOI: 10.3109/15376510903585450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kim GD, Kim GJ, Seok JH, Chung HM, Chee KM, Rhee GS. Differentiation of endothelial cells derived from mouse embryoid bodies: a possible in vitro vasculogenesis model. Toxicol Lett 2008; 180:166-73. [PMID: 18590808 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mES cells), which are pluripotent and self-renewal cells, are derived from the inner cell mass of mouse blastocysts. The objective of this study was to construct more efficient mES cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) for use as a vasculogenesis model and as an in vitro vascular toxicity testing model. EBs were formed for 3 days using hanging drop cultures and plated on gelatin-coated plates in endothelial growth medium-2 (EGM-2) to promote vascular development. The differentiation of mES cell-derived EBs was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry within 7 days after plating EBs. The mRNA and protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors-2 (FLK-1), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), and vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) were observed in differentiated mES cells. When placed in matrigel, mES cell-derived endothelial like cells formed networks similar to vascular structures. mES cells were also exposed to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a strong inhibitor of vessel formation, and its cytotoxicity was determined using MTT assays. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 5-FU for mES cells and C166 cells were 0.72 microM and 1.04 microM, respectively. These results demonstrate that mES cells can be used to study vasculogenesis and for cytotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Dae Kim
- Department of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, KFDA, Seoul 122-704, Republic of Korea
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