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De Santis Puzzonia M, Cozzolino AM, Grassi G, Bisceglia F, Strippoli R, Guarguaglini G, Citarella F, Sacchetti B, Tripodi M, Marchetti A, Amicone L. TGFbeta Induces Binucleation/Polyploidization in Hepatocytes through a Src-Dependent Cytokinesis Failure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167158. [PMID: 27893804 PMCID: PMC5125678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In all mammals, the adult liver shows binucleated as well as mononucleated polyploid hepatocytes. The hepatic polyploidization starts after birth with an extensive hepatocyte binucleation and generates hepatocytes of several ploidy classes. While the functional significance of hepatocyte polyploidy is becoming clearer, how it is triggered and maintained needs to be clarified. Aim of this study was to identify a major inducer of hepatocyte binucleation/polyploidization and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. We found that, among several cytokines analyzed, known to be involved in early liver development and/or mass control, TGFbeta1 was capable to induce, together with the expected morphological changes, binucleation in hepatocytes in culture. Most importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of TGFbeta signaling in healthy mice during weaning, when the physiological binucleation occurs, induced a significant decrease of hepatocyte binucleation rate, without affecting cell proliferation and hepatic index. The TGFbeta-induced hepatocyte binucleation resulted from a cytokinesis failure, as assessed by video microscopy, and is associated with a delocalization of the cytokinesis regulator RhoA-GTPase from the mid-body of dividing cells. The use of specific chemical inhibitors demonstrated that the observed events are Src-dependent. Finally, the restoration of a fully epithelial phenotype by TGFbeta withdrawal gave rise to a cell progeny capable to maintain the polyploid state. In conclusion, we identified TGFbeta as a major inducer of hepatocyte binucleation both in vitro and in vivo, thus ascribing a novel role to this pleiotropic cytokine. The production of binucleated/tetraploid hepatocytes is due to a cytokinesis failure controlled by the molecular axis TGFbeta/Src/RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Santis Puzzonia
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Cozzolino
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Grassi
- L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisceglia
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarguaglini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR National Research Council, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Citarella
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tripodi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marchetti
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Amicone
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Modulating the Substrate Stiffness to Manipulate Differentiation of Resident Liver Stem Cells and to Improve the Differentiation State of Hepatocytes. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5481493. [PMID: 27057172 PMCID: PMC4737459 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5481493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cell types, several cellular processes, such as differentiation of stem/precursor cells, maintenance of differentiated phenotype, motility, adhesion, growth, and survival, strictly depend on the stiffness of extracellular matrix that, in vivo, characterizes their correspondent organ and tissue. In the liver, the stromal rigidity is essential to obtain the correct organ physiology whereas any alteration causes liver cell dysfunctions. The rigidity of the substrate is an element no longer negligible for the cultivation of several cell types, so that many data so far obtained, where cells have been cultured on plastic, could be revised. Regarding liver cells, standard culture conditions lead to the dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes, transdifferentiation of stellate cells into myofibroblasts, and loss of fenestration of sinusoidal endothelium. Furthermore, standard cultivation of liver stem/precursor cells impedes an efficient execution of the epithelial/hepatocyte differentiation program, leading to the expansion of a cell population expressing only partially liver functions and products. Overcoming these limitations is mandatory for any approach of liver tissue engineering. Here we propose cell lines as in vitro models of liver stem cells and hepatocytes and an innovative culture method that takes into account the substrate stiffness to obtain, respectively, a rapid and efficient differentiation process and the maintenance of the fully differentiated phenotype.
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Rossi C, Guantario B, Ferruzza S, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Sambuy Y, Scarino ML, Bellovino D. Co-cultures of enterocytes and hepatocytes for retinoid transport and metabolism. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1256-64. [PMID: 22542753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary retinoid bioavailability involves the interplay of the intestine (transport and metabolism) and the liver (secondary metabolism). To reproduce these processes in vitro, differentiated human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells were co-cultured with two hepatocyte cell lines. Murine 3A cells and the more highly differentiated human HepaRG hepatocytes were both shown to respond to β-carotene (BC) and retinol (ROH) treatment by secreting Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4). In co-culture experiments, Caco-2/TC7 were differentiated on filter inserts and transferred for the time of the experiment to culture wells containing confluent 3A or differentiated HepaRG cells. Functionality of the co-cultures was assayed using as endpoints the retinol-dependent secretion of RBP4 and the retinoic acid-dependent induction of CYP26A1 in hepatocytes. BC and ROH added to intestinal Caco-2/TC7 induced a reduction in intracellular RBP4 levels in the underlying hepatocytes and its secretion into the medium. HepaRG hepatocytes were also shown to up-regulate the expression of CYP26A1 mRNA in response to retinoid treatment. This in vitro model represents a useful tool to analyze the absorption and metabolism of retinoids and could be further developed to investigate other dietary compounds and molecules of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Rossi
- National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Rome, Italy
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