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De Santis Puzzonia M, Cozzolino AM, Grassi G, Bisceglia F, Strippoli R, Guarguaglini G, Citarella F, Sacchetti B, Tripodi M, Marchetti A, Amicone L. TGFbeta Induces Binucleation/Polyploidization in Hepatocytes through a Src-Dependent Cytokinesis Failure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167158. [PMID: 27893804 PMCID: PMC5125678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In all mammals, the adult liver shows binucleated as well as mononucleated polyploid hepatocytes. The hepatic polyploidization starts after birth with an extensive hepatocyte binucleation and generates hepatocytes of several ploidy classes. While the functional significance of hepatocyte polyploidy is becoming clearer, how it is triggered and maintained needs to be clarified. Aim of this study was to identify a major inducer of hepatocyte binucleation/polyploidization and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. We found that, among several cytokines analyzed, known to be involved in early liver development and/or mass control, TGFbeta1 was capable to induce, together with the expected morphological changes, binucleation in hepatocytes in culture. Most importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of TGFbeta signaling in healthy mice during weaning, when the physiological binucleation occurs, induced a significant decrease of hepatocyte binucleation rate, without affecting cell proliferation and hepatic index. The TGFbeta-induced hepatocyte binucleation resulted from a cytokinesis failure, as assessed by video microscopy, and is associated with a delocalization of the cytokinesis regulator RhoA-GTPase from the mid-body of dividing cells. The use of specific chemical inhibitors demonstrated that the observed events are Src-dependent. Finally, the restoration of a fully epithelial phenotype by TGFbeta withdrawal gave rise to a cell progeny capable to maintain the polyploid state. In conclusion, we identified TGFbeta as a major inducer of hepatocyte binucleation both in vitro and in vivo, thus ascribing a novel role to this pleiotropic cytokine. The production of binucleated/tetraploid hepatocytes is due to a cytokinesis failure controlled by the molecular axis TGFbeta/Src/RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Santis Puzzonia
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Cozzolino
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Grassi
- L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisceglia
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarguaglini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR National Research Council, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Citarella
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tripodi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marchetti
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Amicone
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Grassi G, Di Caprio G, Santangelo L, Fimia GM, Cozzolino AM, Komatsu M, Ippolito G, Tripodi M, Alonzi T. Autophagy regulates hepatocyte identity and epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions promoting Snail degradation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1880. [PMID: 26355343 PMCID: PMC4650445 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) are events involved in development, wound healing and stem cell behaviour and contribute pathologically to cancer progression. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypic conversions in hepatocytes are fundamental to design specific therapeutic strategies aimed at optimising liver repair. The role of autophagy in EMT/MET processes of hepatocytes was investigated in liver-specific autophagy-deficient mice (Alb-Cre;ATG7fl/fl) and using the nontumorigenic immortalised hepatocytes cell line MMH. Autophagy deficiency in vivo reduces epithelial markers' expression and increases the levels of mesenchymal markers. These alterations are associated with an increased protein level of the EMT master regulator Snail, without transcriptional induction. Interestingly, we found that autophagy degrades Snail in a p62/SQSTM1 (Sequestosome-1)-dependent manner. Moreover, accordingly to a pro-epithelial function, we observed that autophagy stimulation strongly affects EMT progression, whereas it is necessary for MET. Finally, we found that the EMT induced by TGFβ affects the autophagy flux, indicating that these processes regulate each other. Overall, we found that autophagy regulates the phenotype plasticity of hepatocytes promoting their epithelial identity through the inhibition of the mesenchymal programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grassi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Caprio
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L Santangelo
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - A M Cozzolino
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - G Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tripodi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - T Alonzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Montaldo C, Mattei S, Baiocchini A, Rotiroti N, Del Nonno F, Pucillo LP, Cozzolino AM, Battistelli C, Amicone L, Ippolito G, van Noort V, Conigliaro A, Alonzi T, Tripodi M, Mancone C. Spike-in SILAC proteomic approach reveals the vitronectin as an early molecular signature of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C infections with hepatic iron overload. Proteomics 2014; 14:1107-15. [PMID: 24616218 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced iron overload has been shown to promote liver fibrosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The zonal-restricted histological distribution of pathological iron deposits has hampered the attempt to perform large-scale in vivo molecular investigations on the comorbidity between iron and HCV. Diagnostic and prognostic markers are not yet available to assess iron overload-induced liver fibrogenesis and progression in HCV infections. Here, by means of Spike-in SILAC proteomic approach, we first unveiled a specific membrane protein expression signature of HCV cell cultures in the presence of iron overload. Computational analysis of proteomic dataset highlighted the hepatocytic vitronectin expression as the most promising specific biomarker for iron-associated fibrogenesis in HCV infections. Next, the robustness of our in vitro findings was challenged in human liver biopsies by immunohistochemistry and yielded two major results: (i) hepatocytic vitronectin expression is associated to liver fibrogenesis in HCV-infected patients with iron overload; (ii) hepatic vitronectin expression was found to discriminate also the transition between mild to moderate fibrosis in HCV-infected patients without iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Montaldo
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Montaldo C, Mancone C, Conigliaro A, Cozzolino AM, de Nonno V, Tripodi M. SILAC labeling coupled to shotgun proteomics analysis of membrane proteins of liver stem/hepatocyte allows to candidate the inhibition of TGF-beta pathway as causal to differentiation. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:15. [PMID: 24628804 PMCID: PMC4007997 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research on hepatic cells precursors and their differentiated states, much remains to be learned about the mechanism underlying the self-renewal and differentiation. RESULTS We apply the SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) approach to quantitatively compare the membrane proteome of the resident liver stem cells (RLSCs) and their progeny spontaneously differentiated into epithelial/hepatocyte (RLSCdH). By means of nanoLC-MALDI-TOF/TOF approach, we identified and quantified 248 membrane proteins and 57 of them were found modulated during hepatocyte differentiation. Functional clustering of differentially expressed proteins by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the most of membrane proteins found to be modulated are involved in cell-to-cell signaling/interaction pathways. Moreover, the upstream prediction analysis of proteins involved in cell-to-cell signaling and interaction unveiled that the activation of the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), by the repression of TGFB1/Slug signaling, may be causal to hepatocyte differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study increases the understanding of the underlying mechanisms modulating the complex biological processes of hepatic stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Montaldo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Mancone
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Conigliaro
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Cozzolino
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria de Nonno
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tripodi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Cozzolino AM, Alonzi T, Santangelo L, Mancone C, Conti B, Steindler C, Musone M, Cicchini C, Tripodi M, Marchetti A. TGFβ overrides HNF4α tumor suppressing activity through GSK3β inactivation: implication for hepatocellular carcinoma gene therapy. J Hepatol 2013; 58:65-72. [PMID: 22960426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The tumor fate derives from cell autonomous properties and niche microenvironmental cues. The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a major microenvironmental factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) influencing tumor dedifferentiation, induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquisition of metastatic properties. The loss of the transcriptional factor HNF4α is a predominant mechanism through which HCCs progress to a more aggressive phenotype; its re-expression, reducing tumor formation and repressing EMT program, has been suggested as a therapeutic tool for HCC gene therapy. We investigated the influence of TGFβ on the anti-EMT and tumor suppressor HNF4α activity. METHODS Cell motility and invasion were analyzed by wound healing and invasion assays. EMT was evaluated by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. ChIP and EMSA assays were utilized for investigation of the HNF4α DNA binding activity. HNF4α post-translational modifications (PTMs) were assessed by 2-DE analysis. GSK3β activity was modulated by chemical inhibition and constitutive active mutant expression. RESULTS We demonstrated that the presence of TGFβ impairs the efficiency of HNF4α as tumor suppressor. We found that TGFβ induces HNF4α PTMs that correlate with the early loss of HNF4α DNA binding activity on target gene promoters. Furthermore, we identified the GSK3β kinase as one of the TGFβ targets mediating HNF4α functional inactivation: GSK3β chemical inhibition results in HNF4α DNA binding impairment while a constitutively active GSK3β mutant impairs the TGFβ-induced inhibitory effect on HNF4α tumor suppressor activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify in the dominance of TGFβ a limit for the HNF4α-mediated gene therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Cozzolino
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Pedace L, Castiglia D, De Simone P, Castori M, De Luca N, Amantea A, Binni F, Majore S, Cozzolino AM, De Bernardo C, Zambruno G, Catricalà C, Grammatico P. AXIN2 germline mutations are rare in familial melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:370-3. [PMID: 21294210 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Marchetti A, Colletti M, Cozzolino AM, Steindler C, Lunadei M, Mancone C, Tripodi M. ERK5/MAPK is activated by TGFbeta in hepatocytes and required for the GSK-3beta-mediated Snail protein stabilization. Cell Signal 2008; 20:2113-8. [PMID: 18760348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase, specifically activated by MEK5, and involved in the regulation of many cellular functions including proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis. MEK5/ERK5 module is an important element of different signal transduction pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ERK5 participates to the signalling of the multifunctional cytokine TGFbeta, known to play an important role in the regulation of hepatic growth. Here, we reported that ERK5 is phosphorylated and activated by TGFbeta in hepatocytes, with a rapid and sustained kinetic, through a Src-dependent pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that ERK5 participates to the TGFbeta-induced Snail protein regulation being required for its stabilization. We also found that the functional inactivation of ERK5 impedes the TGFbeta-mediated glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inactivation suggesting this as mechanism responsible for ERK5-mediated Snail stabilization. Thus, results presented in this study uncovered for the first time a role for ERK5 in the TGFbeta-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marchetti
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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