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Abdalkader RK, Fujita T. Corneal epithelium models for safety assessment in drug development: Present and future directions. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109697. [PMID: 37890755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The human corneal epithelial barrier plays a crucial role in drug testing studies, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as toxicity testing during the preclinical stages of drug development. However, despite the valuable insights gained from animal and current in vitro models, there remains a significant discrepancy between preclinical drug predictions and actual clinical outcomes. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on adhering to the 3R principles (refine, reduce, replace) to minimize the use of animals in testing. To tackle these challenges, there is a rising demand for alternative in vitro models that closely mimic the human corneal epithelium. Recently, remarkable advancements have been made in two key areas: microphysiological systems (MPS) or organs-on-chips (OoCs), and stem cell-derived organoids. These cutting-edge platforms integrate four major disciplines: stem cells, microfluidics, bioprinting, and biosensing technologies. This integration holds great promise in developing powerful and biomimetic models of the human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodi Kado Abdalkader
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO), Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Kim J, Mondal H, Jin R, Yoon HJ, Kim HJ, Jee JP, Yoon KC. Cellulose Acetate Phthalate-Based pH-Responsive Cyclosporine A-Loaded Contact Lens for the Treatment of Dry Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032361. [PMID: 36768682 PMCID: PMC9916649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) as an eye drop is an effective treatment for dry eye. However, it has potential side effects and a short ocular residence time. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a cellulose acetate phthalate-based pH-responsive contact lens (CL) loaded with CsA (CsA-CL). The CsA was continuously released from the CsA-CL at physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4) without an initial burst. CsA was well-contained in the selected storage condition (4 °C, pH 5.4) for as long as 90 days. In safety assays, cytotoxicity, ocular irritation, visible light transmittance, and oxygen permeability were in a normal range. CsA concentrations in the conjunctiva, cornea, and lens increased over time until 12 h. When comparing the therapeutic efficacy between the normal control, experimental dry eye (EDE), and treatment groups (CsA eye drop, naïve CL, and CsA-CL groups), the tear volume, TBUT, corneal fluorescein staining at 7 and 14 days, conjunctival goblet cell density, and corneal apoptotic cell counts at 14 days improved in all treatment groups compared to EDE, with a significantly better result in the CsA-CL group compared with other groups (all p < 0.05). The CsA-CL could be an effective, stable, and safe option for inflammatory dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Himangsu Mondal
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Rujun Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-P.J.); (K.C.Y.); Tel.: +82-62-230-6364 (J.-P.J.); +82-62-220-6741 (K.C.Y.)
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-P.J.); (K.C.Y.); Tel.: +82-62-230-6364 (J.-P.J.); +82-62-220-6741 (K.C.Y.)
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Overall performance of Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) Laser Light-Based Opacitometer (LLBO) test method with regard to solid and liquid chemicals testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105044. [PMID: 33130054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study of the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) Laser Light-Based Opacitometer (LLBO) test method was conducted to evaluate its usefulness to identify chemicals as inducing serious eye damage (Cat. 1) or chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation (No Cat.) applying United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS). The aim was to demonstrate the reproducibility of the BCOP LLBO protocol for liquids and solids and define its predictive capacity. Briefly, 145 chemicals were simultaneously tested with BCOP LLBO and OP-KIT (OECD TG 437), one to two times in one laboratory. When used to identify Cat. 1, the BCOP LLBO has a false negative rate (FNR) of 24.1% (N = 56) compared to 34.8% (N = 56) for the BCOP OP-KIT, with a comparable false positive rate (FPR, N = 89) of 18.5% and 20.8%, respectively. When used to identify chemicals not requiring classification (No Cat.) the BCOP LLBO and BCOP OP-KIT had a FNR (N = 104) of 6.2% and 7.2% and a FPR (N = 41) of 45.1% and 42.7%, respectively. The OP-KIT and LLBO devices are interchangeable at no cost to data quality and reliability. The OP-KIT and LLBO devices are interchangeable at no cost to data quality and reliability. The performance of the LLBO is at least as good as the OP-KIT, both methods can be used to identify UN GHS Cat. 1 and UN GHS No Cat. chemicals.
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Laser Light-Based Opacitometer 'Peira LLBO 180': A new and validated opacitometer for use in the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) eye irritation test method. MethodsX 2020; 7:101085. [PMID: 33088730 PMCID: PMC7559534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The “Peira LLBO 180” is a Laser Light-Based Opacitometer that can be used as an alternative for the standard OP-KIT device in the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline (TG) 437 to identify chemicals inducing serious eye damage as defined by United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS), i.e. chemicals to be classified as UN GHS Category 1 and chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage under the UN GHS classification system (No Category). • The Peira LLBO 180 offers the advantage of analysing the complete corneal surface and is therefore able to detect more efficiently opaque spots located around the periphery of the excised corneas. • This new device will allow not only a more accurate definition of the eye irritating potential of compounds, but also a more precise ranking of moderate to mild and non-irritating compounds. • The value of Peira LLBO 180 is confirmed during in-house and multi-laboratory evaluation studies and is now included in the updated OECD TG 437, dated 26th of June 2020. The results demonstrate that the presented methodology is an improved new approach methodology (NAM) for ocular irritation testing of liquids and solids.
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Verstraelen S, Maglennon G, Hollanders K, Boonen F, Adriaens E, Alépée N, Drzewiecka A, Gruszka K, Kandarova H, Willoughby JA, Guest R, Schofield J, Van Rompay AR. Reprint of “CON4EI: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test for hazard identification and labelling of eye irritating chemicals”. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 49:53-64. [PMID: 29598995 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Verstraelen S, Maglennon G, Hollanders K, Boonen F, Adriaens E, Alépée N, Drzewiecka A, Gruszka K, Kandarova H, Willoughby JA, Guest R, Schofield J, Van Rompay AR. CON4EI: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test for hazard identification and labelling of eye irritating chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:122-133. [PMID: 28673559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of ocular irritation potential is an international regulatory requirement in the safety evaluation of industrial and consumer products. None in vitro ocular irritation assays are capable of fully categorizing chemicals as stand-alone. Therefore, the CEFIC-LRI-AIMT6-VITO CON4EI consortium assessed the reliability of eight in vitro test methods and computational models as well as established a tiered-testing strategy. One of the selected assays was Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP). In this project, the same corneas were used for measurement of opacity using the OP-KIT, the Laser Light-Based Opacitometer (LLBO) and for histopathological analysis. The results show that the accuracy of the BCOP OP-KIT in identifying Cat 1 chemicals was 73.8% while the accuracy was 86.3% for No Cat chemicals. BCOP OP-KIT false negative results were often related to an in vivo classification driven by conjunctival effects only. For the BCOP LLBO, the accuracy in identifying Cat 1 chemicals was 74.4% versus 88.8% for No Cat chemicals. The BCOP LLBO seems very promising for the identification of No Cat liquids but less so for the identification of solids. Histopathology as an additional endpoint to the BCOP test method does not reduce the false negative rate substantially for in vivo Cat 1 chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Hollanders
- VITO NV (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Mol, Belgium
| | - Francis Boonen
- VITO NV (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Katarzyna Gruszka
- Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Helena Kandarova
- MatTek In Vitro Life Science Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | | - An R Van Rompay
- VITO NV (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Mol, Belgium
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Quantin P, Thélu A, Catoire S, Ficheux H. Perspectives and strategies of alternative methods used in the risk assessment of personal care products. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:422-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bhasker S, Kislay R, Rupinder KK, Jagat KR. Evaluation of nanoformulated therapeutics in an ex-vivo bovine corneal irritation model. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:917-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wilson SL, Ahearne M, Hopkinson A. An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. Toxicology 2015; 327:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zorn-Kruppa M, Houdek P, Wladykowski E, Engelke M, Bartok M, Mewes KR, Moll I, Brandner JM. Determining the Depth of Injury in Bioengineered Tissue Models of Cornea and Conjunctiva for the Prediction of All Three Ocular GHS Categories. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114181. [PMID: 25494045 PMCID: PMC4262406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The depth of injury (DOI) is a mechanistic correlate to the ocular irritation response. Attempts to quantitatively determine the DOI in alternative tests have been limited to exvivo animal eyes by fluorescent staining for biomarkers of cell death and viability in histological cross sections. It was the purpose of this study to assess whether DOI could also be measured by means of cell viability detected by the MTT assay using 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models of cornea and conjunctiva. The formazan-free area of metabolically inactive cells in the tissue after topical substance application is used as the visible correlate of the DOI. Areas of metabolically active or inactive cells are quantitatively analyzed on cryosection images with ImageJ software analysis tools. By incorporating the total tissue thickness, the relative MTT-DOI (rMTT-DOI) was calculated. Using the rMTT-DOI and human reconstructed cornea equivalents, we developed a prediction model based on suitable viability cut-off values. We tested 25 chemicals that cover the whole range of eye irritation potential based on the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS). Principally, the MTT-DOI test method allows distinguishing between the cytotoxic effects of the different chemicals in accordance with all 3 GHS categories for eye irritation. Although the prediction model is slightly over-predictive with respect to non-irritants, it promises to be highly valuable to discriminate between severe irritants (Cat. 1), and mild to moderate irritants (Cat. 2). We also tested 3D conjunctiva models with the aim to specifically address conjunctiva-damaging substances. Using the MTT-DOI method in this model delivers comparable results as the cornea model, but does not add additional information. However, the MTT-DOI method using reconstructed cornea models already provided good predictability that was superior to the already existing established invitro/exvivo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Pia Houdek
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Engelke
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, School of Engineering and Sciences, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Melinda Bartok
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, School of Engineering and Sciences, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Moll
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Verstraelen S, Jacobs A, De Wever B, Vanparys P. Improvement of the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) assay as an in vitro alternative to the Draize rabbit eye irritation test. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1298-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schrage A, Kolle SN, Moreno MCR, Norman K, Raabe H, Curren R, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. The bovine corneal opacity and permeability test in routine ocular irritation testing and its improvement within the limits of OECD test guideline 437. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:37-53. [PMID: 21452913 DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Data on eye irritation are generally needed for the hazard identification of chemicals. As the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test has been accepted by many regulatory agencies for the identification of corrosive and severe ocular irritants since September 2009 (OECD Test Guideline 437, TG 437), we evaluated this alternative method for routine testing at BASF. We demonstrated our technical proficiency by testing the reference standards recommended in TG 437, and 21 additional materials with published BCOP and in vivo data. Our results matched the published in vitro data very well, but with some intentionally selected false negatives (FNs) and false positives (FPs), the concordance was 77% (24/31), with FN and FP rates of 20% (2/10) and 24% (5/21), respectively. In addition, we tested 21 in-house materials, demonstrating the utility of the BCOP assay for our own test material panel. Histopathological assessment of the corneas by light microscopy was also conducted, as this was suggested as a means of improving the identification of FNs. The histopathology corrected the classification of some FNs, but also increased the number of FPs. Parallel to the test method evaluation, we compared three new opacitometer models with the current standard device. We recommend the use of an opacitometer developed in our BASF laboratory, which has certified components and electronic data storage, resulting in what we consider to be excellent sensitivity, stability and reproducibility.
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