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MESCİ S, YAZGAN B, GÜL M, YILDIRIM T. Effects of Sulfur Containing Glycine Imine Derivatives Compounds on Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs) and Apoptosis Mechanism in MCF-7 and DLD-1 Cell Lines. BEZMIALEM SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.14235/bas.galenos.2021.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Boateng ID. A critical review of Ginkgolic acid in Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb). Toxicity, technologies to remove the ginkgolic acids and its promising bioactivities. Food Funct 2022; 13:9226-9242. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01827f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is high in bioactive components (over 170), which are used in food additives, medicine, cosmetics, health products, and other sectors. Nonetheless, ginkgolic acids (GAs) in...
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Jung JH, Hwang J, Kim JH, Sim DY, Im E, Park JE, Park WY, Shim BS, Kim B, Kim SH. Phyotochemical candidates repurposing for cancer therapy and their molecular mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:164-174. [PMID: 31883914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though limited success through chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery has been obtained for efficient cancer therapy for modern decades, cancers are still considered high burden to human health worldwide to date. Recently repurposing drugs are attractive with lower cost and shorter time compared to classical drug discovery, just as Metformin from Galega officinalis, originally approved for treating Type 2 diabetes by FDA, is globally valued at millions of US dollars for cancer therapy. As most previous reviews focused on FDA approved drugs and synthetic agents, current review discussed the anticancer potential of phytochemicals originally approved for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, infectious diarrhea, depression and malaria with their molecular mechanisms and efficacies and suggested future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Hwang
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Yong Sim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yi Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Sang Shim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Silva AM, Silva SC, Soares JP, Martins-Gomes C, Teixeira JP, Leal F, Gaivão I. Ginkgo biloba L. Leaf Extract Protects HepG2 Cells Against Paraquat-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120556. [PMID: 31795413 PMCID: PMC6963582 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts and herbal infusions are used worldwide due to the health benefits that are attributed to its use, including anti-neoplastic, anti-aging, neuro-protection, antioxidant and others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aqueous Ginkgo biloba extract on HepG2 cell viability, genotoxicity and DNA protection against paraquat-induced oxidative damage. Exposure to paraquat (PQ), over 24 h incubation at 1.0 and 1.5 µM, did not significantly reduce cell viability but induced concentration and time-dependent oxidative DNA damage. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC50 = 540.8 ± 40.5 µg/mL at 24 h exposure), and short incubations (1 h) produced basal and oxidative DNA damage (>750 and 1500 µg/mL, respectively). However, lower concentrations (e.g., 75 µg/mL) of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract were not cytotoxic and reduced basal DNA damage, indicating a protective effect at incubations up to 4 h. On the other hand, longer incubations (24 h) induced oxidative DNA damage. Co-incubation of HepG2 cells for 4 h, with G. biloba leaf extract (75 µg/mL) and PQ (1.0 or 1.5 µM) significantly reduced PQ-induced oxidative DNA damage. In conclusion, the consumption of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract for long periods at high doses/concentrations is potentially toxic; however, low doses protect the cells against basal oxidative damage and against environmentally derived toxicants that induce oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.C.S.); (C.M.-G.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (I.G.); Tel.: +351-259350921 (A.M.S.); +351-259350734 (I.G.)
| | - Sandra C. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.C.S.); (C.M.-G.)
- Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal;
| | - Jorge P. Soares
- Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development, ECVA, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.C.S.); (C.M.-G.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal;
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Leal
- Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal;
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (BioISI-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, (ECVA, UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila-Real, Portugal;
- The Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, (CECAV-UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (I.G.); Tel.: +351-259350921 (A.M.S.); +351-259350734 (I.G.)
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Kretschmer N, Deutsch A, Durchschein C, Rinner B, Stallinger A, Higareda-Almaraz JC, Scheideler M, Lohberger B, Bauer R. Comparative Gene Expression Analysis in WM164 Melanoma Cells Revealed That β- β-Dimethylacrylshikonin Leads to ROS Generation, Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Autophagy Induction. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112823. [PMID: 30380804 PMCID: PMC6278572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is currently diagnosed as one in every three cancers. Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, is responsible for 79% of skin cancer deaths and the incidence is rising faster than in any other solid tumor type. Previously, we have demonstrated that dimethylacrylshikonin (DMAS), isolated from the roots of Onosma paniculata (Boraginaceae), exhibited the lowest IC50 values against different tumor types out of several isolated shikonin derivatives. DMAS was especially cytotoxic towards melanoma cells and led to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In this study, we performed a comprehensive gene expression study to investigate the mechanism of action in more detail. Gene expression signature was compared to vehicle-treated WM164 control cells after 24 h of DMAS treatment; where 1192 distinct mRNAs could be identified as expressed in all replicates and 89 were at least 2-fold differentially expressed. DMAS favored catabolic processes and led in particular to p62 increase which is involved in cell growth, survival, and autophagy. More in-depth experiments revealed that DMAS led to autophagy, ROS generation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in different melanoma cells. It has been reported that the induction of an autophagic cell death represents a highly effective approach in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kretschmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christin Durchschein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Beate Rinner
- Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Roseggerweg 48, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Stallinger
- Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Roseggerweg 48, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Juan Carlos Higareda-Almaraz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Grollino MG, Raschellà G, Cordelli E, Villani P, Pieraccioli M, Paximadas I, Malandrino S, Bonassi S, Pacchierotti F. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and gene expression changes elicited by exposure of human hepatic cells to Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:486-496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mei N, Guo X, Ren Z, Kobayashi D, Wada K, Guo L. Review of Ginkgo biloba-induced toxicity, from experimental studies to human case reports. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:1-28. [PMID: 28055331 PMCID: PMC6373469 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1278298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba seeds and leaves have been used as a traditional herbal remedy for thousands of years, and its leaf extract has been consumed as a botanical dietary supplement for decades. Ginkgo biloba extract is a complex mixture with numerous components, including flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones, and is one of the most widely sold botanical dietary supplements worldwide. Concerns about potential health risks for the general population have been raised because of the widespread human exposure to Ginkgo biloba and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities in rodents. The National Toxicology Program conducted 2-year gavage studies on one Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and concluded that there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of this extract in mice based on an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. Recently, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects from experimental studies both in vitro and in vivo to human case reports (caused by ginkgo seeds or leaves), and also summarizes the negative results from relatively large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mei
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- b Division of Biochemical Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- c Department of Food and Chemical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- c Department of Food and Chemical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Lei Guo
- b Division of Biochemical Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Luo M, Wu Q, Yu L, Chu H. Transcriptional upregulation centra of HO-1 by EGB via the MAPKs/Nrf2 pathway in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:380-8. [PMID: 25449124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term abuse of alcohol results in chronic alcoholic myopathy which is associated with increased oxidative stress. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) is widely used as a therapeutic agent to treat certain cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Although EGB is known to possess antioxidant functions and potent cytoprotective effects, its protective mechanism on alcohol-induced oxidative damage in C2C12 myoblasts remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the cytoprotective mechanisms of EGB against alcohol-derived oxidative stress in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Challenge with alcohol (100mM) caused an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species in mouse C2C12 myoblasts, which was not alleviated by treatment with EGB. These results indicate that EGB does not seem to act as an ROS scavenger in this experimental model. Additionally, EGB produced activation of ERK and JNK [two major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)], an increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, a stress-responsive protein with antioxidant function). Pretreatment with inhibitors of MAPKs PD98059 (a specific inhibitor of ERK), SP600125 (a specific inhibitor of JNK) abolished both EGB-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 up-regulation. We conclude that EGB confers cytoprotective effects from oxidative stress induced by alcohol in mouse C2C12 myoblasts depend on transcriptional upregulation of HO-1 by EGB via the MAPKs/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meiling Luo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lijun Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Colleges of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haiying Chu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Colleges of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
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Lin H, Guo X, Zhang S, Dial SL, Guo L, Manjanatha MG, Moore MM, Mei N. Mechanistic evaluation of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract-induced genotoxicity in L5178Y cells. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:338-49. [PMID: 24595819 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba has been used for many thousand years as a traditional herbal remedy and its extract has been consumed for many decades as a dietary supplement. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is a complex mixture with many constituents, including flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones. The National Toxicology Program 2-year cancer bioassay found that G. biloba leaf extract targets the liver, thyroid gland, and nose of rodents; however, the mechanism of G. biloba leaf extract-associated carcinogenicity remains unclear. In the current study, the in vitro genotoxicity of G. biloba leaf extract and its eight constituents was evaluated using the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) and Comet assay. The underlying mechanisms of G. biloba leaf extract-associated genotoxicity were explored. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, quercetin, and kaempferol resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the mutant frequency and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Western blot analysis confirmed that G. biloba leaf extract, quercetin, and kaempferol activated the DNA damage signaling pathway with increased expression of γ-H2AX and phosphorylated Chk2 and Chk1. In addition, G. biloba leaf extract produced reactive oxygen species and decreased glutathione levels in L5178Y cells. Loss of heterozygosity analysis of mutants indicated that G. biloba leaf extract, quercetin, and kaempferol treatments resulted in extensive chromosomal damage. These results indicate that G. biloba leaf extract and its two constituents, quercetin and kaempferol, are mutagenic to the mouse L5178Y cells and induce DSBs. Quercetin and kaempferol likely are major contributors to G. biloba leaf extract-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Lin
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
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Ou C, Zheng HP, Su JJ, Cao J, Li GJ, Li LQ. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the expressions of Cox-2 and GST-Pi in rats with hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:37-48. [PMID: 26060456 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive cancers worldwide, and the pathogenesis is complicated at present. There iare few effective therapeutic measures, and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required to improve clinical outcome. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is reported to have an anti-cancer activity. OBJECTIVES To explore the effect of EGb on expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and glutathione S-transferase Pi (GST-Pi) in the pathogenesis of HCC. METHODS 120 Wistar rats were divided into three groups at random: normal control group (control group), HCC risk group without treatment (HCC risk group), HCC risk group treated with EGb (EGb group); n=40, respectively. The HCC risk in rat was induced by aflatoxin B1 injection. At the end of 13-week, 33-week, 53-week and 73-week, 10 rats in each group were killed and the relevant samples were collected. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expressions of Cox-2 and GST-Pi were measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical analysis and western-blot. When compared with those in the control group in 73-week, the mRNA and protein expressions of GST-Pi in EGb group were weaker than those in HCC risk group in 73-week. However, the mRNA and protein expressions of Cox-2 in HCC risk group were increased than that of control group, and there was no statistical difference for mRNA and protein expressions of Cox-2 between HCC risk group and EGb group. CONCLUSION EGb can regulate the expression of GST-Pi, but it does not seem to have an effect on Cox-2 expression in the liver of HCC risk rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ou
- Department of Experimental Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province 530021, China
| | - Hai-Ping Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province 530021, China
| | - Jian-Jia Su
- Department of Experimental Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province 530021, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province 530021, China
| | - Guo-Jian Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province 530021, China
| | - Le-Qun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi Province 530021, China
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Liang WZ, Chou CT, Lu T, Chi CC, Tseng LL, Pan CC, Lin KL, Kuo CC, Jan CR. The mechanism of carvacrol-evoked [Ca2+]i rises and non-Ca2+-triggered cell death in OC2 human oral cancer cells. Toxicology 2012; 303:152-61. [PMID: 23146755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol is one of the main substances of essential oil which triggers intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and causes cytotoxicity in diverse cell models. However, the mechanism of carvacrol-induced Ca(2+) movement and cytotoxicity is not fully understood. This study examined the effect of carvacrol on cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)), cell viability and apoptosis in OC2 human oral cancer cells. Carvacrol induced a [Ca(2+)](i) rise and the signal was reduced by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). Carvacrol-induced Ca(2+) entry was not altered by store-operated Ca(2+) channel inhibitors and protein kinase C (PKC) activator, but was inhibited by a PKC inhibitor. In Ca(2+) -free medium, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor thapsigargin (TG) or 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) inhibited carvacrol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Conversely, incubation with carvacrol inhibited TG or BHQ-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 abolished carvacrol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Carvacrol decreased cell viability, which was not reversed when cytosolic Ca(2+) was chelated with BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester). Carvacrol-induced apoptosis and activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase-3. Together, carvacrol induced a [Ca(2+)](i) rise by inducing PLC-dependent Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) entry via PKC-sensitive, non store-operated Ca(2+) channels. Carvacrol-induced ROS- and caspase-3-associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhe Liang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, ROC
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Gautam J, Kushwaha P, Swarnkar G, Khedgikar V, Nagar GK, Singh D, Singh V, Jain M, Barthwal M, Trivedi R. EGb 761 promotes osteoblastogenesis, lowers bone marrow adipogenesis and atherosclerotic plaque formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1134-1142. [PMID: 22951391 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Our earlier study has demonstrated that EGb 761 (standardized extract of Ginkgo) has the bone sparing effect on the estrogen deficiency induced bone loss model. In the present study, we have addressed the question whether treatment of osteoporosis benefits arterial calcification or vice versa, because both adipocyte and osteoblast originate from the same mesenchymal cell of the bone marrow cell (BMC) population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone marrow cells were isolated to study the effect of EGb 761 on osteoblast and adipocytes. For in vivo effect hamsters were fed high fat diet and the effect of EGb 761 studied on atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial function. RESULTS BMC's undergoing induced osteogenic or adipogenic differentiations in the presence of EGb 761 show increase and decrease in mineralization and adipogenesis respectively. Osteogenic and adipogenic mRNAs, reveal lineage dependent expression patterns. Runx-2 (osteoblast transcription factor) showed a progressive increase, whereas PPAR-γ (adipogenic regulator) was attenuated, with same pattern of expression being for late osteogenic and adipogenic genes. EGb 761 led to increase in apoptotic cells and ROS, an important upstream signal. In vivo experiments in hamsters after induction with high cholesterol diet (HCD) show improvement in endothelial function by EGb 761 with lowering in total plasma cholesterol levels. EGb 761 led to vascular preservation of the aortic lumen with impairment of the endothelium dependent relaxation which was corroborated by micro-CT and histological sections of the thoracic region of the aorta. CONCLUSION From this data, it can be implied that EGb 761 controls bone loss, adiposity and lowers atherogenic risk factor after HCD induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gautam
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, Lucknow, India
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Babich H, Ickow IM, Weisburg JH, Zuckerbraun HL, Schuck AG. Cranberry Juice Extract, A Mild Prooxidant with Cytotoxic Properties Independent of Reactive Oxygen Species. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1358-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Babich
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women; 245 Lexington Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; USA
| | - I. M. Ickow
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women; 245 Lexington Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; USA
| | - J. H. Weisburg
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women; 245 Lexington Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; USA
| | - H. L. Zuckerbraun
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women; 245 Lexington Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; USA
| | - A. G. Schuck
- Department of Biology; Stern College for Women; 245 Lexington Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; USA
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Research strategies in the study of the pro-oxidant nature of polyphenol nutraceuticals. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:467305. [PMID: 21776260 PMCID: PMC3135211 DOI: 10.1155/2011/467305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols of phytochemicals are thought to exhibit chemopreventive effects against cancer. These plant-derived antioxidant polyphenols have a dual nature, also acting as pro-oxidants, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and causing oxidative stress. When studying the overall cytotoxicity of polyphenols, research strategies need to distinguish the cytotoxic component derived from the polyphenol per se from that derived from the generated ROS. Such strategies include (a) identifying hallmarks of oxidative damage, such as depletion of intracellular glutathione and lipid peroxidation, (b) classical manipulations, such as polyphenol exposures in the absence and presence of antioxidant enzymes (i.e., catalase and superoxide dismutase) and of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione and N-acetylcysteine) and cotreatments with glutathione depleters, and (c) more recent manipulations, such as divalent cobalt and pyruvate to scavenge ROS. Attention also must be directed to the influence of iron and copper ions and to the level of polyphenols, which mediate oxidative stress.
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Genotoxicity and apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to benzene, toluene and xylene: Attenuation by quercetin and curcumin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:14-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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