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Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity of a novel soluble polymer derived from xanthone and O-carboxymethyl-N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:836-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mittermair E, Schueffl H, Heffeter P, Krenn L, Marian B. Destabilization of FoxM1 and Inhibition of Topoisomerase I Contribute to Cytotoxicity of Prenylated Xanthones Isolated from Metaxya rostrata. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:1073-1079. [PMID: 32023632 DOI: 10.1055/a-1097-8722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We recently isolated the prenylated xanthones 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B (XB) and 2-deprenyl-7-hydroxy-rheediaxanthone B (OH-XB) from the South American tree fern Metaxya rostrata. This study explores the mechanisms underlying the FoxM1 downregulation induced by both xanthones. Analysis of cell viability and cell-death induction in SW480, HCT116, Caco-2, DLD1 and HT29 exposed to xanthones found cell-loss and activation of caspase in all cell lines except HT29 that do not have high FoxM1 protein levels. To determine the cellular mechanism of xanthone-induced FoxM1 loss, protein stability was analyzed by cycloheximide-chase experiments and showed reduction of FoxM1 stability by XB but not OH-XB. Destabilization was prevented by inhibiting proteasome activity using MG-132 and moderately by the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (baf A1). OH-XB had a stronger impact than XB on FoxM1 mRNA expression by qRT-PCR, and MG-132 positively affected FoxM1 protein level in OH-XB exposed cells even though no decrease in protein abundance had been induced by the xanthone. Additionally, the compound inhibited topoisomerase I causing DNA DSB and early cell cycle arrest. This may reduce FoxM1 gene expression, which may in turn compromise DNA repair and enhance xanthone-induced cell death. With regard to xanthone-induced cell death, MG-132 protected cultures from cell loss induced by both compounds, and baf A1 was active against these XB-induced effects. In summary, both destabilization of FoxM1 protein and topoisomerase I inhibition contribute to both XB and OH-XB cytotoxic activity albeit at different ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittermair
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hemma Schueffl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Fu K, Xu M, Zhou Y, Li X, Wang Z, Liu X, Meng X, Zeng Y, Zhang H. The Status quo and way forwards on the development of Tibetan medicine and the pharmacological research of tibetan materia Medica. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mittermair E, Krenn L, Marian B. Prenylated xanthones from Metaxya rostrata suppress FoxM1 and induce active cell death by distinct mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152912. [PMID: 30979690 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metaxya rostrata C.Presl (Metaxyaceae) is a tree fern widespread in Central and South America and the dried rhizome is used in ethnic medicine against intestinal ulcers or tumors. An activity-guided isolation resulted in two structurally related xanthones: 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B (XB) and 2-deprenyl-7-hydroxy-rheediaxanthone B (OH-XB). HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE This study analyzed the cytotoxic activity and underlying cellular mechanisms of OH-XB for the first time in comparison to XB. METHODS We exposed the colorectal cancer cell line SW480 and F331 fibroblasts to XB and OH-XB and determined cell viability by neutral red uptake and nuclear morphology by staining with Hoechst dye. Cell cycle distribution and the mechanism of cell death were analyzed by FACS and western blot. Knockdown of FoxM1 expression was performed with siRNA. RESULTS OH-XB was at least as cytotoxic as XB in the induction of cell cycle arrest and active cell death. While both compounds strongly inhibited the transcription factor FoxM1, the cellular mechanisms of growth arrest and cell death induction differed widely: OH-XB induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in contrast to a G2-M-phase arrest by XB. It caused morphological modifications typical for classical apoptosis with increased caspase 7 activity and enhanced cleavage of PARP, while XB caused caspase 2 activation and mitotic catastrophe. After knockdown of FoxM1 expression no induction of caspase activity could be observed. CONCLUSION In summary, our data clearly showed that XB and OH-XB are promising new lead compounds for cancer therapy with distinct cellular mechanisms. Both compounds are candidates for further pre-clinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittermair
- Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Szkaradek N, Sypniewski D, Żelaszczyk D, Gałka S, Borzdziłowska P, Marona H, Bednarek I. Influence of New Synthetic Xanthones on the Proliferation and Migration Potential of Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:1949-1965. [PMID: 30950354 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190405113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural plant metabolites and their semisynthetic derivatives have been used for years in cancer therapy. Xanthones are oxygenated heterocyclic compounds produced as secondary metabolites by higher plants, fungi or lichens. Xanthone core may serve as a template in the synthesis of many derivatives that have broad biological activities. OBJECTIVE This study synthesized a series of 17 new xanthones, and their anticancer potential was also evaluated. METHODS The anticancer potential was evaluated in vitro using a highly invasive T24 cancer cell line. Direct cytotoxic effects of the xanthones were established by IC50 estimation based on XTT assay. RESULTS 5 compounds of the total 17 showed significant cytotoxicity toward the studied cancer cultures and were submitted to further detailed analysis, including studies examining their influence on gelatinase A and B expression, as well as on the cancer cells migration and adhesion to an extracellular matrix. These analyses were carried out on five human tumor cell lines: A2780 (ovarian cancer), A549 (lung cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), Hep G2 (liver cancer), and T24 (urinary bladder cancer). All the compounds, especially 4, showed promising anticancer activity: they exhibited significant cytotoxicity towards all the evaluated cell lines, including MCF-7 breast cancer, and hindered migration-motility activity of cancer cells demonstrating more potent activity than α-mangostin which served as a reference xanthone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that our xanthone derivatives may be further analyzed in order to include them in cancer treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szkaradek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Daniel Sypniewski
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, 8 Jednosci Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sabina Gałka
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, 8 Jednosci Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Paulina Borzdziłowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, 8 Jednosci Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ilona Bednarek
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, 8 Jednosci Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Zhao HQ, Lu NH, Zhang XD, Liu N, Jing M. 1-Hydroxy-3,7,8-Trimethoxyxanthone Suppresses the Malignant Proliferation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Colon Cancer Microenvironment. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.156.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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García-Niño W, Estrada-Muñiz E, Valverde M, Reyes-Chilpa R, Vega L. Cytogenetic effects of Jacareubin from Calophyllum brasiliense on human peripheral blood mononucleated cells in vitro and on mouse polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 335:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Qu L, Zhang H, Yang Y, Yang G, Xin H, Ling C. Corosolic acid analogue, a natural triterpenoid saponin, induces apoptosis on human hepatocarcinoma cells through mitochondrial pathway in vitro. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1445-1457. [PMID: 26810384 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1104699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context 2a,-3a,-24-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (TEO, a corosolic acid analogue) is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Actinidia valvata Dunn (Actinidiaceae), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. Objective This study investigated the anti-proliferation and inducing apoptosis effects of TEO in three human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Materials and methods Cytotoxic activity of TEO was determined by the MTT assay at various concentrations from 2.5 to 40 μg/mL in BEL-7402, BEL-7404 and SMMC-7721 cell lines. Cell morphology was assessed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining and fluorescence microscopy. Cell-cycle distribution and DNA damage were determined by flow cytometry and comet assay. Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by JC-1 staining and transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis changes were explored by Western blot, TNF-α and caspase-3, -8, -9 assays. Results TEO exhibited inhibition effects on BEL-7402, BEL-7404 and SMMC-7721 cells treated for 24 h, the IC50 values were 34.6, 30.8 and 30.5 μg/mL, respectively. TEO (40 μg/mL)-treated three cell lines increased by more than 21% in the G1 phase and presented the morphological change and DNA damage. TEO also declined the mitochondrial membrane potential and altered mitochondrial ultra-structure. Furthermore, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and TNF-α were also activated. Mechanism investigation showed that TEO could decrease anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression, increase proapoptotic Bax and Bid proteins expressions and increase Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Conclusion Our results demonstrate for the first time that TEO inhibited growth of HCC cell lines and induced G1 phase arrest. Moreover, proapoptotic effects of TEO were mediated through the activation of TNF-α, caspases and mitochondrial pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Actinidia/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/ultrastructure
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- DNA Damage
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/ultrastructure
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Triterpenes/isolation & purification
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qu
- a Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Huiqing Zhang
- a Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Yanlong Yang
- a Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Geliang Yang
- a Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Hailiang Xin
- a Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
- b Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Changquan Ling
- a Changhai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
- c E-Institute of TCM Internal Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
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Song B, Li J, Li J. Pomegranate peel extract polyphenols induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells by mitochondrial pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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β-Mangostin suppresses LA-7 cells proliferation in vitro and in vivo: Involvement of antioxidant enzyme modulation; suppression of matrix metalloproteinase and α6β4 integrin signalling pathways. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Synthesis of 3-acyloxyxanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors: A further insight into the 3-substituents’ effect. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1431-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier exhibited cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and SiHa). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:263131. [PMID: 25632388 PMCID: PMC4303008 DOI: 10.1155/2015/263131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) has been shown to exhibit antitumor properties. Thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (TQ-NLC) was developed to improve the bioavailability and cytotoxicity of TQ. This study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic effects of TQ-NLC on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and SiHa). TQ-NLC was prepared by applying the hot high pressure homogenization technique. The mean particle size of TQ-NLC was 35.66 ± 0.1235 nm with a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) lower than 0.25. The zeta potential of TQ-NLC was greater than −30 mV. Polysorbate 80 helps to increase the stability of TQ-NLC. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that TQ-NLC has a melting point of 56.73°C, which is lower than that of the bulk material. The encapsulation efficiency of TQ in TQ-NLC was 97.63 ± 0.1798% as determined by HPLC analysis. TQ-NLC exhibited antiproliferative activity towards all the cell lines in a dose-dependent manner which was most cytotoxic towards MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell shrinkage was noted following treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with TQ-NLC with an increase of apoptotic cell population (P < 0.05). TQ-NLC also induced cell cycle arrest. TQ-NLC was most cytotoxic towards MDA-MB-231 cells. It induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the cells.
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Goh SH, Alitheen NBM, Yusoff FM, Yap SK, Loh SP. Crude ethyl acetate extract of marine microalga, Chaetoceros calcitrans, induces Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:1-8. [PMID: 24696543 PMCID: PMC3969653 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.126650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Marine brown diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans and green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata are beneficial materials for various applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. Objective: This study investigated cytotoxicity of different crude solvent extracts from C. calcitrans and N. oculata against various cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was carried out to screen the cytotoxic effects of hexane (Hex), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from C. calcitrans and N. oculata toward various cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry cell cycle was used to determine the cell cycle arrest while the mode of cell death was investigated through acridine orange/propidium iodide (AOPI) staining, Annexin V-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d-UTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assays. Expression profile of apoptotic and proliferative-related genes was then determined using the multiplex gene expression profiler (GeXP). Results: Crude ethyl acetate (CEA) extract of C. calcitrans inhibited growth of MDA-MB-231 cells, with IC50 of 60 μg/mL after 72 h of treatment. Further studies were conducted to determine the mode of cell death at various concentrations of this extract: 30, 60 and 120 μg/mL. The mode of cell death was mainly apoptosis as shown through apoptosis determination test. The expression data from GeXP showed that caspase-4 was upregulated while B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2(Bcl-2) was down regulated. Thus, caspase-4 induction endoplasmic reticulum death pathway is believed to be one of the mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis while Bcl-2 induced S and G2/M cell cycle phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion: CEA extract of C. calcitrans showed the highest cytotoxicity on MDA-MB-231 via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hua Goh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Laboratory of Marine Science and Aquaculture, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yap
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Su Peng Loh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kainz KP, Krenn L, Erdem Z, Kaehlig H, Zehl M, Bursch W, Berger W, Marian B. 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B isolated from Metaxya rostrata induces active cell death in colorectal tumor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65745. [PMID: 23776538 PMCID: PMC3679105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaxya rostrata C. Presl (Metaxyaceae) is a common tree fern in Central and South America that is used for the treatment of intestinal ulcers and tumours in ethnic medicine. Using a bioactivity-guided strategy 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B (XB) has been isolated as one of the active principles in this plant. XB induced loss of cell viability in colorectal cancer cell lines at IC50 concentrations of 11-23 µM. This was caused by both accumulation of cells in the G2- and S-phase as well as by induction of active cell death in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Cells exposed to XB were incapable of undergoing regular mitosis due to down-regulation of FoxM1 and absence of chromosome condensation. The apoptosis-related proteins Bcl2 and Bclxl were up-regulated so that Caspase 3 was not activated and classical apoptosis was not observed. However, XB triggered damage pathways down-stream of ATR and activated Caspase 2 causing cell death by a mechanism similar to mitotic catastrophe. Our observations are the first to show the cytotoxic activity of 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B and indicate that XB is an interesting new lead compound for cancer therapy that merits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin P. Kainz
- Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zeynep Erdem
- Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanspeter Kaehlig
- University of Vienna, Department of Organic Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zehl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Bursch
- Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Chan KM, Hamzah R, Rahaman AA, Jong VYM, Khong HY, Rajab NF, Ee GCL, Inayat-Hussain SH. The pyranoxanthone inophyllin A induces oxidative stress mediated-apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2916-22. [PMID: 22613213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inophyllin A (INO-A), a pyranoxanthone isolated from the roots of Calophyllum inophyllum represents a new xanthone with potential chemotherapeutic activity. In this study, the molecular mechanism of INO-A-induced cell death was investigated in Jurkat T lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Assessment of phosphatidylserine exposure confirmed apoptosis as the primary mode of cell death in INO-A-treated Jurkat cells. INO-A treatment for only 30 min resulted in a significant increase of tail moment which suggests that DNA damage is an early apoptotic signal. Further flow cytometric assessment of the superoxide anion level confirmed that INO-A induced DNA damage was mediated with a concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Investigation on the thiols revealed an early decrease of free thiols in 30 min after 50 μM INO-A treatment. Using tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester, a potentiometric dye, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MPP) was observed in INO-A-treated cells as early as 30 min. The INO-A-induced apoptosis progressed with the simultaneous activation of caspases-2 and -9 which then led to the processing of caspase-3. Taken together, these data demonstrate that INO-A induced early oxidative stress, DNA damage and loss of MMP which subsequently led to the activation of an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Meng Chan
- Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.
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Hudecová A, Hašplová K, Miadoková E, Magdolenová Z, Rinna A, Collins AR, Gálová E, Vaculčíková D, Gregáň F, Dušinská M. Gentiana asclepiadea protects human cells against oxidation DNA lesions. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 30:101-7. [PMID: 22124976 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine whether the methanolic and aqueous extracts from the haulm and flower of Gentiana asclepiadea exhibited free radical scavenging and protective (antigenotoxic) effect against DNA oxidation induced by H(2)O(2) in human lymphocytes and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). All four extracts exhibited high scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals at concentrations 2.5 and 25 mg ml(-1). The level of DNA damage was measured using the alkaline version of single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Challenge with H(2)O(2) shows that the pre-treatment of the cells with non-genotoxic doses of Gentiana extracts protected human DNA-either eliminated or significantly reduced H(2)O(2) induced DNA damage. The genotoxic activity of H(2)O(2) was most effectively decreased after 30 min of pre-incubation with 0.05 mg ml(-1) (range, 93.5%-96.3% of reduction in lymphocytes) and 0.25 mg ml(-1) (range, 59.5%-71.4% and 52.7%-66.4% of reduction in lymphocytes and HEK 293 cells, respectively) of G. asclepiadea extracts. These results suggest that the tested G. asclepiadea extracts could be considered as an effective natural antioxidant source.
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Ng WK, Yazan LS, Ismail M. Thymoquinone from Nigella sativa was more potent than cisplatin in eliminating of SiHa cells via apoptosis with down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1392-8. [PMID: 21609759 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa or black cumin exhibited cytotoxic effects in several cancer cell lines. In this study, the cytotoxicity of TQ in human cervical squamous carcinoma cells (SiHa) was investigated. TQ was cytotoxic towards SiHa cells with IC50 values of 10.67 ± 0.12 and 9.33 ± 0.19 μg/mL as determined by MTT assay and trypan blue dye exclusion test, respectively, after 72 h of incubation. TQ was more cytotoxic towards SiHa cells compared to cisplatin. Interestingly, TQ was less cytotoxic towards the normal cells (3T3-L1 and Vero). Cell cycle analysis performed by flowcytometer showed a significant increase in the accumulation of TQ-treated cells at sub-G1 phase, indicating induction of apoptosis by the compound. Apoptosis induction by TQ was further confirmed by Annexin V/PI and AO/PI staining. Significant elevation of p53 and down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was found in the treated cells, without any changes in the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax protein. In conclusion, thymoquinone from N. sativa was more potent than cisplatin in elimination of SiHa cells via apoptosis with down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Keat Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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New 4-Maleamic Acid and 4-Maleamide Peptidyl Chalcones as Potential Multitarget Drugs for Human Prostate Cancer. Pharm Res 2010; 28:907-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel aroylthiourea derivatives of podophyllotoxin. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:17-24. [PMID: 20697773 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 4β-[(4-substituted) aroylthiourea] derivatives of podophyllotoxin were synthesized and their abilities to inhibit the growth of cancer cells were investigated by MTT assay. Compound 4a possessed the highest cytotoxicity on HepG2, A549 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines with the IC(50) values of 0.1 μM. Apoptosis in HCT-116 cells induced by compound 4a was observed by Hoechst33342-Propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange (AO)-ethidium bromide (EB) double staining assays. DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed that 4a induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and kDNA decatenation assay indicated that 4a inhibited topoisomerase IIα-mediated kDNA decatenation. Our results indicated that compound 4a possessed promising antitumor activity, which need to be studied further.
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21
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Pilatova M, Varinska L, Perjesi P, Sarissky M, Mirossay L, Solar P, Ostro A, Mojzis J. In vitro antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects of synthetic chalcone analogues. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1347-55. [PMID: 20450969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As flavonoids, chalcones possess a wide variety of biological activities including anticancer properties. In the present study we have investigated the in vitro antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects of four synthetic chalcones. E-2-(4'-methoxybenzylidene)-1-benzosuberone (3) was the most active compound with IC(50)=10(-7)mol l(-1) in Jurkat cells. In both Jurkat and HeLa chalcone 3-treated cells we found a significant increase in the proportion of cancer cells in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle as well as an increase in cells having sub-G(0)/G(1) DNA content which is considered to be a marker of apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis was also confirmed by annexin V staining and DNA fragmentation. These effects were associated with reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2, and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic gene, Bax. Furthermore, chalcone 3 was selected to evaluate its effect on some angiogenic events. In non-toxic concentrations, chalcone 3 inhibited VEGF-induced migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, it also decreased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (mainly MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In conclusion, the present study has assessed the in vitro antiproliferative/antiangiogenic potential of chalcone 3. This results generate a rationale for in vivo efficacy studies with this compound in preclinical cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pilatova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Zhao Y, Hui J, Wang D, Zhu L, Fang JH, Zhao XD. Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Pro-apoptosis of Novel Benzoisoindolin Hydrazones as Anticancer Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:1324-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University
| | - Jie Hui
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University
| | | | - Xiao-Dong Zhao
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University
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23
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Tian ZY, Xie SQ, Mei ZH, Zhao J, Gao WY, Wang CJ. Conjugation of substituted naphthalimides to polyamines as cytotoxic agents targeting the Akt/mTOR signal pathway. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4651-60. [PMID: 19865701 DOI: 10.1039/b912685f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Though several naphthalimide derivatives have exhibited antitumor activity in clinical trials, some issues such as toxicity prompted further structural modifications on the naphthalimide backbone. A series of naphthalimides conjugated with polyamines were synthesized to harness the polyamine transporter (PAT) for drug delivery, which was beneficial for the tumor cell selectivity. Bioevaluation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells treated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or spermidine (Spd), human hepatoma Bel-7402 and normal QSG-7701 hepatocyte confirmed the PAT recognition and cell selectivity. In addition, the novel naphthalimide polyamine conjugate kills cells via apoptosis, and the Akt/mTOR signal pathway was first identified as the upstream cellular target through the apoptotic mechanism research. The presence of DFMO or Spd only either elevated or attenuated the cell apoptosis, but did not change the signal pathway. Collectively, the proper polyamine recognition element (i.e., homospermidine) mediated effective drug delivery via the PAT, and helped the proper cytotoxic goods (i.e., diverse naphthalimides) exert antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-yong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
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