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Veenhof RJ, Coleman MA, Champion C, Dworjanyn SA, Venhuizen R, Kearns L, Marzinelli EM, Pettersen AK. Novel high-throughput oxygen saturation measurements for quantifying the physiological performance of macroalgal early life stages. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39105657 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how macroalgal forests will respond to environmental change is critical for predicting future impacts on coastal ecosystems. Although measures of adult macroalgae physiological responses to environmental stress are advancing, measures of early life-stage physiology are rare, in part due to the methodological difficulties associated with their small size. Here we tested a novel, high-throughput method (rate of oxygen consumption and production;V ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ ) via a sensor dish reader microplate system to rapidly measure physiological rates of the early life stages of three habitat-forming macroalgae, the kelp Ecklonia radiata and the fucoids Hormosira banksii and Phyllospora comosa. We measured the rate of O2 consumption (respiration) and O2 production (net primary production) to then calculate gross primary production (GPP) under temperatures representing their natural thermal range. TheV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ microplate system was suitable for rapidly measuring physiological rates over a temperature gradient to establish thermal performance curves for all species. TheV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ microplate system proved efficient for measures of early life stages of macroalgae ranging in size from approximately 50 μm up to 150 mm. This method has the potential for measuring responses of early life stages across a range of environmental factors, species, populations, and developmental stages, vastly increasing the speed, precision, and efficacy of macroalgal physiological measures under future ocean change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Veenhof
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M A Coleman
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
- Fisheries Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Champion
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
- Fisheries Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S A Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Venhuizen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Kearns
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E M Marzinelli
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A K Pettersen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
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Spitz S, Schobesberger S, Brandauer K, Ertl P. Sensor-integrated brain-on-a-chip platforms: Improving the predictive validity in neurodegenerative research. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10604. [PMID: 38818126 PMCID: PMC11135156 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Affecting millions of individuals worldwide, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) pose a significant and growing health concern in people over the age of 60 years. Contributing to this trend are the steady increase in the aging population coupled with a persistent lack of disease-altering treatment strategies targeting NDDs. The absence of efficient therapeutics can be attributed to high failure rates in clinical trials and the ineptness of animal models in preceding preclinical studies. To that end, in recent years, significant research effort has been dedicated to the development of human cell-based preclinical disease models characterized by a higher degree of predictive validity. However, a key requirement of any in vitro model constitutes the precise knowledge and replication of the target tissues' (patho-)physiological microenvironment. Herein, microphysiological systems have demonstrated superiority over conventional static 2D/3D in vitro cell culture systems, as they allow for the emulation and continuous monitoring of the onset, progression, and remission of disease-associated phenotypes. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of NDD research using organ-on-a-chip platforms. Specific focus is directed toward non-invasive sensing strategies encompassing electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors. Additionally, promising on- and integrable off-chip sensing strategies targeting key analytes in NDDs will be presented and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
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Fedi A, Vitale C, Giannoni P, Caluori G, Marrella A. Biosensors to Monitor Cell Activity in 3D Hydrogel-Based Tissue Models. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1517. [PMID: 35214418 PMCID: PMC8879987 DOI: 10.3390/s22041517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture models have gained relevant interest in tissue engineering and drug discovery owing to their suitability to reproduce in vitro some key aspects of human tissues and to provide predictive information for in vivo tests. In this context, the use of hydrogels as artificial extracellular matrices is of paramount relevance, since they allow closer recapitulation of (patho)physiological features of human tissues. However, most of the analyses aimed at characterizing these models are based on time-consuming and endpoint assays, which can provide only static and limited data on cellular behavior. On the other hand, biosensing systems could be adopted to measure on-line cellular activity, as currently performed in bi-dimensional, i.e., monolayer, cell culture systems; however, their translation and integration within 3D hydrogel-based systems is not straight forward, due to the geometry and materials properties of these advanced cell culturing approaches. Therefore, researchers have adopted different strategies, through the development of biochemical, electrochemical and optical sensors, but challenges still remain in employing these devices. In this review, after examining recent advances in adapting existing biosensors from traditional cell monolayers to polymeric 3D cells cultures, we will focus on novel designs and outcomes of a range of biosensors specifically developed to provide real-time analysis of hydrogel-based cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Fedi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Giannoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Guido Caluori
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33600 Pessac, France;
- INSERM UMR 1045, Cardiothoracic Research Center of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alessandra Marrella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
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Duzagac F, Saorin G, Memeo L, Canzonieri V, Rizzolio F. Microfluidic Organoids-on-a-Chip: Quantum Leap in Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:737. [PMID: 33578886 PMCID: PMC7916612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-like cell clusters, so-called organoids, which exhibit self-organized and similar organ functionality as the tissue of origin, have provided a whole new level of bioinspiration for ex vivo systems. Microfluidic organoid or organs-on-a-chip platforms are a new group of micro-engineered promising models that recapitulate 3D tissue structure and physiology and combines several advantages of current in vivo and in vitro models. Microfluidics technology is used in numerous applications since it allows us to control and manipulate fluid flows with a high degree of accuracy. This system is an emerging tool for understanding disease development and progression, especially for personalized therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment, which provide well-grounded, cost-effective, powerful, fast, and reproducible results. In this review, we highlight how the organoid-on-a-chip models have improved the potential of efficiency and reproducibility of organoid cultures. More widely, we discuss current challenges and development on organoid culture systems together with microfluidic approaches and their limitations. Finally, we describe the recent progress and potential utilization in the organs-on-a-chip practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Duzagac
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Gloria Saorin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology (IOM), 95029 Catania, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy; (F.D.); (G.S.)
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
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Kieninger J, Weltin A, Flamm H, Urban GA. Microsensor systems for cell metabolism - from 2D culture to organ-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1274-1291. [PMID: 29619452 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microsensor systems for cell metabolism are essential tools for investigation and standardization in cell culture. Electrochemical and optical read-out schemes dominate, which enable the marker-free, continuous, online recording of transient effects and deliver information beyond microscopy and end-point tests. There has been much progress in microfluidics and microsensors, but the translation of both into standard cell culture procedures is still limited. Within this critical review, we discuss different cell culture formats ranging from standard culture vessels to dedicated microfluidic platforms. Key aspects are the appropriate supply of cells, mass transport of metabolites to the sensors and generation of stimuli. Microfluidics enable the transition from static to dynamic conditions in culture and measurement. We illustrate the parameters oxygen (respiration), pH (acidification), glucose and lactate (energy metabolism) as well as short-lived reactive species (ROS/RNS) from the perspective of microsensor integration in 2D and 3D cell culture. We discuss different sensor principles and types, along with their limitations, microfabrication technologies and materials. The state-of-the-art of microsensor platforms for cell culture is discussed with respect to sensor performance, the number of parameters and timescale of application. That includes the advances from 2D culture to the increasingly important 3D approaches, with specific requirements for organotypic microtissues, spheroids and solid matrix cultures. We conclude on the current progress, potential, benefits and limitations of cell culture monitoring systems from monolayer culture to organ-on-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Kieninger J, Tamari Y, Enderle B, Jobst G, Sandvik JA, Pettersen EO, Urban GA. Sensor Access to the Cellular Microenvironment Using the Sensing Cell Culture Flask. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8020044. [PMID: 29701726 PMCID: PMC6022884 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Sensing Cell Culture Flask (SCCF) is a cell culture monitoring system accessing the cellular microenvironment in 2D cell culture using electrochemical microsensors. The system is based on microfabricated sensor chips embedded in standard cell culture flasks. Ideally, the sensor chips could be equipped with any electrochemical sensor. Its transparency allows optical inspection of the cells during measurement. The surface of the sensor chip is in-plane with the flask surface allowing undisturbed cell growth on the sensor chip. A custom developed rack system allows easy usage of multiple flasks in parallel within an incubator. The presented data demonstrates the application of the SCCF with brain tumor (T98G) and breast cancer (T-47D) cells. Amperometric oxygen sensors were used to monitor cellular respiration with different incubation conditions. Cellular acidification was accessed with potentiometric pH sensors using electrodeposited iridium oxide films. The system itself provides the foundation for electrochemical monitoring systems in 3D cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-7265
| | - Yaara Tamari
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
| | - Barbara Enderle
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
| | - Gerhard Jobst
- Jobst Technologies GmbH, Engesserstraße 4b, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Joe A. Sandvik
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; (J.A.S.); (E.O.P.)
| | - Erik O. Pettersen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; (J.A.S.); (E.O.P.)
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (B.E.); (G.A.U.)
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7
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Hemmerich J, Noack S, Wiechert W, Oldiges M. Microbioreactor Systems for Accelerated Bioprocess Development. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700141. [PMID: 29283217 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, microbioreactor (MBR) systems have evolved towards versatile bioprocess engineering tools. They provide a unique solution to combine higher experimental throughput with extensive bioprocess monitoring and control, which is indispensable to develop economically and ecologically competitive bioproduction processes. MBR systems are based either on down-scaled stirred tank reactors or on advanced shaken microtiter plate cultivation devices. Importantly, MBR systems make use of optical measurements for non-invasive, online monitoring of important process variables like biomass concentration, dissolved oxygen, pH, and fluorescence. The application range of MBR systems can be further increased by integration into liquid handling robots, enabling automatization and, thus standardization, of various handling and operation procedures. Finally, the tight integration of quantitative strain phenotyping with bioprocess development under industrially relevant conditions greatly increases the probability of finding the right combination of producer strain and bioprocess control strategy. This review will discuss the current state of the art in the field of MBR systems and we can readily conclude that their importance for industrial biotechnology will further increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hemmerich
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences - Biotechnology (IBG-1), Wilhelm-Johnen Straße 1, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences - Biotechnology (IBG-1), Wilhelm-Johnen Straße 1, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- RWTH Aachen University, Computational Systems Biotechnology (AVT.CSB), Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences - Biotechnology (IBG-1), Wilhelm-Johnen Straße 1, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biotechnology, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Lundstrom K. Cell-impedance-based label-free technology for the identification of new drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:335-343. [PMID: 28276704 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1297419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug discovery has progressed from relatively simple binding or activity screening assays to high-throughput screening of sophisticated compound libraries with emphasis on miniaturization and automation. The development of functional assays has enhanced the success rate in discovering novel drug molecules. Many technologies, originally based on radioactive labeling, have sequentially been replaced by methods based on fluorescence labeling. Recently, the focus has switched to label-free technologies in cell-based screening assays. Areas covered: Label-free, cell-impedance-based methods comprise of different technologies including surface plasmon resonance, mass spectrometry and biosensors applied for screening of anticancer drugs, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase and virus inhibitors, drug and nanoparticle cytotoxicity. Many of the developed methods have been used for high-throughput screening in cell lines. Cell viability and morphological damage prediction have been monitored in three-dimensional spheroid human HT-29 carcinoma cells and whole Schistosomula larvae. Expert opinion: Progress in label-free, cell-impedance-based technologies has facilitated drug screening and may enhance the discovery of potential novel drug molecules through, and improve target molecule identification in, alternative signal pathways. The variety of technologies to measure cellular responses through label-free cell-impedance based approaches all support future drug development and should provide excellent assets for finding better medicines.
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Weltin A, Hammer S, Noor F, Kaminski Y, Kieninger J, Urban GA. Accessing 3D microtissue metabolism: Lactate and oxygen monitoring in hepatocyte spheroids. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:941-948. [PMID: 27665516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3D hepatic microtissues, unlike 2D cell cultures, retain many of the in-vivo-like functionalities even after long-term cultivation. Such 3D cultures are increasingly applied to investigate liver damage due to drug exposure in toxicology. However, there is a need for thorough metabolic characterization of these microtissues for mechanistic understanding of effects on culture behaviour. We measured metabolic parameters from single human HepaRG hepatocyte spheroids online and continuously with electrochemical microsensors. A microsensor platform for lactate and oxygen was integrated in a standard 96-well plate. Electrochemical microsensors for lactate and oxygen allow fast, precise and continuous long-term measurement of metabolic parameters directly in the microwell. The demonstrated capability to precisely detect small concentration changes by single spheroids is the key to access their metabolism. Lactate levels in the culture medium starting from 50µM with production rates of 5µMh-1 were monitored and precisely quantified over three days. Parallel long-term oxygen measurements showed no oxygen depletion or hypoxic conditions in the microwell. Increased lactate production by spheroids upon suppression of the aerobic metabolism was observed. The dose-dependent decrease in lactate production caused by the addition of the hepatotoxic drug Bosentan was determined. We showed that in a toxicological application, metabolic monitoring yields quantitative, online information on cell viability, which complements and supports other methods such as microscopy. The demonstrated continuous access to 3D cell culture metabolism within a standard setup improves in vitro toxicology models in replacement strategies of animal experiments. Controlling the microenvironment of such organotypic cultures has impact in tissue engineering, cancer therapy and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Hammer
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yeda Kaminski
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Blaauboer BJ, Boobis AR, Bradford B, Cockburn A, Constable A, Daneshian M, Edwards G, Garthoff JA, Jeffery B, Krul C, Schuermans J. Considering new methodologies in strategies for safety assessment of foods and food ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 91:19-35. [PMID: 26939913 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxicology and safety assessment are changing and require new strategies for evaluating risk that are less depending on apical toxicity endpoints in animal models and relying more on knowledge of the mechanism of toxicity. This manuscript describes a number of developments that could contribute to this change and implement this in a stepwise roadmap that can be applied for the evaluation of food and food ingredients. The roadmap was evaluated in four case studies by using literature and existing data. This preliminary evaluation was shown to be useful. However, this experience should be extended by including examples where experimental work needs to be included. To further implement these new insights in toxicology and safety assessment for the area of food and food ingredients, the recommendation is that stakeholders take action in addressing gaps in our knowledge, e.g. with regard to the applicability of the roadmap for mixtures and food matrices. Further development of the threshold of toxicological concern is needed, as well as cooperation with other sectors where similar schemes are under development. Moreover, a more comprehensive evaluation of the roadmap, also including the identification of the need for in vitro experimental work is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J Blaauboer
- Utrecht University, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, PO Box 80.177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alan R Boobis
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology & Therapeutics, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Bobbie Bradford
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, London, EC4Y 0DY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Cockburn
- University of Newcastle, Toxico-Logical Consulting Ltd, The Old Boiler House, Moor Place Park, Kettle Green Lane, Much Hadham, Hertfordshire, SG10 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Constable
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- University of Konstanz, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing-Europe CAAT-Europe, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gareth Edwards
- Consultant, 63 Woodlands Road., Sonning Common, Reading, Berkshire, RG4 9TD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brett Jeffery
- Mars, Global Chemical Food Safety Group, Slough, SL1 4JX, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Krul
- University of Applied Sciences, Research Centre Technology & Innovation, Dept. Innovative Testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, PO Box 12011, 3501 AA, Utrecht, The Netherlands; TNO Healthy Living, PO box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Wiest J, Namias A, Pfister C, Wolf P, Demmel F, Brischwein M. Data Processing in Cellular Microphysiometry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:2368-2375. [PMID: 26929025 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2533868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
GOAL This contribution points out the need for well-defined and documented data processing protocols in microphysiometry, an evolving field of label-free cell assays. The sensitivity of the obtained cell metabolic rates toward different routines of raw data processing is evaluated. METHODS A standard microphysiometric experiment structured in discrete measurement intervals was performed on a platform with a pH- and O 2-sensor readout. It is evaluated using three different data evaluation protocols, based on A) fast Fourier transformation of such dynamics, B) linear regression (LIN) of pH(t) and O2(t) dynamics, and C) numerical simulation (SIM) with a subsequent fitting of dynamics for parameter estimation. RESULTS We propose a sequence of well documented steps for an organized processing of raw sensor data. Figures of merit for the quality of raw data and the performance of data processing are provided. To estimate metabolic rates, a reaction-diffusion modeling approach is recommended if the necessary model input parameters such as the distribution of the active biomass, sensor response time, and material properties are available. CONCLUSION The information about cellular metabolic activity contained by measured sensor data dynamics is superimposed by manifold sources of error. Careful consideration of data processing is necessary to eliminate these errors as much as possible and to avoid an incorrect interpretation of data.
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12
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Gülden M, Kähler D, Seibert H. Incipient cytotoxicity: A time-independent measure of cytotoxic potency in vitro. Toxicology 2015; 335:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lochead J, Schessner J, Werner T, Wölfl S. Time-resolved cell culture assay analyser (TReCCA Analyser) for the analysis of on-line data: data integration--sensor correction--time-resolved IC50 determination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131233. [PMID: 26110644 PMCID: PMC4482264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved cell culture assays circumvent the need to set arbitrary end-points and reveal the dynamics of quality controlled experiments. However, they lead to the generation of large data sets, which can represent a complexity barrier to their use. We therefore developed the Time-Resolved Cell Culture Assay (TReCCA) Analyser program to perform standard cell assay analyses efficiently and make sophisticated in-depth analyses easily available. The functions of the program include data normalising and averaging, as well as smoothing and slope calculation, pin-pointing exact change time points. A time-resolved IC50/EC50 calculation provides a better understanding of drug toxicity over time and a more accurate drug to drug comparison. Finally the logarithmic sensor recalibration function, for sensors with an exponential calibration curve, homogenises the sensor output and enables the detection of low-scale changes. To illustrate the capabilities of the TReCCA Analyser, we performed on-line monitoring of dissolved oxygen in the culture media of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 treated with different concentrations of the anti-cancer drug Cisplatin. The TReCCA Analyser is freely available at www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/biowissenschaften/ipmb/biologie/woelfl/Research.html. By introducing the program, we hope to encourage more systematic use of time-resolved assays and lead researchers to fully exploit their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lochead
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Schessner
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Werner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (SW); (TW)
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (SW); (TW)
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14
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Wahrheit J, Nonnenmacher Y, Sperber S, Heinzle E. High-throughput respiration screening of single mitochondrial substrates using permeabilized CHO cells highlights control of mitochondria metabolism. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wahrheit
- Biochemical Engineering Institute; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | | | - Saskia Sperber
- Biochemical Engineering Institute; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering Institute; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
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15
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Polymeropoulos ET, Elliott NG, Wotherspoon SJ, Frappell PB. Respirometry: Correcting for Diffusion and Validating the Use of Plastic Multiwell Plates with Integrated Optodes. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:588-92. [DOI: 10.1086/671800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Neumeyer A, Bukowski M, Veith M, Lehr CM, Daum N. Non-invasive determination of cellular oxygen consumption as novel cytotoxicity assay for nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2012; 8:50-60. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.747639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Mueller D, Heinzle E. Stable isotope-assisted metabolomics to detect metabolic flux changes in mammalian cell cultures. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 24:54-9. [PMID: 23142545 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The determination of metabolic fluxes provides detailed information of cellular physiology, and the assessment of metabolic flux changes upon a certain perturbation can help to improve biotechnological and pharmaceutical processes. Stable isotope-assisted metabolomics using tracer-labeled substrates is the method of choice to determine the fluxes. Though well-established for microbial cultures, the application to mammalian cells is generally complex and still limited. However, there have been great achievements in recent years and it is now emerging that stable isotope-assisted metabolic flux analysis in mammalian cell cultures will help improving biotechnological production and will also support drug development and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mueller
- Biochemical Engineering, Campus A1 5, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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18
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Mueller D, Müller-Vieira U, Biemel KM, Tascher G, Nüssler AK, Noor F. Biotransformation of diclofenac and effects on the metabolome of primary human hepatocytes upon repeated dose exposure. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:716-24. [PMID: 22330146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro repeated dose testing for the assessment of chronic drug-induced effects is a huge challenge in preclinical pharmaceutical drug development. Chronic toxicity results in discontinuation of therapy or post-marketing withdrawal of drugs despite in vivo preclinical screening. In case of hepatotoxicity, due to limited long term viability and functionality of primary hepatocytes, chronic hepatic effects are difficult to detect. In this study, we maintained primary human hepatocytes in a serum-free cultivation medium for more than 3 weeks and analyzed physiology, viability and drug metabolizing capacities of the hepatocytes. Moreover, we assessed acute (24 h) diclofenac toxicity in a range of (10-1000 μM) concentrations. The chronic (9 repeated doses) toxicity at one clinically relevant and another higher concentration (6.4 and 100 μM) was also tested. We investigated phase I and II metabolism of diclofenac upon repeated dose exposure and analyzed effects on the cellular exometabolome. Acute 24 h assessment revealed toxicity only for the highest tested concentration (1 mM). Upon repeated dose exposure, toxic effects were observed even at a low, clinically relevant concentration (6.4 μM). Biotransformation pathways were active for 3 weeks and diclofenac-acylglucuronide was detected as the predominant metabolite. Dose dependent diclofenac-induced effects on exometabolome, such as on the production of lactate and 3-hydroxybutyric acid as well as glucose and galactose metabolism, were observed upon nine repeated doses. Summarizing, we show that repeated dose testing on long-term functional cultures of primary human hepatocytes may be included for the assessment of long term toxic effects in preclinical screening and can potentially help replace/reduce in vivo animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mueller
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Campus A 1.5, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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19
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Metabolic flux analysis gives an insight on verapamil induced changes in central metabolism of HL-1 cells. J Biotechnol 2011; 155:299-307. [PMID: 21824500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Verapamil has been shown to inhibit glucose transport in several cell types. However, the consequences of this inhibition on central metabolism are not well known. In this study we focused on verapamil induced changes in metabolic fluxes in a murine atrial cell line (HL-1 cells). These cells were adapted to serum free conditions and incubated with 4 μM verapamil and [U-¹³C₅] glutamine. Specific extracellular metabolite uptake/production rates together with mass isotopomer fractions in alanine and glutamate were implemented into a metabolic network model to calculate metabolic flux distributions in the central metabolism. Verapamil decreased specific glucose consumption rate and glycolytic activity by 60%. Although the HL-1 cells show Warburg effect with high lactate production, verapamil treated cells completely stopped lactate production after 24 h while maintaining growth comparable to the untreated cells. Calculated fluxes in TCA cycle reactions as well as NADH/FADH₂ production rates were similar in both treated and untreated cells. This was confirmed by measurement of cell respiration. Reduction of lactate production seems to be the consequence of decreased glucose uptake due to verapamil. In case of tumors, this may have two fold effects; firstly depriving cancer cells of substrate for anaerobic glycolysis on which their growth is dependent; secondly changing pH of the tumor environment, as lactate secretion keeps the pH acidic and facilitates tumor growth. The results shown in this study may partly explain recent observations in which verapamil has been proposed to be a potential anticancer agent. Moreover, in biotechnological production using cell lines, verapamil may be used to reduce glucose uptake and lactate secretion thereby increasing protein production without introduction of genetic modifications and application of more complicated fed-batch processes.
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Mandenius CF, Andersson TB, Alves PM, Batzl-Hartmann C, Björquist P, Carrondo MJ, Chesne C, Coecke S, Edsbagge J, Fredriksson JM, Gerlach JC, Heinzle E, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Johansson I, Küppers-Munther B, Müller-Vieira U, Noor F, Zeilinger K. Toward Preclinical Predictive Drug Testing for Metabolism and Hepatotoxicity by Using In Vitro Models Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Human Cell Lines — A Report on the Vitrocellomics EU-project. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:147-71. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a common reason for drug attrition in late clinical phases, and even for post-launch withdrawals. As a consequence, there is a broad consensus in the pharmaceutical industry, and within regulatory authorities, that a significant improvement of the current in vitro test methodologies for accurate assessment and prediction of such adverse effects is needed. For this purpose, appropriate in vivo-like hepatic in vitro models are necessary, in addition to novel sources of human hepatocytes. In this report, we describe recent and ongoing research toward the use of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived hepatic cells, in conjunction with new and improved test methods, for evaluating drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Recent progress on the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to the functional hepatic phenotype is reported, as well as the development and adaptation of bioreactors and toxicity assay technologies for the testing of hepatic cells. The aim of achieving a testing platform for metabolism and hepatotoxicity assessment, based on hESC-derived hepatic cells, has advanced markedly in the last 2–3 years. However, great challenges still remain, before such new test systems could be routinely used by the industry. In particular, we give an overview of results from the Vitrocellomics project (EU Framework 6) and discuss these in relation to the current state-of-the-art and the remaining difficulties, with suggestions on how to proceed before such in vitro systems can be implemented in industrial discovery and development settings and in regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Development DMPK & Bioanalysis, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Jörg C. Gerlach
- Experimental Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Inger Johansson
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Experimental Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Mueller D, Tascher G, Müller-Vieira U, Knobeloch D, Nuessler AK, Zeilinger K, Heinzle E, Noor F. In-depth physiological characterization of primary human hepatocytes in a 3D hollow-fiber bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:e207-18. [DOI: 10.1002/term.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Mandenius CF, Steel D, Noor F, Meyer T, Heinzle E, Asp J, Arain S, Kraushaar U, Bremer S, Class R, Sartipy P. Cardiotoxicity testing using pluripotent stem cell-derived human cardiomyocytes and state-of-the-art bioanalytics: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:191-205. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; Saarbruecken; Germany
| | | | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; Saarbruecken; Germany
| | - Julia Asp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine; Institute of Biomedicine; the Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg; Sweden
| | | | - Udo Kraushaar
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Susanne Bremer
- ECVAM; Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP); European Commission Joint Research Center; Ispra; Italy
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23
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Niklas J, Heinzle E. Metabolic flux analysis in systems biology of mammalian cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 127:109-32. [PMID: 21432052 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reaction rates or metabolic fluxes reflect the integrated phenotype of genome, transcriptome and proteome interactions, including regulation at all levels of the cellular hierarchy. Different methods have been developed in the past to analyse intracellular fluxes. However, compartmentation of mammalian cells, varying utilisation of multiple substrates, reversibility of metabolite uptake and production, unbalanced growth behaviour and adaptation of cells to changing environment during cultivation are just some reasons that make metabolic flux analysis (MFA) in mammalian cell culture more challenging compared to microorganisms. In this article MFA using the metabolite balancing methodology and the advantages and disadvantages of (13)C MFA in mammalian cell systems are reviewed. Application examples of MFA in the optimisation of cell culture processes for the production of biopharmaceuticals are presented with a focus on the metabolism of the main industrial workhorse. Another area in which mammalian cell culture plays a key role is in medical and toxicological research. It is shown that MFA can be used to understand pathophysiological mechanisms and can assist in understanding effects of drugs or other compounds on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Niklas
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Campus A 1.5, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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