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Durmaz K, Misbach M, Danoy A, Salvi JP, Bloch E, Bourrelly S, Verrier B, Sohier J. An innovative Fuller's earth-based film-forming formulation for skin decontamination, through removal and entrapment of an organophosphorus compound, paraoxon-ethyl. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134190. [PMID: 38593659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs), such as VX, pose a significant threat due to their neurotoxic and hazardous properties. Skin decontamination is essential to avoid irreversible effects. Fuller's earth (FE), a phyllosilicate conventionally employed in powder form, has demonstrated decontamination capacity against OPs. The aim of this study was to develop a formulation that forms a film on the skin, with a significant OP removal capacity (>95 %) coupled with sequestration capabilities, favorable drying time and mechanical properties to allow for easy application and removal, particularly in emergency context. Various formulations were prepared using different concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), FE and surfactants. Their removal and sequestration capacity was tested using paraoxon-ethyl (POX), a chemical that simulates the behavior of VX. Formulations with removal capacity levels surpassing 95 % were mechanically characterized and cell viability assays were performed on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblast (NHDF). The four most promising formulations were used to assess decontamination efficacy on pig ear skin explants. These formulations showed decontamination levels ranging from 84.4 ± 4.7 % to 96.5 ± 1.3 %, which is equivalent to current decontamination methods. These results suggest that this technology could be a novel and effective tool for skin decontamination following exposure to OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kardelen Durmaz
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Magaly Misbach
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Alix Danoy
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Salvi
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emily Bloch
- UMR 7246: Laboratoire MADIREL, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille, 52 avenue Escadrille Normandie - Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Bourrelly
- UMR 7246: Laboratoire MADIREL, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille, 52 avenue Escadrille Normandie - Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jerome Sohier
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France.
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2
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Timperley CM, Forman JE, Abdollahi M, Al-Amri AS, Baulig A, Benachour D, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Curty C, Geist M, Gonzalez D, Kane W, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Mourão NMF, Neffe S, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Suárez AG, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Vanninen PS, Vučinić S, Zaitsev V, Zafar-Uz-Zaman M, Zina MS, Holen S, Alwan WS, Suri V, Hotchkiss PJ, Ghanei M. Advice on assistance and protection provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 3. On medical care and treatment of injuries from sulfur mustard. Toxicology 2021; 463:152967. [PMID: 34619302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blister agents damage the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissues. Other toxic effects may occur after absorption. The response of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to a request from the OPCW Director-General in 2013 on the status of medical countermeasures and treatments to blister agents is updated through the incorporation of the latest information. The physical and toxicological properties of sulfur mustard and clinical effects and treatments are summarised. The information should assist medics and emergency responders who may be unfamiliar with the toxidrome of sulfur mustard and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Timperley
- Chair of the OPCW SAB from 2015-2018, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan E Forman
- Science Policy Adviser and Secretary to the SAB, OPCW, The Hague, 2417, JR, the Netherlands, from 2015-2018
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Augustin Baulig
- Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Nationale (SGDSN), Paris, France
| | - Djafer Benachour
- LMPMP, Faculty of Technology, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif-1, Algeria
| | - Veronica Borrett
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Gonzalez
- Facultad De Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Syed K Raza
- Chairperson Accreditation Committee, National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), India
| | - Valentin Rubaylo
- State Scientific Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alejandra Graciela Suárez
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Koji Takeuchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cheng Tang
- Office for the Disposal of Japanese Abandoned Chemical Weapons, Ministry of National Defence, Beijing, China
| | - Ferruccio Trifirò
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paula S Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Slavica Vučinić
- National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Stian Holen
- Head of Strategy and Policy at the OPCW from 2009 to 2015
| | - Wesam S Alwan
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vivek Suri
- Intern in the OPCW Office of Strategy and Policy, Summer 2018
| | - Peter J Hotchkiss
- Senior Science Policy Officer and Secretary to the SAB, OPCW, The Hague, 2417, JR, the Netherlands.
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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3
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Dalton C, Watkins R, Pritchard S, Graham S. Percutaneous absorption of Carfentanil in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105100. [PMID: 33493622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Carfentanil is a synthetic opioid restricted to veterinary use due to its potency. Public health concerns have been raised as to the potential of carfentanil to exhibit toxicity after absorption via the percutaneous route following unintentional contamination. The current study measured the penetration of free base carfentanil through human, pig and rat skin using in vitro static diffusion cells. The human penetration rates were compared against literature toxicology values and indicated that, dependent on the contamination density, contamination area and residence time, skin decontamination and medical countermeasures may be required to ameliorate toxicity. The pig and rat skin penetration data will form the basis of future work to develop relevant in silico and in vivo models to further elucidate likely toxic effects and the medical strategies to mitigate against them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stuart Graham
- CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
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4
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Recent sulfur mustard attacks in Middle East and experience of health professionals. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Sezigen S, Ivelik K, Ortatatli M, Almacioglu M, Demirkasimoglu M, Eyison R, Kunak Z, Kenar L. Victims of chemical terrorism, a family of four who were exposed to sulfur mustard. Toxicol Lett 2019; 303:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Rose D, Schmidt A, Brandenburger M, Sturmheit T, Zille M, Boltze J. Sulfur mustard skin lesions: A systematic review on pathomechanisms, treatment options and future research directions. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:82-90. [PMID: 29203275 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare, which has been used for one hundred years. However, its exact pathomechanisms are still incompletely understood and there is no specific therapy available so far. In this systematic review, studies published between January 2000 and July 2017 involving pathomechanisms and experimental treatments of SM-induced skin lesions were analyzed to summarize current knowledge on SM pathology, to provide an overview on novel treatment options, and to identify promising targets for future research to more effectively counter SM effects. We suggest that future studies should focus on (I) systemic effects of SM intoxication due to its distribution throughout the body, (II) removal of SM depots that continuously release active compound contributing to chronic skin damage, and (III) therapeutic options that counteract the pleiotropic effects of SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Rose
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Mönkhofer Weg 239a, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23652, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany; Universität der Bundeswehr, Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften, Department für Sportwissenschaft, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brandenburger
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Mönkhofer Weg 239a, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23652, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tabea Sturmheit
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Mönkhofer Weg 239a, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23652, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Mönkhofer Weg 239a, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23652, Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Mönkhofer Weg 239a, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23652, Lübeck, Germany
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7
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Hall CA, Lydon HL, Dalton CH, Chipman JK, Graham JS, Chilcott RP. The percutaneous toxicokinetics of Sulphur mustard in a damaged skin porcine model and the evaluation of WoundStat™ as a topical decontaminant. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1036-1045. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Hall
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation; Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- School of BioSciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Helen L. Lydon
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation; Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- School of BioSciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | | | | | - John S. Graham
- Medical Toxicology Branch Analytical Toxicology Division; US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense; Aberdeen Proving Ground; MD 21010 USA
| | - Robert P. Chilcott
- CBRN & Chemical Toxicological Research Group, Centre for Radiation; Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency; Chilton UK
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
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8
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Spiandore M, Piram A, Lacoste A, Prevost P, Maloni P, Torre F, Asia L, Josse D, Doumenq P. Efficacy of scalp hair decontamination following exposure to vapours of sulphur mustard simulants 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide and methyl salicylate. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 267:74-79. [PMID: 27492218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents are an actual threat and victims' decontamination is a main concern when mass exposure occurs. Skin decontamination with current protocols has been widely documented, as well as surface decontamination. However, considering hair ability to trap chemicals in vapour phase, we investigated hair decontamination after exposure to sulphur mustard simulants methyl salicylate and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide. Four decontamination protocols were tested on hair, combining showering and emergency decontamination (use of Fuller's earth or Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion RSDL®). Both simulants were recovered from hair after treatment, but contents were significantly reduced (42-85% content allowance). Showering alone was the least efficient protocol. Concerning 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide, protocols did not display significant differences in decontamination efficacy. For MeS, use of emergency decontaminants significantly increased showering efficacy (10-20% rise), underlining their usefulness before thorough decontamination. Our results highlighted the need to extensively decontaminate hair after chemical exposure. Residual amounts after decontamination are challenging, as their release from hair could lead to health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Piram
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France.
| | - Alexandre Lacoste
- Bataillon des Marins-Pompiers (BMPM) de Marseille, 13303 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Franck Torre
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Faculté de Saint Jérôme, Case 421, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | - Denis Josse
- Service Départemental d'Incendie et de Secours des Alpes-Maritimes (SDIS06), 06271 Villeneuve-Loubet Cedex, France
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9
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Effect of exposure area on nerve agent absorption through skin in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Dalton CH, Hall CA, Lydon HL, Chipman JK, Graham JS, Jenner J, Chilcott RP. Development of haemostatic decontaminants for the treatment of wounds contaminated with chemical warfare agents. 2: Evaluation ofin vitrotopical decontamination efficacy using undamaged skin. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:543-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Dalton
- Biomedical Sciences; Dstl Porton Down; Salisbury SP4 0JQ UK
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Charlotte A. Hall
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards; Health Protection Agency; Chilton Oxfordshire OX11 0JQ UK
| | - Helen L. Lydon
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards; Health Protection Agency; Chilton Oxfordshire OX11 0JQ UK
| | - J. K. Chipman
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - John S. Graham
- Medical Toxicology Branch, USAMRICD; Aberdeen Proving Ground; MD 21010-5400 USA
| | - John Jenner
- Biomedical Sciences; Dstl Porton Down; Salisbury SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Robert P. Chilcott
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards; Health Protection Agency; Chilton Oxfordshire OX11 0JQ UK
- Research Centre for Transdermal Drug Delivery and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield Herts AL10 9AB UK
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11
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Batal M, Boudry I, Mouret S, Cléry-Barraud C, Wartelle J, Bérard I, Douki T. DNA damage in internal organs after cutaneous exposure to sulphur mustard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:39-44. [PMID: 24732442 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulphur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that attacks mainly skin, eye and lungs. Due to its lipophilic properties, SM is also able to diffuse through the skin and reach internal organs. DNA represents one of the most critical molecular targets of this powerful alkylating agent which modifies DNA structure by forming monoadducts and biadducts. These DNA lesions are involved in the acute toxicity of SM as well as its long-term carcinogenicity. In the present work we studied the formation and persistence of guanine and adenine monoadducts and guanine biadducts in the DNA of brain, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and liver of SKH-1 mice cutaneously exposed to 2, 6 and 60mg/kg of SM. SM-DNA adducts were detected in all studied organs, except in liver at the two lowest doses. Brain and lungs were the organs with the highest level of SM-DNA adducts, followed by kidney, spleen and liver. Monitoring the level of adducts for three weeks after cutaneous exposure showed that the lifetime of adducts were not the same in all organs, lungs being the organ with the longest persistence. Diffusion from skin to internal organs was much more efficient at the highest compared to the lowest dose investigated as the result of the loss of the skin barrier function. These data provide novel information on the distribution of SM in tissues following cutaneous exposures and indicate that brain is an important target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Batal
- Laboratoire « Lésions des Acides Nucléiques », Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, UMR-E3, Grenoble, France; Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques; Unité de Brûlure Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Antenne de La Tronche, BP87, F-38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Boudry
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques; Unité de Brûlure Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Antenne de La Tronche, BP87, F-38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Mouret
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques; Unité de Brûlure Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Antenne de La Tronche, BP87, F-38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Cléry-Barraud
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques; Unité de Brûlure Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Antenne de La Tronche, BP87, F-38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Julien Wartelle
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques; Unité de Brûlure Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Antenne de La Tronche, BP87, F-38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Izabel Bérard
- Laboratoire « Lésions des Acides Nucléiques », Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, UMR-E3, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- Laboratoire « Lésions des Acides Nucléiques », Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1/CEA/Institut Nanoscience et Cryogénie/SCIB, UMR-E3, Grenoble, France.
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12
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Joseph LB, Heck DE, Cervelli JA, Composto GM, Babin MC, Casillas RP, Sinko PJ, Gerecke DR, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Structural changes in hair follicles and sebaceous glands of hairless mice following exposure to sulfur mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:316-27. [PMID: 24662110 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a bifunctional alkylating agent causing skin inflammation, edema and blistering. A hallmark of SM-induced toxicity is follicular and interfollicular epithelial damage. In the present studies we determined if SM-induced structural alterations in hair follicles and sebaceous glands were correlated with cell damage, inflammation and wound healing. The dorsal skin of hairless mice was treated with saturated SM vapor. One to seven days later, epithelial cell karyolysis within the hair root sheath, infundibulum and isthmus was apparent, along with reduced numbers of sebocytes. Increased numbers of utriculi, some with connections to the skin surface, and engorged dermal cysts were also evident. This was associated with marked changes in expression of markers of DNA damage (phospho-H2A.X), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3), and wound healing (FGFR2 and galectin-3) throughout pilosebaceous units. Conversely, fatty acid synthase and galectin-3 were down-regulated in sebocytes after SM. Decreased numbers of hair follicles and increased numbers of inflammatory cells surrounding the utriculi and follicular cysts were noted within the wound 3-7 days post-SM exposure. Expression of phospho-H2A.X, cleaved caspase-3, FGFR2 and galectin-3 was decreased in dysplastic follicular epidermis. Fourteen days after SM, engorged follicular cysts which expressed galectin-3 were noted within hyperplastic epidermis. Galectin-3 was also expressed in basal keratinocytes and in the first few layers of suprabasal keratinocytes in neoepidermis formed during wound healing indicating that this lectin is important in the early stages of keratinocyte differentiation. These data indicate that hair follicles and sebaceous glands are targets for SM in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Diane E Heck
- Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Gabriella M Composto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Donald R Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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13
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Modified immunoslotblot assay to detect hemi and sulfur mustard DNA adducts. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:523-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Topical efficacy of dimercapto-chelating agents against lewisite-induced skin lesions in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:291-8. [PMID: 23806213 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lewisite is a potent chemical warfare arsenical vesicant that can cause severe skin lesions. Today, lewisite exposure remains possible during demilitarization of old ammunitions and as a result of deliberate use. Although its cutaneous toxicity is not fully elucidated, a specific antidote exists, the British anti-lewisite (BAL, dimercaprol) but it is not without untoward effects. Analogs of BAL, less toxic, have been developed such as meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and have been employed for the treatment of heavy metal poisoning. However, efficacy of DMSA against lewisite-induced skin lesions remains to be determined in comparison with BAL. We have thus evaluated in this study the therapeutic efficacy of BAL and DMSA in two administration modes against skin lesions induced by lewisite vapor on SKH-1 hairless mice. Our data demonstrate a strong protective efficacy of topical application of dimercapto-chelating agents in contrast to a subcutaneous administration 1h after lewisite exposure, with attenuation of wound size, necrosis and impairment of skin barrier function. The histological evaluation also confirms the efficacy of topical application by showing that treatments were effective in reversing lewisite-induced neutrophil infiltration. This protective effect was associated with an epidermal hyperplasia. However, for all the parameters studied, BAL was more effective than DMSA in reducing lewisite-induced skin injury. Together, these findings support the use of a topical form of dimercaprol-chelating agent against lewisite-induced skin lesion within the first hour after exposure to increase the therapeutic management and that BAL, despite its side-effects, should not be abandoned.
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Mircioiu C, Voicu VA, Ionescu M, Miron DS, Radulescu FS, Nicolescu AC. Evaluation of in vitro absorption, decontamination and desorption of organophosphorous compounds from skin and synthetic membranes. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Della Torre C, Petochi T, Farchi C, Corsi I, Dinardo MM, Sammarini V, Alcaro L, Mechelli L, Focardi S, Tursi A, Marino G, Amato E. Environmental hazard of yperite released at sea: sublethal toxic effects on fish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 248-249:246-253. [PMID: 23380450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicological effects on fish related to the leakage of yperite from rusted bomb shells dumped at sea. Both in vivo and field studies have been performed. As for the in vivo experiment, specimen of European eel were subcutaneously injected with 0.015, 0.15 and 1.5mg/kg of yperite and sacrificed after 24 and 48 h. In the field study, specimen of Conger eel were collected from a dumping site in the Southern Adriatic Sea. The presence/absence of yperite in tissues, genotoxicity, detoxification enzymes, histological alterations and gross abnormalities were investigated. Results of the in vivo experiment showed a significant increase of EROD activity at both 24h and 48 h. UGT activity increased significantly at 48 h post injection. An acute inflammatory response after 24h in skin layers and muscle was observed, associated to cell degeneration and necrosis after 48 h at the highest dose. On field, comet assay revealed genotoxicity in gills of fish from the dumping site. Specimen from the dumping site showed significantly higher EROD activities compared to controls, deep ulcers and papules on skin together with liver and spleen histopathological lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Abel EL, Boulware S, Fields T, McIvor E, Powell KL, DiGiovanni J, Vasquez KM, MacLeod MC. Sulforaphane induces phase II detoxication enzymes in mouse skin and prevents mutagenesis induced by a mustard gas analog. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 23201461 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mustard gas, used in chemical warfare since 1917, is a mutagenic and carcinogenic agent that produces severe dermal lesions for which there are no effective therapeutics; it is currently seen as a potential terrorist threat to civilian populations. Sulforaphane, found in cruciferous vegetables, is known to induce enzymes that detoxify compounds such as the sulfur mustards that react through electrophilic intermediates. Here, we observe that a single topical treatment with sulforaphane induces mouse epidermal levels of the regulatory subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, and also increases epidermal levels of reduced glutathione. Furthermore, a glutathione S-transferase, GSTA4, is also induced in mouse skin by sulforaphane. In an in vivo model in which mice are given a single mutagenic application of the sulfur mustard analog 2-(chloroethyl) ethyl sulfide (CEES), we now show that therapeutic treatment with sulforaphane abolishes the CEES-induced increase in mutation frequency in the skin, measured four days after exposure. Sulforaphane, a natural product currently in clinical trials, shows promise as an effective therapeutic against mustard gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Abel
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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2,6-Dithiopurine, a nucleophilic scavenger, protects against mutagenesis in mouse skin treated in vivo with 2-(chloroethyl) ethyl sulfide, a mustard gas analog. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:203-9. [PMID: 22732900 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, SM] is a well-known DNA-damaging agent that has been used in chemical warfare since World War I, and is a weapon that could potentially be used in a terrorist attack on a civilian population. Dermal exposure to high concentrations of SM produces severe, long-lasting burns. Topical exposure to high concentrations of 2-(chloroethyl) ethyl sulfide (CEES), a monofunctional analog of SM, also produces severe skin lesions in mice. Utilizing a genetically engineered mouse strain, Big Blue, that allows measurement of mutation frequencies in mouse tissues, we now show that topical treatment with much lower concentrations of CEES induces significant dose- and time-dependent increases in mutation frequency in mouse skin; the mutagenic exposures produce minimal toxicity as determined by standard histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis for cytokeratin 6 and the DNA-damage induced phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). We attempted to develop a therapeutic that would inhibit the CEES-induced increase in mutation frequency in the skin. We observe that multi-dose, topical treatment with 2,6-dithiopurine (DTP), a known chemical scavenger of CEES, beginning 1h post-exposure to CEES, completely abolishes the CEES-induced increase in mutation frequency. These findings suggest the possibility that DTP, previously shown to be non-toxic in mice, may be useful as a therapeutic agent in accidental or malicious human exposures to SM.
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Abel EL, Bubel JD, Simper MS, Powell L, McClellan SA, Andreeff M, MacLeod MC, DiGiovanni J. Protection against 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) — induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes by an inducer of the glutathione detoxification pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:176-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Benson JM, Tibbetts BM, Weber WM, Grotendorst GR. Uptake, tissue distribution, and excretion of 14C-sulfur mustard vapor following inhalation in F344 rats and cutaneous exposure in hairless guinea pigs. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:875-885. [PMID: 21598172 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.567959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a vessicating agent, has been used in chemical warfare since 1918. The purpose of this study was to quantitate SM vapor deposition, tissue distribution, and excretion following intratracheal inhalation in rats and cutaneous exposure in guinea pigs. 14C-SM vapors for inhalation studies were generated by metering liquid 14C-SM into a heated J tube. Vapors were transported via carrier air supplemented with oxygen and isoflurane to an exposure plenum. Anesthetized rats with transorally placed tracheal catheters were connected to the plenum port via the catheter hub for exposure (approximately 250 mg 14C-SM vapor/m(3); 10 min). For dermal exposure, 3 Teflon cups (6.6 cm(2) exposure area per cup) were applied to the backs of each animal and vapors (525 mg 14C-SM/m(3); 12 min) were generated by applying 6 μl 14C-SM to filter paper within each cup. Animals were euthanized at selected times up to 7 d postexposure. SM equivalents deposited in rats and guinea pigs were 18.1 ± 3 μg and 29.8 ± 5.31 μg, respectively. Inhaled SM equivalents rapidly distributed throughout the body within 2 h postexposure, with the majority (>70%) of material at that time located in carcass and pelt. In guinea pigs, >90% of deposited SM equivalents remained in skin, with minor distribution to blood and kidneys. Urine was the primary route of excretion for both species. Results indicate inhaled SM is rapidly absorbed from the lung and distributed throughout the body while there is limited systemic distribution following cutaneous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Benson
- CounterAct Research Center of Excellence, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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Ghanei M, Poursaleh Z, Harandi AA, Emadi SE, Emadi SN. Acute and chronic effects of sulfur mustard on the skin: a comprehensive review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2010; 29:269-77. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2010.511367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Powell KL, Boulware S, Thames H, Vasquez KM, MacLeod MC. 2,6-Dithiopurine blocks toxicity and mutagenesis in human skin cells exposed to sulfur mustard analogues, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide and 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:497-503. [PMID: 20050631 DOI: 10.1021/tx9001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide) is a well-known chemical warfare agent that induces debilitating cutaneous toxicity in exposed individuals. It is also known to be carcinogenic and mutagenic because of its ability to damage DNA via electrophilic attack. We previously showed that a nucleophilic scavenger, 2,6-dithiopurine (DTP), reacts chemically with several electrophilic carcinogens, blocking DNA damage in vitro and in vivo and abolishing tumor formation in a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. To assess the potential of DTP as an antagonist of sulfur mustard, we have utilized monofunctional chemical analogues of sulfur mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide (CEMS), to induce toxicity and mutagenesis in a cell line, NCTC2544, derived from a human skin tumor. We show that DTP blocks cytotoxicity in CEMS- and CEES-treated cells when present at approximately equimolar concentration. A related thiopurine, 9-methyl-6-mercaptopurine, is similarly effective. Correlated with this, we find that DTP is transported into these cells and that adducts between DTP and CEES are found intracellularly. Using a shuttle vector-based mutagenesis system, which allows enumeration of mutations induced in the skin cells by a blue/white colony screen, we find that DTP completely abolishes the mutagenesis induced by CEMS and CEES in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leslie Powell
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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Liu J, Powell KL, Thames HD, MacLeod MC. Detoxication of sulfur half-mustards by nucleophilic scavengers: robust activity of thiopurines. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:488-96. [PMID: 20050632 DOI: 10.1021/tx900190j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide) has been used in chemical warfare since World War I and is well known as an acutely toxic vesicant. It has been implicated as a carcinogen after chronic low-level exposure and is known to form interstrand cross-links in DNA. Sulfur and nitrogen mustards are currently of interest as potential chemical threat agents for terrorists because of ease of synthesis. Sulfur mustard and monofunctional analogues (half-mustards, 2-[chloroethyl] alkyl sulfides) react as electrophiles, damaging cellular macromolecules, and thus are potentially subject to scavenging by nucleophilic agents. We have determined rate constants for the reaction of four purine derivatives that contain nucleophilic thiol moieties with several sulfur-half-mustards. Three of these compounds, 2,6-dithiopurine, 2,6-dithiouric acid, and 9-methyl-6-mercaptopurine, exhibit facile reaction with the electrophilic mustard compounds. At near neutral pH, these thiopurines are much better nucleophilic scavengers of mustard electrophiles than other low molecular weight thiols such as N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione. Progress curves calculated by numerical integration techniques indicate that equimolar concentrations of thiopurine provide significant reductions in the overall exposure to the episulfonium ions, which are the major reactive, electrophiles produced when sulfur mustards are dissolved in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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