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Akuamoa F, Hoogenboom RLAP, Weide Y, van der Weg G, Rietjens IMCM, Bovee TFH. Presence and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in dietary plant supplements as elucidated by a combined DR CALUX ® bioassay and GC-HRMS based approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1576-1590. [PMID: 35904509 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2094473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based dietary supplements may contain undesirable contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) due to the sources of raw materials or processing methods used. The presence of these contaminants in a series of herbal supplements sold on the Ghanaian market for improving sexual performance was examined using the DR CALUX® bioassay in combination with GC-HRMS analysis. Overall, cell responses at 4 and 48 h exposure to extracts prepared without an acid-silica clean-up were relatively higher than the responses obtained from extracts prepared with an acid-silica clean-up. This indicated that the 40 supplements contained only low levels of stable aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dl-PCBs, while some contained substantial amounts of less stable AhR-agonists. Ten supplements selected for confirmation with GC-HRMS analysis contained PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.19 pg toxic equivalent (TEQ)/g only, while the level of the sum of 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ4PAHs) representing less stable AhR agonists, ranged from not detected (ND) to 25.5 ng/g. These concentrations were in line with the responses observed in the DR CALUX® bioassay. The concentration of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs corresponded to estimated daily intakes (EDIs) ranging from 0.01 to 1.20 pg TEQ/day, or 0.001 to 0.12 pg TEQ/kg bw/week for a 70 kg bw consumer, which was below the established tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, thus indicating low concern for consumers' health. Similarly, the EDIs based on the detected Σ4PAHs in supplements ranged from 7.2 to 111 ng/day, or 0.1 to 1.6 ng/kg bw/day, which corresponded to MOE values above 10,000, indicating a low health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Akuamoa
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Yoran Weide
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Mohapatra B, Phale PS. Microbial Degradation of Naphthalene and Substituted Naphthalenes: Metabolic Diversity and Genomic Insight for Bioremediation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:602445. [PMID: 33791281 PMCID: PMC8006333 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.602445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) like naphthalene and substituted naphthalenes (methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acids, 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, etc.) are used in various industries and exhibit genotoxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic effects on living organisms. These synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) or xenobiotics are considered as priority pollutants that pose a critical environmental and public health concern worldwide. The extent of anthropogenic activities like emissions from coal gasification, petroleum refining, motor vehicle exhaust, and agricultural applications determine the concentration, fate, and transport of these ubiquitous and recalcitrant compounds. Besides physicochemical methods for cleanup/removal, a green and eco-friendly technology like bioremediation, using microbes with the ability to degrade SOCs completely or convert to non-toxic by-products, has been a safe, cost-effective, and promising alternative. Various bacterial species from soil flora belonging to Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Comamonas, Burkholderia, and Novosphingobium), Firmicutes (Bacillus and Paenibacillus), and Actinobacteria (Rhodococcus and Arthrobacter) displayed the ability to degrade various SOCs. Metabolic studies, genomic and metagenomics analyses have aided our understanding of the catabolic complexity and diversity present in these simple life forms which can be further applied for efficient biodegradation. The prolonged persistence of PAHs has led to the evolution of new degradative phenotypes through horizontal gene transfer using genetic elements like plasmids, transposons, phages, genomic islands, and integrative conjugative elements. Systems biology and genetic engineering of either specific isolates or mock community (consortia) might achieve complete, rapid, and efficient bioremediation of these PAHs through synergistic actions. In this review, we highlight various metabolic routes and diversity, genetic makeup and diversity, and cellular responses/adaptations by naphthalene and substituted naphthalene-degrading bacteria. This will provide insights into the ecological aspects of field application and strain optimization for efficient bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Mohapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Prashant S Phale
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Cei D, Doryab A, Lenz AG, Schröppel A, Mayer P, Burgstaller G, Nossa R, Ahluwalia A, Schmid O. Development of a dynamic in vitro stretch model of the alveolar interface with aerosol delivery. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:690-702. [PMID: 33058147 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the engineering design, computational modeling, and empirical performance of a moving air-liquid interface (MALI) bioreactor for the study of aerosol deposition on cells cultured on an elastic, porous membrane which mimics both air-liquid interface exposure conditions and mechanoelastic motion of lung tissue during breathing. The device consists of two chambers separated by a cell layer cultured on a porous, flexible membrane. The lower (basolateral) chamber is perfused with cell culture medium simulating blood circulation. The upper (apical) chamber representing the air compartment of the lung is interfaced to an aerosol generator and a pressure actuation system. By cycling the pressure in the apical chamber between 0 and 7 kPa, the membrane can mimic the periodic mechanical strain of the alveolar wall. Focusing on the engineering aspects of the system, we show that membrane strain can be monitored by measuring changes in pressure resulting from the movement of media in the basolateral chamber. Moreover, liquid aerosol deposition at a high dose delivery rate (>1 µl cm-2 min-1 ) is highly efficient (ca. 51.5%) and can be accurately modeled using finite element methods. Finally, we show that lung epithelial cells can be mechanically stimulated under air-liquid interface and stretch-conditions without loss of viability. The MALI bioreactor could be used to study the effects of aerosol on alveolar cells cultured at the air-liquid interface in a biodynamic environment or for toxicological or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cei
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Doryab
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schröppel
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paula Mayer
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roberta Nossa
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
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Ding Y, Weindl P, Lenz AG, Mayer P, Krebs T, Schmid O. Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are suitable for real-time dosimetry in nanotoxicological studies using VITROCELL®Cloud cell exposure systems. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:44. [PMID: 32938469 PMCID: PMC7493184 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate knowledge of cell−/tissue-delivered dose plays a pivotal role in inhalation toxicology studies, since it is the key parameter for hazard assessment and translation of in vitro to in vivo dose-response. Traditionally, (nano-)particle toxicological studies with in vivo and in vitro models of the lung rely on in silio computational or off-line analytical methods for dosimetry. In contrast to traditional in vitro testing under submerged cell culture conditions, the more physiologic air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions offer the possibility for real-time dosimetry using quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). However, it is unclear, if QCMs are sensitive enough for nanotoxicological studies. We investigated this issue for two commercially available VITROCELL®Cloud ALI exposure systems. Results Quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy of fluorescein-spiked saline aerosol was used to determine detection limit, precision and accuracy of the QCMs implemented in a VITROCELL®Cloud 6 and Cloud 12 system for dose-controlled ALI aerosol-cell exposure experiments. Both QCMs performed linearly over the entire investigated dose range (200 to 12,000 ng/cm2) with an accuracy of 3.4% (Cloud 6) and 3.8% (Cloud 12). Their precision (repeatability) decreased from 2.5% for large doses (> 9500 ng/cm2) to values of 10% and even 25% for doses of 1000 ng/cm2 and 200 ng/cm2, respectively. Their lower detection limit was 170 ng/cm2 and 169 ng/cm2 for the Cloud 6 and Cloud 12, respectively. Dose-response measurements with (NM110) ZnO nanoparticles revealed an onset dose of 3.3 μg/cm2 (or 0.39 cm2/cm2) for both cell viability (WST-1) and cytotoxicity (LDH) of A549 lung epithelial cells. Conclusions The QCMs of the Cloud 6 and Cloud 12 systems show similar performance and are highly sensitive, accurate devices for (quasi-) real-time dosimetry of the cell-delivered particle dose in ALI cell exposure experiments, if operated according to manufacturer specifications. Comparison with in vitro onset doses from this and previously published ALI studies revealed that the detection limit of 170 ng/cm2 is sufficient for determination of toxicological onset doses for all particle types with low (e.g. polystyrene) or high mass-specific toxicity (e.g. ZnO and Ag) investigated here. Hence, in principle QCMs are suitable for in vitro nanotoxciological studies, but this should be investigated for each QCM and ALI exposure system under the specific exposure conditions as described in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobo Ding
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich (CPC-M) - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Weindl
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich (CPC-M) - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377, Munich, Germany.,VITROCELL Systems GmbH, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich (CPC-M) - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Paula Mayer
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich (CPC-M) - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Krebs
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich (CPC-M) - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377, Munich, Germany.
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5
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Araujo GR, Aglas L, Vaz ER, Machado Y, Huber S, Himly M, Duschl A, Goulart LR, Ferreira F. TGFβ1 mimetic peptide modulates immune response to grass pollen allergens in mice. Allergy 2020; 75:882-891. [PMID: 31750952 PMCID: PMC7217028 DOI: 10.1111/all.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a cytokine that exerts immunosuppressive functions, as reflected by its ability to induce regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation and inhibit Th1 and Th2 responses. Hence, peptides that mimic the active core domain of TGFβ1 may be promising candidates for modulation of the allergic response. This study aimed to investigate a synthetic TGFβ1 mimetic peptide (TGFβ1-mim) for its ability to modulate the immune response during allergic sensitization to grass pollen allergens. METHODS The in vitro action of TGFβ1-mim was evaluated in human lung epithelial cells, Jurkat cells, and rat basophilic leukemia cells. The in vivo action was evaluated in a murine model of Phl p 5 allergic sensitization. Additionally, the Th2 modulatory response was evaluated in IL-4 reporter mice. RESULTS In vitro, TGFβ1-mim downregulated TNF-α production, IL-8 gene expression, and cytokine secretion, upregulated IL-10 secretion, and inhibited Phl p 5-induced basophil degranulation. During Phl p 5 sensitization in mice, TGFβ1-mim downregulated IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ, upregulated IL-10, and induced Treg cell production. Furthermore, mice treated with TGFβ1-mim had lower levels of IgE, IgG1, IgG2a and higher levels of IgA antibodies than control mice. In a reporter mouse, the mimetic inhibited Th2 polarization. CONCLUSION The TGFβ1-mim efficiently modulated various important events that exacerbate the allergic microenvironment, including the production of main cytokines that promote Th1 and Th2 differentiation, and the induction of allergen-specific regulatory T cells, highlighting its potential use in therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune response toward environmental allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Emília R. Vaz
- Laboratory of NanobiotechnologyInstitute of BiotechnologyFederal University of UberlândiaUberlândiaBrazil
| | - Yoan Machado
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Present address:
Department of Oral Biological and Medical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sara Huber
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Luiz R. Goulart
- Laboratory of NanobiotechnologyInstitute of BiotechnologyFederal University of UberlândiaUberlândiaBrazil
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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6
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Leibe R, Hsiao IL, Fritsch-Decker S, Kielmeier U, Wagbo AM, Voss B, Schmidt A, Hessman SD, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ, Diabaté S, Weiss C. The protein corona suppresses the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and macrophages upon exposure to nanosilica. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:871-885. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Frijns E, Verstraelen S, Stoehr LC, Van Laer J, Jacobs A, Peters J, Tirez K, Boyles MSP, Geppert M, Madl P, Nelissen I, Duschl A, Himly M. A Novel Exposure System Termed NAVETTA for In Vitro Laminar Flow Electrodeposition of Nanoaerosol and Evaluation of Immune Effects in Human Lung Reporter Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5259-5269. [PMID: 28339192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new prototype air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system, a flatbed aerosol exposure chamber termed NAVETTA, was developed to investigate deposition of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) on cultured human lung A549 cells directly from the gas phase. This device mimics human lung cell exposure to NPs due to a low horizontal gas flow combined with cells exposed at the ALI. Electrostatic field assistance is applied to improve NP deposition efficiency. As proof-of-principle, cell viability and immune responses after short-term exposure to nanocopper oxide (CuO)-aerosol were determined. We found that, due to the laminar aerosol flow and a specific orientation of inverted transwells, much higher deposition rates were obtained compared to the normal ALI setup. Cellular responses were monitored with postexposure incubation in submerged conditions, revealing CuO dissolution in a concentration-dependent manner. Cytotoxicity was the result of ionic and nonionic Cu fractions. Using the optimized inverted ALI/postincubation procedure, pro-inflammatory immune responses, in terms of interleukin (IL)-8 promoter and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activity, were observed within short time, i.e. One hour exposure to ALI-deposited CuO-NPs and 2.5 h postincubation. NAVETTA is a novel option for mimicking human lung cell exposure to NPs, complementing existing ALI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Frijns
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verstraelen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Linda Corinna Stoehr
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jo Van Laer
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - An Jacobs
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jan Peters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Kristof Tirez
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Matthew Samuel Powys Boyles
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pierre Madl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Albert Duschl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Liang J, Wang X, Li L, Xu S, Jiang J, Wu L, Zhao G, Chen S. Development of dual-fluorescence cell-based biosensors for detecting the influence of environmental factors on nanoparticle toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:177-184. [PMID: 28013079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With the expanding use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), development of a high-throughput, sensitive method for evaluating NP safety is important. In this study, we developed cell-based biosensors to efficiently and conveniently monitor NP toxicity. The biosensor cells were obtained by transiently transfecting human cells with biosensor plasmids containing a mCherry gene regulated by an inducible promoter [an activator protein 1 (AP-1) promoter, an interleukin 8 (IL8) promoter, or a B cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) promoter], with an enhanced green-fluorescent protein gene driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter as the internal control. After optimizing flow cytometric analysis, these dual-fluorescence cell-based biosensors were capable of accurately and rapidly detecting NP toxicity. We found that the responses of AP-1, BTG2, and IL8 biosensors in assessing the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) showed good dose-related increases after exposure to Ag NPs and were consistent with data acquired by conventional assays, such as western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. Further investigation of the effects of environmental factors on Ag NP toxicity revealed that aging in water, co-exposure with fulvic acid, and irradiation with ultraviolet A light could affect Ag NP-induced biosensor responses. These results indicated that these novel dual-fluorescence biosensors can be applied to accurately and sensitively monitor NP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, China Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, China Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Luzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, China Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, China Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, China Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, China Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, China Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Wang C, Yang J, Zhu L, Yan L, Lu D, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Li Z. Never deem lightly the "less harmful" low-molecular-weight PAH, NPAH, and OPAH - Disturbance of the immune response at real environmental levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:568-577. [PMID: 27838030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The upcoming energy structure optimization and the implementation of strict emissions control will effectively alleviated the pollution of high-molecular-weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere. Compared to HMW PAHs, the immune response to low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs is recognized as "less harmful", despite the high proportions of these substances. The present study intends to investigate the effects of several of the most abundant LMW PAHs on macrophages RAW264.7 at environmentally relevant doses. The data assembled herein showed that Fluoranthene (Fluo, PAH) formed a π-π interaction with the Phe12 residue of AhR while inhibiting the transcription of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, and ultimately induced the inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7. The 1-Nitropyrene (1-Nitro, NPAH) formed both a π-π interaction and a hydrogen bond with AhR, stimulated CYP1A1transcription, while suppressed the cytokine levels. Additionally, the inflammation potency caused by TPAHs was highly correlated with the cytotoxic potency rather than the oxidative stress potency. When stimulated by LPS, the transcription of IL-6 was inhibited by Fluo, and 1-Nitro suppressed both IL-6 and TNFα transcription. Furthermore, only 1-Nitro gave a significant inhibition on phagocytosis. The effects of 9-Fluorenone (9-Fluo, OPAH) on macrophages remained insignificant throughout the study since the low affinity for AhR, which resulted in low cytotoxicity. Collectively, this study suggested that LMW PAHs tended to cause mild inflammation when they bind without activating AhR. During infection, AhR ligands caused immunosuppression and this potency for TPAHs may be higher in AhR activator than that in AhR inactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jinhuan Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Linwensi Zhu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lu Yan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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10
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Ghosal D, Ghosh S, Dutta TK, Ahn Y. Current State of Knowledge in Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1369. [PMID: 27630626 PMCID: PMC5006600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) include a group of organic priority pollutants of critical environmental and public health concern due to their toxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties and their ubiquitous occurrence as well as recalcitrance. The increased awareness of their various adverse effects on ecosystem and human health has led to a dramatic increase in research aimed toward removing PAHs from the environment. PAHs may undergo adsorption, volatilization, photolysis, and chemical oxidation, although transformation by microorganisms is the major neutralization process of PAH-contaminated sites in an ecologically accepted manner. Microbial degradation of PAHs depends on various environmental conditions, such as nutrients, number and kind of the microorganisms, nature as well as chemical property of the PAH being degraded. A wide variety of bacterial, fungal and algal species have the potential to degrade/transform PAHs, among which bacteria and fungi mediated degradation has been studied most extensively. In last few decades microbial community analysis, biochemical pathway for PAHs degradation, gene organization, enzyme system, genetic regulation for PAH degradation have been explored in great detail. Although, xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms have incredible potential to restore contaminated environments inexpensively yet effectively, but new advancements are required to make such microbes effective and more powerful in removing those compounds, which were once thought to be recalcitrant. Recent analytical chemistry and genetic engineering tools might help to improve the efficiency of degradation of PAHs by microorganisms, and minimize uncertainties of successful bioremediation. However, appropriate implementation of the potential of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation could be considerably enhanced by optimizing certain factors such as bioavailability, adsorption and mass transfer of PAHs. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge of bacteria, halophilic archaea, fungi and algae mediated degradation/transformation of PAHs. In addition, factors affecting PAHs degradation in the environment, recent advancement in genetic, genomic, proteomic and metabolomic techniques are also highlighted with an aim to facilitate the development of a new insight into the bioremediation of PAH in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ghosal
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Shreya Ghosh
- Disasters Prevention Research Institute, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Tapan K. Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, Bose InstituteKolkata, India
| | - Youngho Ahn
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
- Disasters Prevention Research Institute, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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11
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Stoehr LC, Endes C, Radauer-Preiml I, Boyles MSP, Casals E, Balog S, Pesch M, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Himly M, Clift MJD, Duschl A. Assessment of a panel of interleukin-8 reporter lung epithelial cell lines to monitor the pro-inflammatory response following zinc oxide nanoparticle exposure under different cell culture conditions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:29. [PMID: 26415698 PMCID: PMC4587722 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stably transfected lung epithelial reporter cell lines pose an advantageous alternative to replace complex experimental techniques to monitor the pro-inflammatory response following nanoparticle (NP) exposure. Previously, reporter cell lines have been used under submerged culture conditions, however, their potential usefulness in combination with air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures is currently unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare a panel of interleukin-8 promoter (pIL8)-reporter cell lines (i.e. green or red fluorescent protein (GFP, RFP), and luciferase (Luc)), originating from A549 lung epithelial type II-like cells cells, following NPs exposure under both submerged and ALI conditions. METHODS All cell lines were exposed to zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs at 0.6 and 6.2 μg/cm(2) for 3 and 16 hours under both submerged and ALI conditions. Following physicochemical characterization, the cytotoxic profile of the ZnO-NPs was determined for each exposure scenario. Expression of IL-8 from all cell types was analyzed at the promoter level and compared to the mRNA (qRT-PCR) and protein level (ELISA). RESULTS In summary, each reporter cell line detected acute pro-inflammatory effects following ZnO exposure under each condition tested. The pIL8-Luc cell line was the most sensitive in terms of reporter signal strength and onset velocity following TNF-α treatment. Both pIL8-GFP and pIL8-RFP also showed a marked signal induction in response to TNF-α, although only after 16 hrs. In terms of ZnO-NP-induced cytotoxicity pIL8-RFP cells were the most affected, whilst the pIL8-Luc were found the least responsive. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the use of fluorescence-based reporter cell lines can provide a useful tool in screening the pro-inflammatory response following NP exposure in both submerged and ALI cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Stoehr
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. .,Grimm Aerosol Technik GmbH & Co. KG, Ainring, Germany.
| | - Carola Endes
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Isabella Radauer-Preiml
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Matthew S P Boyles
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Eudald Casals
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia (ICN), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sandor Balog
- Soft Matter Scattering, Adolphe Merkle Institute, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Pesch
- Grimm Aerosol Technik GmbH & Co. KG, Ainring, Germany.
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | | | - Martin Himly
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin J D Clift
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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12
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Kravchenko J, Corsini E, Williams MA, Decker W, Manjili MH, Otsuki T, Singh N, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Colacci AM, Vaccari M, Mondello C, Scovassi AI, Raju J, Hamid RA, Memeo L, Forte S, Roy R, Woodrick J, Salem HK, Ryan EP, Brown DG, Bisson WH, Lowe L, Lyerly HK. Chemical compounds from anthropogenic environment and immune evasion mechanisms: potential interactions. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S111-27. [PMID: 26002081 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies suggest an important role of host immunity as a barrier to tumor formation and progression. Complex mechanisms and multiple pathways are involved in evading innate and adaptive immune responses, with a broad spectrum of chemicals displaying the potential to adversely influence immunosurveillance. The evaluation of the cumulative effects of low-dose exposures from the occupational and natural environment, especially if multiple chemicals target the same gene(s) or pathway(s), is a challenge. We reviewed common environmental chemicals and discussed their potential effects on immunosurveillance. Our overarching objective was to review related signaling pathways influencing immune surveillance such as the pathways involving PI3K/Akt, chemokines, TGF-β, FAK, IGF-1, HIF-1α, IL-6, IL-1α, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL-1 could individually or collectively impact immunosurveillance. A number of chemicals that are common in the anthropogenic environment such as fungicides (maneb, fluoxastrobin and pyroclostrobin), herbicides (atrazine), insecticides (pyridaben and azamethiphos), the components of personal care products (triclosan and bisphenol A) and diethylhexylphthalate with pathways critical to tumor immunosurveillance. At this time, these chemicals are not recognized as human carcinogens; however, it is known that they these chemicalscan simultaneously persist in the environment and appear to have some potential interfere with the host immune response, therefore potentially contributing to promotion interacting with of immune evasion mechanisms, and promoting subsequent tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kravchenko
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, School of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marc A Williams
- MEDCOM Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio - Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, Baltimore, MD 21010, USA
| | - William Decker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Takemi Otsuki
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Faha Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze 50134, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1680, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1680, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA,
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Nova Scotia, Canada and
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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13
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Differential immunomodulatory responses to nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons applied by passive dosing. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Lenz AG, Stoeger T, Cei D, Schmidmeir M, Semren N, Burgstaller G, Lentner B, Eickelberg O, Meiners S, Schmid O. Efficient bioactive delivery of aerosolized drugs to human pulmonary epithelial cells cultured in air-liquid interface conditions. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:526-35. [PMID: 24773184 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0479oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In inhalation therapy, drugs are deposited as aerosols onto the air-facing lung epithelium. The currently used in vitro cell assays for drug testing, however, typically dissolve drugs in the medium, completely covering the cells, which represents an unphysiological drug application scenario. Although physiologically realistic in vitro cell culture models of the pulmonary air-blood barrier are available, reliable, easy-to-handle, and efficient technologies for direct aerosol-to-cell delivery are lacking. Here, we introduce the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) Cell Exposure-Cloud (ALICE-CLOUD) technology, which uses principles of cloud motion for fast and quantitative delivery of aerosolized liquid drugs to pulmonary cells cultured under realistic ALI conditions. Aerosol-to-cell delivery proved to be highly efficient, reproducible, and rapid when using aerosolized fluorescein as surrogate drug. As a proof-of-concept study for the ALICE-CLOUD, we performed functional efficacy studies with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved proteasome inhibitor, Bortezomib, a novel candidate drug for inhalation therapy. Aerosolized Bortezomib had a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect on human epithelial lung cells (A549), as indicated by a significant reduction of (TNFα-induced) IL-8 promoter activation. Importantly, cell-based therapeutic efficacy of aerosolized Bortezomib under ALI conditions was similar to that under dissolved and nonaerosolized submerged conditions, but with faster uptake kinetics. Our data indicate that the ALICE-CLOUD is a reliable tool for aerosolized drug screening with cells cultured under ALI conditions, which combines ease of handling with rapid, efficient, and dosimetrically accurate drug-to-cell delivery. This may pave the way for screening of inhalable drugs under physiologically more relevant and, hence, potentially more predictive conditions than the currently used submerged cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
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15
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Oostingh GJ, Papaioannou E, Chasapidis L, Akritidis T, Konstandopoulos AG, Duschl A. Development of an on-line exposure system to determine freshly produced diesel engine emission-induced cellular effects. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1746-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Løkke H, Ragas AMJ, Holmstrup M. Tools and perspectives for assessing chemical mixtures and multiple stressors. Toxicology 2012; 313:73-82. [PMID: 23238274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present paper summarizes the most important insights and findings of the EU NoMiracle project with a focus on (1) risk assessment of chemical mixtures, (2) combinations of chemical and natural stressors, and (3) the receptor-oriented approach in cumulative risk assessment. The project aimed at integration of methods for human and ecological risk assessment. A mechanistically based model, considering uptake and toxicity as a processes in time, has demonstrated considerable potential for predicting mixture effects in ecotoxicology, but requires the measurement of toxicity endpoints at different moments in time. Within a novel framework for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, the importance of environmental factors on toxicokinetic processes is highlighted. A new paradigm for applying personal characteristics that determine individual exposure and sensitivity in human risk assessment is suggested. The results are discussed in the light of recent developments in risk assessment of mixtures and multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Løkke
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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17
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Stoehr LC, Gonzalez E, Stampfl A, Casals E, Duschl A, Puntes V, Oostingh GJ. Shape matters: effects of silver nanospheres and wires on human alveolar epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:36. [PMID: 22208550 PMCID: PMC3275490 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In nanotoxicology, the exact role of particle shape, in relation to the composition, on the capacity to induce toxicity is largely unknown. We investigated the toxic and immunotoxic effects of silver wires (length: 1.5 - 25 μm; diameter 100 - 160 nm), spherical silver nanoparticles (30 nm) and silver microparticles (<45 μm) on alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Methods Wires and nanoparticles were synthesized by wet-chemistry methods and extensively characterized. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were assessed and potential immunotoxic effects were investigated. To compare the effects on an activated and a resting immune system, cells were stimulated with rhTNF-α or left untreated. Changes in intracellular free calcium levels were determined using calcium imaging. Finally, ion release from the particles was assessed by ICP-MS and the effects of released ions on cell viability and cytotoxicity were tested. Results No effects were observed for the spherical particles, whereas the silver wires significantly reduced cell viability and increased LDH release from A549 cells. Cytokine promoter induction and NF-κB activation decreased in a concentration dependent manner similar to the decrease seen in cell viability. In addition, a strong increase of intracellular calcium levels within minutes after addition of wires was observed. This toxicity was not due to free silver ions, since the samples with the highest ion release did not induce toxicity and ion release control experiments with cells treated with pre-incubated medium did not show any effects either. Conclusions These data showed that silver wires strongly affect the alveolar epithelial cells, whereas spherical silver particles had no effect. This supports the hypothesis that shape is one of the important factors that determine particle toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Stoehr
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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18
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Oostingh GJ, Casals E, Italiani P, Colognato R, Stritzinger R, Ponti J, Pfaller T, Kohl Y, Ooms D, Favilli F, Leppens H, Lucchesi D, Rossi F, Nelissen I, Thielecke H, Puntes VF, Duschl A, Boraschi D. Problems and challenges in the development and validation of human cell-based assays to determine nanoparticle-induced immunomodulatory effects. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:8. [PMID: 21306632 PMCID: PMC3045340 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing use of nanomaterials, the need for methods and assays to examine their immunosafety is becoming urgent, in particular for nanomaterials that are deliberately administered to human subjects (as in the case of nanomedicines). To obtain reliable results, standardised in vitro immunotoxicological tests should be used to determine the effects of engineered nanoparticles on human immune responses. However, before assays can be standardised, it is important that suitable methods are established and validated. Results In a collaborative work between European laboratories, existing immunological and toxicological in vitro assays were tested and compared for their suitability to test effects of nanoparticles on immune responses. The prototypical nanoparticles used were metal (oxide) particles, either custom-generated by wet synthesis or commercially available as powders. Several problems and challenges were encountered during assay validation, ranging from particle agglomeration in biological media and optical interference with assay systems, to chemical immunotoxicity of solvents and contamination with endotoxin. Conclusion The problems that were encountered in the immunological assay systems used in this study, such as chemical or endotoxin contamination and optical interference caused by the dense material, significantly affected the data obtained. These problems have to be solved to enable the development of reliable assays for the assessment of nano-immunosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertie J Oostingh
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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19
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Integrated optical biosensor for in-line monitoring of cell cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1478-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Mallick S, Chakraborty J, Dutta TK. Role of oxygenases in guiding diverse metabolic pathways in the bacterial degradation of low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 37:64-90. [PMID: 20846026 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2010.512268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Widespread environmental pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) poses an immense risk to the environment. Bacteria-mediated attenuation has a great potential for the restoration of PAH-contaminated environment in an ecologically accepted manner. Bacterial degradation of PAHs has been extensively studied and mining of biodiversity is ever expanding the biodegradative potentials with intelligent manipulation of catabolic genes and adaptive evolution to generate multiple catabolic pathways. The present review of bacterial degradation of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs describes the current knowledge about the diverse metabolic pathways depicting novel metabolites, enzyme-substrate/metabolite relationships, the role of oxygenases and their distribution in phylogenetically diverse bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Saldiha College, Bankura, West Bengal, India
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21
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Holmstrup M, Bindesbøl AM, Oostingh GJ, Duschl A, Scheil V, Köhler HR, Loureiro S, Soares AMVM, Ferreira ALG, Kienle C, Gerhardt A, Laskowski R, Kramarz PE, Bayley M, Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ. Interactions between effects of environmental chemicals and natural stressors: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:3746-62. [PMID: 19922980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological effect studies often expose test organisms under optimal environmental conditions. However, organisms in their natural settings rarely experience optimal conditions. On the contrary, during most of their lifetime they are forced to cope with sub-optimal conditions and occasionally with severe environmental stress. Interactions between the effects of a natural stressor and a toxicant can sometimes result in greater effects than expected from either of the stress types alone. The aim of the present review is to provide a synthesis of existing knowledge on the interactions between effects of "natural" and chemical (anthropogenic) stressors. More than 150 studies were evaluated covering stressors including heat, cold, desiccation, oxygen depletion, pathogens and immunomodulatory factors combined with a variety of environmental pollutants. This evaluation revealed that synergistic interactions between the effects of various natural stressors and toxicants are not uncommon phenomena. Thus, synergistic interactions were reported in more than 50% of the available studies on these interactions. Antagonistic interactions were also detected, but in fewer cases. Interestingly, about 70% of the tested chemicals were found to compromise the immune system of humans as judged from studies on human cell lines. The challenge for future studies will therefore be to include aspects of combined stressors in effect and risk assessment of chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Smith KEC, Oostingh GJ, Mayer P. Passive Dosing for Producing Defined and Constant Exposure of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds during in Vitro Toxicity Tests. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 23:55-65. [PMID: 19928796 DOI: 10.1021/tx900274j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E. C. Smith
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gertie J. Oostingh
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Pfaller T, Colognato R, Nelissen I, Favilli F, Casals E, Ooms D, Leppens H, Ponti J, Stritzinger R, Puntes V, Boraschi D, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ. The suitability of different cellularin vitroimmunotoxicity and genotoxicity methods for the analysis of nanoparticle-induced events. Nanotoxicology 2009; 4:52-72. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390903374001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Oostingh GJ, Wichmann G, Schmittner M, Lehmann I, Duschl A. The cytotoxic effects of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos and diazinon differ from their immunomodulating effects. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:136-45. [PMID: 19589100 DOI: 10.1080/15476910902977407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some organophosphate insecticides have immunomodulating capacities, but it is unknown whether different compounds within this class affect the immune system to the same extent. In this in vitro study, human immortalized T-lymphocytes or bronchial epithelial cells were treated with diazinon or chlorpyrifos in the absence or presence of cellular stress factors, thereby mimicking a stimulated immune system. Cytotoxicity was determined and cytokine release or cytokine-promoter studies were performed to study immunomodulatory effects of these chemicals, whereby the same concentrations of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were used. Results showed that chlor- pyrifos was cytotoxic at concentrations >/= 250 muM, whereas diazinon was not toxic at concentrations up to 1 mM. The immunomodulatory effects of these two compounds were similar for most cytokine promoters tested and induction of cellular stress enhanced these effects. The results were compared to data obtained with blood mononuclear cells, which confirmed the results of stably transfected cell lines, but refer to a higher sensitivity of primary cells. In conclusion, these two pesticides act in a different manner on cell viability and on some immune parameters, but cell viability was not linked to immunomodulation. The results also imply that healthy and diseased individuals are differentially affected by these pollutants.
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Pfaller T, Puntes V, Casals E, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ. In vitro investigation of immunomodulatory effects caused by engineered inorganic nanoparticles – the impact of experimental design and cell choice. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390802546071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pfaller
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia and Institut Català de Recerca I Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eudald Casals
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia and Institut Català de Recerca I Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gertie J. Oostingh
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Herzog E, Byrne HJ, Casey A, Davoren M, Lenz AG, Maier KL, Duschl A, Oostingh GJ. SWCNT suppress inflammatory mediator responses in human lung epithelium in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 234:378-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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