Moricandia arvensis extracts protect against DNA damage, mutagenesis in bacteria system and scavenge the superoxide anion

GC/MS Profiling of the Essential Oil and Lipophilic Extract of Moricandia sinaica Boiss. and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities

The genus Moricandia (Brassicaceae) comprises about eight species that were used in traditional medicine. Moricandia sinaica is used to alleviate certain disorders such as syphilis and exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antigenotoxic properties. Throughout this study, we aimed to figure out the chemical composition of lipophilic extract and essential oil obtained from M. sinaica aerial parts using GC/MS analysis, as well as their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities correlated with the major detected compounds' molecular docking. The results revealed that both the lipophilic extract and the oil were found to be rich in aliphatic hydrocarbons, accounting for 72.00% and 79.85%, respectively. Furthermore, the lipophilic extract's major constituents are octacosanol, γ-sitosterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin acetate, and α-tocopherol. Contrarily, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes accounted for the majority of the essential oil. The essential oil and the lipophilic extract of M. sinaica showed cytotoxic properties towards human liver cancer cells (HepG2) with IC₅₀ values of 126.65 and 220.21 µg/mL, respectively. The lipophilic extract revealed antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay with an IC₅₀ value of 2679 ± 128.13 µg/mL and in the FRAP assay, moderate antioxidant potential was expressed as 44.30 ± 3.73 µM Trolox equivalent/mg sample. The molecular docking studies revealed that ꞵ-amyrin acetate, α -tocopherol, γ-sitosterol, and n-pentacosaneachieved the best docking scores for NADPH oxidase, phosphoinositide-3 kinase, and protein kinase B. Consequently, M. sinaica essential oil and lipophilic extract can be employed as a viable management strategy for oxidative stress conditions and the formulation of improved cytotoxic treatment regimens.

A Polyphenols-Rich Extract from Moricandia sinaica Boiss. Exhibits Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Activities In Vivo

In this study, the aerial parts of Moricandia sinaica were evaluated for their in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. The analgesic activities were examined using acetic acid-induced writhing, the hot plate test and the tail flick method. The anti-inflammatory and the antipyretic activities were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in mice, respectively. The aqueous fraction of the methanol extract (MS-3) showed to be the most bioactive among the other investigated fractions. At the dose of 500 mg/kg, the fraction (MS-3) showed a significant percentage inhibition of the carrageenan-induced edema by 52.4% (p < 0.05). In addition, MS-3 exhibited a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhes by 44.4% and 61.5% (p < 0.001) at 250-mg/kg and 500-mg/kg doses, respectively. At 120 min post-treatment, the rat groups treated with MS-3 displayed statistically significant reduction in rectal temperature (p < 0.001) by 1.7 °C and 2.2 °C at 250- and 500-mg/kg doses, respectively. The phytochemical composition of the fraction (MS-3) was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS). Molecular docking studies demonstrated that the polyphenols identified in MS-3 revealed good binding energy upon docking to some target proteins involved in pain response and inflammation, such as the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Based on the findings from the present work, it could be concluded that the aerial parts extract of M. sinaica exerts potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects in rats.

Phytochemical and Biological Profile of Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC.: An Inhibitor of Pancreatic Lipase

Pancreatic lipase, a key enzyme for lipid absorption, is one of the most important targets for the treatment of obesity, while natural compounds have recently attracted much interest as potential inhibitors of this enzyme. Here, in an attempt to find new effective agents, the methanolic extract from Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. and its sub-extracts were investigated for their potential inhibitory activity. The ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase was verified through the in vitro evaluation of the prevention of p-nitrophenyl caprylate hydrolysis. The antioxidant activity was also verified by means of DPPH and β-carotene bleaching tests. Compositional profiling revealed that flavonoid glycosides were the main specialized metabolites present in the methanolic extract from the aerial parts of the plant with kaempferol and quercetin representing the two O-glycosylated aglycones. Kaempferol-3-O-β-(2″-O-glucosyl)-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-a-arabinosyl-7-O-rhamnoside were the most abundant flavonols. The crude methanolic extract and the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate sub-extracts showed a strong lipase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 2.06 ± 0.02, 1.52 ± 0.02 and 1.31 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively. The best capacity to scavenge DPPH radical was detected for the ethyl acetate sub-extract (IC50 = 171.9 ± 1.0 µg/mL), which was also effective in protecting linoleic acid from peroxidation (IC50 = 35.69 ± 2.30 µg/mL). Obtained results support the hypothesis that M. arvensis can be a source of bioactive phytochemicals for the pharmacological inhibition of dietary lipids absorption.

In vitro and in vivo studies of Allium sativum extract against deltamethrin-induced oxidative stress in rats brain and kidney

The present study investigated the in vitro and the in vivo antioxidant capacities of Allium sativum (garlic) extract against deltamethrin-induced oxidative damage in rat's brain and kidney. The in vitro result showed that highest extraction yield was achieved with methanol (20.08%). Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolic, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity. The in vivo results showed that deltamethrin treatment caused an increase of the acetylcholinesterase level (AChE) in brain and plasma, the brain and kidney conjugated dienes and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels as compared to control group. The antioxidant enzymes results showed that deltamethrin treatment induced a significantly decrease (p < 0.01) in brain and kidney antioxidant enzymes as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to control group. The co-administration of garlic extract reduced the toxic effects in brain and kidney tissues induced by deltamethrin.

Ancient Food Habits Dictate that Food Can Be Medicine but Medicine Cannot Be "Food"!!

Background: Extensive surveys of several population settlements in different parts of India-covering plains, mountains, valleys, river banks and deeper areas of forests at different altitudes-between 1968 and 2016 demonstrated that the basic vital need of hunger is being fulfilled since antiquity by plants in the wild. Methods: Based on collections, consultations with local population personnel and literature searches, this paper presents many plants that are commonly used as food and focuses on their products, which are rich in alkaloids, polysaccharides, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, aminoacids, fatty acids and antibiotics etc. These complex organic compounds are suitable for the production of drugs for many ailments/diseases, including the prevention of cancers. Results: There are more than 100 families including several hundred plant taxa from various plant groups like angiosperms, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and even fleshy fungi, which have offered essential food items to ever-growing human populations since antiquity. Phytochemicals functioning as antioxidants are exceedingly beneficial to the human body but excess consumption of these compounds, adding higher levels of antioxidants, may even be responsible for chronic diseases including aging, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, etc. These medicines can obviously be taken in small and prescribed quantities but can never be consumed as "food items."

Phytochemical capacity of Nitraria retusa leaves extracts inhibiting growth of melanoma cells and enhancing melanogenesis of B16F10 melanoma

BACKGROUND

Here, phytochemical profile of Nitraria retusa (N. Retusa) leaf extracts was identified and their ability to induce apoptosis and inhibiting growth of melanoma cells and enhancing melanogenesis of B16F10 melanoma was evaluated.

METHODS

The Apoptosis was evidenced by investigating DNA fragmentation, and Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Amounts of melanin and tyrosinase were measured spectrophotometrically at 475 nm.

RESULTS

Extracts from Nitraria retusa exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity after 48 h of incubation. Our result was confirmed by ladder DNA fragmentation profile. All extracts showed also the ability to enhance melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity of B16F10 melanoma cells.

CONCLUSION

The tested extracts have a significant biological effect which may be due to their bioactive compounds.

Evaluation of the antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, and antioxidant activities of Eriobotrya japonica leaves

CONTEXT

The leaves of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae) are used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. However, information about the antigenotoxic and antioxidant properties of its leaves remains to be elucidated.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this work was to evaluate the mutagenic/antimutagenic, genotoxic/antigenotoxic, and antioxidant potentials of aqueous and total oligomers flavonoid (TOF) extracts from E. japonica.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The mutagenic/antimutagenic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic potentials of extracts (50, 250, and 500 µg/plate) were evaluated, respectively, by the Ames test with 48 h incubation and the SOS chromotest test with 2 h incubation. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts (ranging from 50 to 700 µg/mL) was tested using xanthine/xanthine oxidase and the deoxyribose assays.

RESULTS

Eriobotrya japonica extracts showed neither mutagenic nor genotoxic effect. The highest protective effect against methyl methanesulfonate and 2-aminoanthracene was obtained in the presence of aqueous extract, with IC50 values of 80 and 140 µg/plate, respectively, against S. typhimurium TA104. Moreover, this extract (500 µg/plate) was also able to reduce significantly the genotoxicity induced by nitrofurantoin and aflatoxin B1 with IC50 values of 140 and 240 µg/assay, respectively. Likewise, aqueous and TOF extracts inhibited xanthine oxidase and superoxide anion formation with IC50 values ranging from 45 to 95 and from 70 to 90 µg/mL, respectively. However, TOF extract is more efficient in inhibiting hydroxyl radical and chelating iron ion with IC50 values of 140 and 400 µg/mL, respectively, when compared with the aqueous extract.

CONCLUSION

Eriobotrya japonica prevents the genotoxicity of some carcinogenic substances probably thanks to its antioxidant capacities.

Antimutagenic and free radical scavenger effects of leaf extracts from Accacia salicina

Background

Three extracts were prepared from the leaves of Accacia salicina; ethyl acetate (EA), chloroform (Chl) and petroleum ether (PE) extracts and was designed to examine antimutagenic, antioxidant potenty and oxidative DNA damage protecting activity.

Methods

Antioxidant activity of A. salicina extracts was determined by the ability of each extract to protect against plasmid DNA strand scission induced by hydroxyl radicals. An assay for the ability of these extracts to prevent mutations induced by various oxidants in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and TA 104 strains was conducted. In addition, nonenzymatic methods were employed to evaluate anti-oxidative effects of tested extracts.

Results

These extracts from leaf parts of A. salicina showed no mutagenicity either with or without the metabolic enzyme preparation (S9). The highest protections against methylmethanesulfonate induced mutagenicity were observed with all extracts and especially chloroform extract. This extract exhibited the highest inhibitiory level of the Ames response induced by the indirect mutagen 2- aminoanthracene. All extracts exhibited the highest ability to protect plasmid DNA against hydroxyl radicals induced DNA damages. The ethyl acetate (EA) and chloroform (Chl) extracts showed with high TEAC values radical of 0.95 and 0.81 mM respectively, against the ABTS^.+.

Conclusion

The present study revealed the antimutagenic and antioxidant potenty of plant extract from Accacia salicina leaves.

Leaf extracts from Moricandia arvensis promote antiproliferation of human cancer cells, induce apoptosis, and enhance antioxidant activity

The in vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic, and antioxidant activities from leaf extracts of Moricandia arvensis, which are used in traditional cooking and medicines, were investigated. The MTT assay revealed that only TOF (total oligomer flavonoids), ethyl acetate (EA), chloroform (Chl), and petroleum ether (PE) extracts inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells. Apoptosis plays a very important role in the treatment of cancer by promoting the apoptosis of cancer cells and limiting the concurrent death of normal cells. Thus, the possible effects of M. arvensis extracts on the induction of apoptosis in human leukemic cells (K562 cells) were investigated. The electrophoretic analysis of DNA fragmentation confirms that TOF, Chl, PE, and EA extracts provoke DNA fragmentation. Using the lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay, the antioxidant capacity of M. arvensis extracts was evaluated by the ability of each extract to inhibit malondialdehyde formation. It was revealed that EA and TOF extracts are the most active in scavenging the hydroxyl radicals.

Effect of Emblica officinalis (fruit) against UVB-induced photo-aging in human skin fibroblasts

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Emblica officinalis fruit (EO), commonly known as Amla is a reputed traditional medicine and functional food used in Indian subcontinent. It has long been used in Indian folk medicine to treat liver diseases, stomach ulcers, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, geriatric complaints, skin disorders and beauty care.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Recently, it has been shown to promote pro-collagen content and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase levels in skin fibroblast. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of EO to inhibit UVB-induced photo-aging in human skin fibroblasts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mitochondrial activity of human skin fibroblasts was measured by MTT-assay. Quantifications of pro-collagen 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) release were performed by immunoassay techniques. Hyaluronidase inhibition assay was studied in vitro using bovine testicular hyaluronidase and human umbilical cord hyaluronic acid. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flowcytometry using propidium iodide.

RESULTS

EO stimulated, the otherwise UVB inhibited cellular proliferation and protected pro-collagen 1 against UVB-induced depletion via inhibition of UVB-induced MMP-1 in skin fibroblasts (10-40 μg/mL, p>0.001). EO exhibited inhibitory activity of hyaluronidase (10-40 μg/mL, p>0.001). Treatment with EO also prevented UVB disturbed cell cycle to normal phase.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study suggests that EO effectively inhibits UVB-induced photo-aging in human skin fibroblast via its strong ROS scavenging ability and its therapeutic and cosmetic applications remain to be explored.

Chloroform extract from Moricandia arvensis inhibits growth of B16-F0 melanoma cells and promotes differentiation in vitro

OBJECTIVES

Poor therapeutic results have been reported for treatment of malignant melanoma; therefore in this study we have investigated inhibitory capacity of ethyl acetate, chloroform (Chl) and methanol extracts from Moricandia arvensis on mouse melanoma (B16-F0) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell proliferation. Influence of Chl extract on percentage distribution in cell cycle phases and melanogenesis was also studied.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Cell viability was determined at various periods using the MTT assay, and flow cytometry was used to analyse effects of Chl extract on progression through the cell cycle and apoptosis. In addition, amounts of melanin and tyrosinase were measured spectrophotometrically at 475 nm.

RESULTS

Chl extract exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity after incubation with the two types of tumour skin cells. Morphological changes in B16-F0 cells, accompanied by increase of tyrosinase activity, and of melanin synthesis were observed, which are markers of differentiation of malignant melanoma cells. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis revealed that B16-F0 cells treated with Chl extract were arrested predominantly in G(1) phase.

CONCLUSION

Chl extract had the ability to reverse malignant melanoma cells from proliferative to differentiated state, thus providing a new perspective in developing novel strategies for prevention and treatment of malignant melanoma, possibly through consumption of the extract in an appropriate cancer prevention diet. Moreover, there is scope for the extract being introduced into cosmetic products as a natural tanning agent.

Mutagenic, antimutagenic and antioxidant potency of leaf extracts from Nitraria retusa

Four extracts were prepared from the leaves of Nitraria retusa; methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts. An assay for the ability of these extracts to prevent mutations induced by various oxidants in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and TA 104 strains was conducted. These extracts from leaf parts of N. retusa showed no mutagenicity either with or without the metabolic enzyme preparation (microsome fraction). The highest protection against methylmethanesulfonate induced mutagenicity was observed with chloroform and methanol extracts with inhibition percentages of 44.93% (at 50 microg/plate in the presence of TA102 strain) and 38% (at 10 microg/plate in the presence of TA104 strain), respectively. Whereas Hexane and chloroform extracts reduced the mutagenicity induced by 2-aminoanthracene by 83.4% (using the S. typhimurium TA104 assay system) and 65.3% (using the S. typhimurium TA 102 assay system), respectively. Antioxidant activity of N. retusa extracts was determined by the ability of each extract to protect plasmid DNA against strand scission induced by hydroxyl radicals. Chloroform extract exhibited the highest ability to protect plasmid DNA against hydroxyl radical induced DNA damages and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, with 0.95mM trolox equivalent when tested by the ferric reducing/antioxidant method.

Effect of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava on melanogenesis and their protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation

In the present study, three kinds of phlorotannins, marine algal polyphenol, were isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava, and their inhibitory effect on melanogenesis as well as the protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation was investigated. The effect on melanogenesis was evaluated via the inhibitory effects of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Among the phlorotannins, dieckol showed higher effect than that of the other phlorotannins in the both assays; especially the value of dieckol in the tyrosinase inhibition assay was relatively higher than that of a commercial tyrosinase inhibitor (kojic acid). The UV-B protection effect was evaluated via DCFH-DA, MTT, comet assays, and morphological changes in fibroblast. Intracellular ROS induced by UV-B radiation was reduced by the addition of phlorotannins and cell viability was dose-dependently increased. Moreover, dieckol demonstrated strong protective properties against UV-B radiation-induced DNA damage via damaged tail intensity and morphological changes in fibroblast. Hence, these results indicated that dieckol isolated from E. cava has potential whitening effects and prominent protective effects on UV-B radiation-induced cell damages, which might be used in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.