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Karkossa I, Raps S, von Bergen M, Schubert K. Systematic Review of Multi-Omics Approaches to Investigate Toxicological Effects in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9371. [PMID: 33317022 PMCID: PMC7764599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the modes of action (MoAs) of xenobiotics are of utmost importance for the definition of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), which are essential for a mechanism-based risk assessment. A well-established strategy to reveal MoAs of xenobiotics is the use of omics. However, often an even more comprehensive approach is needed, which can be achieved using multi-omics. Since the immune system plays a central role in the defense against foreign substances and pathogens, with the innate immune system building a first barrier, we systematically reviewed multi-omics studies investigating the effects of xenobiotics on macrophages. Surprisingly, only nine publications were identified, combining proteomics with transcriptomics or metabolomics. We summarized pathways and single proteins, transcripts, or metabolites, which were described to be affected upon treatment with xenobiotics in the reviewed studies, thus revealing a broad range of effects. In summary, we show that macrophages are a relevant model system to investigate the toxicological effects induced by xenobiotics. Furthermore, the multi-omics approaches led to a more comprehensive overview compared to only one omics layer with slight advantages for combinations that complement each other directly, e.g., proteome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Stefanie Raps
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
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2
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Fey SJ, Korzeniowska B, Wrzesinski K. Response to and recovery from treatment in human liver-mimetic clinostat spheroids: a model for assessing repeated-dose drug toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:379-389. [PMID: 32905230 PMCID: PMC7467243 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicines are usually prescribed for repeated use over shorter or longer times. Unfortunately, repeated-dose animal toxicity studies do not correlate well with observations in man. As emphasized by the '3Rs' and the desire to phase-out animal research, in vitro models are needed. One potential approach uses clinostat-cultured 3D HepG2-C3A liver-mimetic spheroids. They take 18 days to recover in vivo physiological functionality and reach a metabolic equilibrium, which is thereafter stable for a year. Acute and chronic repeated-dose studies of six drugs (amiodarone, diclofenac, metformin, phenformin, paracetamol and valproic acid) suggest that spheroids are more predictive of human in vivo toxicity than either 2D-cultured HepG2 cells or primary human hepatocytes. Repeated non-lethal treatment results in a clear response and return to equilibrium. Mitochondrial toxic compounds can be identified using a galactose-based medium. Some drugs induced a protective (or stress) response that intensifies after the second treatment. This 3D spheroid model is inexpensive, highly reproducible and well-suited for the determination of repeated-dose toxicity of compounds (naturally or chemically synthesized).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fey
- CelVivo ApS, Middelfartvej 469, DK-5491 Blommenslyst, Denmark
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The footprints of mitochondrial impairment and cellular energy crisis in the pathogenesis of xenobiotics-induced nephrotoxicity, serum electrolytes imbalance, and Fanconi's syndrome: A comprehensive review. Toxicology 2019; 423:1-31. [PMID: 31095988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi's Syndrome (FS) is a disorder characterized by impaired renal proximal tubule function. FS is associated with a vast defect in the renal reabsorption of several chemicals. Inherited and/or acquired conditions seem to be connected with FS. Several xenobiotics including many pharmaceuticals are capable of inducing FS and nephrotoxicity. Although the pathological state of FS is well described, the exact underlying etiology and cellular mechanism(s) of xenobiotics-induced nephrotoxicity, serum electrolytes imbalance, and FS are not elucidated. Constant and high dependence of the renal reabsorption process to energy (ATP) makes mitochondrial dysfunction as a pivotal mechanism which could be involved in the pathogenesis of FS. The current review focuses on the footprints of mitochondrial impairment in the etiology of xenobiotics-induced FS. Moreover, the importance of mitochondria protecting agents and their preventive/therapeutic capability against FS is highlighted. The information collected in this review may provide significant clues to new therapeutic interventions aimed at minimizing xenobiotics-induced renal injury, serum electrolytes imbalance, and FS.
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Yang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Xu W, Xiao H. Emodin induces liver injury by inhibiting the key enzymes of FADH/NADPH transport in rat liver. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:888-896. [PMID: 30310665 PMCID: PMC6116728 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative that occurs in many Chinese medicinal herbs. It might induce liver damage, but the mechanism is not clear. In this research, seven groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with three doses of emodin were used. The liver injury was examined by analyzing biochemical indexes and histopathology. Altered proteins between the control group (CG) and the liver injury group were determined by proteomic technology. The results showed that emodin causes liver injury in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In the high-dosage 1-week group (HG1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was downregulated, and the activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was inhibited by emodin. These might cause the inhibition of FADH or NADH/NADPH transport from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. The WB results showed that the inhibition of FADH/NADPH transport induced a high activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and the expressions of cytochrome c (Cyt C), caspase-9 and caspase-3 were high in HG1, which might lead to mitochondrial apoptosis pathway activation. In addition, whatever the HG1 or low-dose group (LG), the effects of emodin on mitochondria were observed. Overall, for the first time, we showed that emodin inhibited proton transport and induced the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, which might be the reason for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia China , Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , China
| | - Yinhuan Zhang
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine Analysis and Transformation , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , China .
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia China , Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia China , Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia China , Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine Analysis and Transformation , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , China .
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Zhang X, Li W, Luo S, Sun Z, Nie R. ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of processed Euphorbia lathyris L. for reducing the intestinal toxicity. Proteome Sci 2018; 16:8. [PMID: 29692685 PMCID: PMC5905050 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Euphorbia lathyris L., a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is commonly used for the treatment of hydropsy, ascites, constipation, amenorrhea, and scabies. Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum, which is another type of Euphorbia lathyris that is commonly used in TCM practice and is obtained by removing the oil from the seed that is called paozhi, has been known to ease diarrhea. Whereas, the mechanisms of reducing intestinal toxicity have not been clearly investigated yet. Methods In this study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) in combination with the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomic method was applied to investigate the effects of Euphorbia lathyris L. on the protein expression involved in intestinal metabolism, in order to illustrate the potential attenuated mechanism of Euphorbia lathyris L. processing. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the intestine after treated with Semen Euphorbiae (SE), Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum (SEP) and Euphorbiae Factor 1 (EFL1) were identified. The bioinformatics analysis including GO analysis, pathway analysis, and network analysis were done to analyze the key metabolic pathways underlying the attenuation mechanism through protein network in diarrhea. Western blot were performed to validate selected protein and the related pathways. Results A number of differentially expressed proteins that may be associated with intestinal inflammation were identified. They mainly constituted by part of the cell. The expression sites of them located within cells and organelles. G protein and Eph/Ephrin signal pathway were controlled jointly by SEP and SE. After processing, the extraction of SEP were mainly reflected in the process of cytoskeleton, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Conclusions These findings suggest that SE induced an inflammatory response, and activated the Interleukin signaling pathway, such as the Ang/Tie 2 and JAK2/ STAT signaling pathways, which may eventually contribute to injury result from intestinal inflammatory, while SEP could alleviate this injury by down-regulating STAT1 and activating Ang-4 that might reduce the inflammatory response. Our results demonstrated the importance of Ang-4 and STAT1 expression, which are the target proteins in the attenuated of SE after processing based on proteomic investigation. Thus iTRAQ might be a novel candidate method to study scientific connotation of hypothesis that the attenuated of SE after processing expressed lower toxicity from cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring Road, Number 11, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzi Wang
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring Road, Number 11, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojing Li
- 2Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dong cheng District, Dongzhimen Neixiang Street on the 16th, Beijing, 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuting Zhang
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring Road, Number 11, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Li
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring Road, Number 11, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxiu Luo
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring Road, Number 11, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Sun
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring Road, Number 11, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijie Nie
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring Road, Number 11, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 People's Republic of China
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Petros Z, Lee MTM, Takahashi A, Zhang Y, Yimer G, Habtewold A, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Mushiroda T, Makonnen E, Kubo M, Aklillu E. Genome-Wide Association and Replication Study of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Antiretrovirals Alone or with Concomitant Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:207-216. [PMID: 28388302 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is a common adverse event that is associated with both antiretroviral (ARV) and anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATD). Moreover, the genetic variations predisposing ARV- and ARV-ATD-induced liver toxicity in African populations are not well investigated, despite the two diseases being the major global health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and replication study to identify the genetic variants linked to the risk of developing DIH due to ARV drugs alone, and ARV-ATD co-treatment in Ethiopian HIV-positive patients. Treatment-naïve newly diagnosed HIV patients (n = 719) with or without tuberculosis (TB) co-infection were enrolled prospectively and received efavirenz-based ARV therapy with or without rifampicin-based short course ATD, respectively. Whole-genome genotyping was performed by using the Illumina Omni Express Exome Bead Chip genotyping array with 951,117 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a total of 41 cases of DIH, and 452 people without DIH (treatment tolerants). The replication study was carried out for 100 SNPs with the lowest p-values (top SNPs) by using an independent cohort consisting of 18 DIH cases and 208 treatment tolerants. We identified a missense SNP rs199650082 (2756G→A, R919Q, p = 1.4 × 10-6, odds ratio [OR] = 18.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.1-46.9) in an endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus signaling-1 (ERN1) gene on chromosome 17 to be associated with DIH in the ARV-only cohort. In the ARV-ATD co-treatment groups, rs4842407, a long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) transcript variant on chromosome 12, was associated with DIH (p = 5.3 × 10-7, OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.8-10.3). These genetic variants that are putatively associated with DIH due to ARV drugs alone and ARV-ATD co-treatment establish a foundation for future personalized medicine in people with HIV and TB and call for larger studies in independent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Petros
- 1 Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences , Yokohama, Japan .,2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ming Ta Michael Lee
- 1 Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- 3 Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- 1 Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Getnet Yimer
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Habtewold
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ina Schuppe-Koistinen
- 4 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taisei Mushiroda
- 5 Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- 6 Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- 7 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge C1:68 , KarolinskaInstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chambliss AB, Chan DW. Precision medicine: from pharmacogenomics to pharmacoproteomics. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27708556 PMCID: PMC5037608 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease progression and drug response may vary significantly from patient to patient. Fortunately, the rapid development of high-throughput ‘omics’ technologies has allowed for the identification of potential biomarkers that may aid in the understanding of the heterogeneities in disease development and treatment outcomes. However, mechanistic gaps remain when the genome or the proteome are investigated independently in response to drug treatment. In this article, we discuss the current status of pharmacogenomics in precision medicine and highlight the needs for concordant analysis at the proteome and metabolome levels via the more recently-evolved fields of pharmacoproteomics, toxicoproteomics, and pharmacometabolomics. Integrated ‘omics’ investigations will be critical in piecing together targetable mechanisms of action for both drug development and monitoring of therapy in order to fully apply precision medicine to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Chambliss
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA ; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Daniel W Chan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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8
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Kang SJ, Lee HM, Park YI, Yi H, Lee H, So B, Song JY, Kang HG. Chemically induced hepatotoxicity in human stem cell-induced hepatocytes compared with primary hepatocytes and HepG2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:403-17. [PMID: 27287938 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-induced hepatocytes (SC-iHeps) have been suggested as a valuable model for evaluating drug toxicology. Here, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (QIA7) and embryonic stem cells (WA01) were differentiated into hepatocytes, and the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen (AAP) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were compared with primary hepatocytes (p-Heps) and HepG2. In a cytotoxicity assay, the IC50 of SC-iHeps was similar to that in p-Heps and HepG2 in the AAP groups but different from that in p-Heps of the AFB1 groups. In a multi-parameter assay, phenotypic changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium influx and oxidative stress were similar between QIA7-iHeps and p-Heps following AAP and AFB1 treatment but relatively low in WA01-iHeps and HepG2. Most hepatic functional markers (hepatocyte-specific genes, albumin/urea secretion, and the CYP450 enzyme activity) were decreased in a dose-dependent manner following AAP and AFB1 treatment in SC-iHeps and p-Heps but not in HepG2. Regarding CYP450 inhibition, the cell viability of SC-iHeps and p-Heps was increased by ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Collectively, SC-iHeps and p-Heps showed similar cytotoxicity and hepatocyte functional effects for AAP and AFB1 compared with HepG2. Therefore, SC-iHeps have phenotypic characteristics and sensitivity to cytotoxic chemicals that are more similar to p-Heps than to HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Kang
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Mi Lee
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Park
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yi
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Lee
- CHEM.I.NET Ltd, Mok-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-818, Republic of Korea
| | - ByungJae So
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Goo Kang
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Costa PM, Fadeel B. Emerging systems biology approaches in nanotoxicology: Towards a mechanism-based understanding of nanomaterial hazard and risk. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 299:101-11. [PMID: 26721310 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials are being developed for a variety of technological applications. However, the increasing use of nanomaterials in society has led to concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. During the first decade of nanotoxicological research, the realization has emerged that effective risk assessment of the multitudes of new nanomaterials would benefit from a comprehensive understanding of their toxicological mechanisms, which is difficult to achieve with traditional, low-throughput, single end-point oriented approaches. Therefore, systems biology approaches are being progressively applied within the nano(eco)toxicological sciences. This novel paradigm implies that the study of biological systems should be integrative resulting in quantitative and predictive models of nanomaterial behaviour in a biological system. To this end, global 'omics' approaches with which to assess changes in genes, proteins, metabolites, etc. are deployed allowing for computational modelling of the biological effects of nanomaterials. Here, we highlight omics and systems biology studies in nanotoxicology, aiming towards the implementation of a systems nanotoxicology and mechanism-based risk assessment of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Costa
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Miao Q, Zhao YY, Miao PP, Chen N, Yan XH, Guo CE, Chen HY, Zhang YJ. Proteomics approach to analyze protein profiling related with ADME/Tox in rat treated with Scutellariae radix and Coptidis rhizoma as well as their compatibility. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:241-250. [PMID: 26232629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellariae radix (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) and Coptidis rhizoma (Coptis chinensis Franch), known as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have been widely used with the effects of suppressing fever, dispelling dampness, purging fire and removing toxicosis. Owing to their unimaginable complexity, it is difficult to understand their pharmacokinetic properties in detail. The aim of this study was to develop an optimal proteomics approach to analyze the protein profiling related with ADME/Tox in rat liver treated with S. radix and C. rhizoma as well as their compatibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were respectively administered the extracts of S. radix, C. rhizoma and their mixture for 7 days, and their liver tissue samples were prepared for the comparative proteomic analysis. The significantly differentially expressed proteins between the experimental groups and the control group were found and identified by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. To validate the proteomic analysis results, glutathion peroxidase, catalase and betaine homocysteine methyl transferase were selected and confirmed by western blotting. RESULTS Seventy eight significantly differentially expressed proteins between the experimental groups and the control group were found and identified. By querying the relational databases, the identified differentially expressed proteins were summarized and classified into three groups, phase I drug metabolic enzymes, phase II drug metabolic enzymes and the rest proteins which mainly involve in energy metabolism, signal transduction and cytoskeleton. These proteins involved in ADME/Tox may be the targets for metabolic studies or markers for toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated S. radix and C. rhizoma as well as their compatibility can assuredly influence the expression of the proteins in rat liver. After administration, the majority of these expressions presented a downward trend, which may be closely related to the pharmacological properties of the medicine. The method in this study may open up a new road for the complementary tests for ADME/Tox properties of S. radix and C. rhizoma as well as their compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Miao
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Pei-Pei Miao
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ning Chen
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xue-Hua Yan
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chang-E Guo
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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11
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Cutler P, Voshol H. Proteomics in pharmaceutical research and development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:643-50. [PMID: 25763573 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the 20 years since its inception, the evolution of proteomics in pharmaceutical industry has mirrored the developments within academia and indeed other industries. From initial enthusiasm and subsequent disappointment in global protein expression profiling, pharma research saw the biggest impact when relating to more focused approaches, such as those exploring the interaction between proteins and drugs. Nowadays, proteomics technologies have been integrated in many areas of pharmaceutical R&D, ranging from the analysis of therapeutic proteins to the monitoring of clinical trials. Here, we review the development of proteomics in the drug discovery process, placing it in a historical context as well as reviewing the current status in light of the contributions to this special issue, which reflect some of the diverse demands of the drug and biomarker pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cutler
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Golizeh M, Schneider C, Ohlund LB, Sleno L. Multidimensional LC–MS/MS analysis of liver proteins in rat, mouse and human microsomal and S9 fractions. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Wei J, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Cao C, Li X, Li D, Liu X, Yang H, Huang L. Proteomic investigation of signatures for geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5724-33. [PMID: 25336395 DOI: 10.1021/pr5007119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the safety of traditional medicinal herbs and their major active constituents is critical for their widespread usage. Geniposide, a major active constituent with a defined structure from the traditional medicinal herb Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS fruit, exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic properties and has been used in a variety of medical fields, mainly for the treatment of liver diseases. However, geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity and methods for the early detection of hepatotoxicity have yet to be reported. In this study, geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated. In addition, candidate biomarkers for the earlier detection of geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity were identified using a label-free quantitative proteomics approach on a geniposide overdose-induced liver injury in a rat model. Using an accurate intensity-based, absolute quantification (iBAQ)-based, one-step discovery and verification approach, a candidate biomarker panel was easily obtained from individual samples in response to different conditions. To determine the biomarkers' early detection abilities, five candidate biomarkers were selected and tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Two biomarkers, glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) and glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL), were found to indicate hepatic injuries significantly earlier than the current gold standard liver biomarker. This study provides a first insight into geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model and describes a method for the earlier detection of this hepatotoxicity, facilitating the efficient monitoring of drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing 100700, China
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14
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Rodrigues RM, Sachinidis A, De Boe V, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T, De Kock J. Identification of potential biomarkers of hepatitis B-induced acute liver failure using hepatic cells derived from human skin precursors. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:1231-9. [PMID: 25458485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Besides their role in the elucidation of pathogenic processes of medical and pharmacological nature, biomarkers can also be used to document specific toxicological events. Hepatic cells generated from human skin-derived precursors (hSKP-HPC) were previously shown to be a promising in vitro tool for the evaluation of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, their capacity to identify potential liver-specific biomarkers at the gene expression level was investigated with particular emphasis on acute liver failure (ALF). To this end, a set of potential ALF-specific biomarkers was established using clinically relevant liver samples obtained from patients suffering from hepatitis B-associated ALF. Subsequently, this data was compared to data obtained from primary human hepatocyte cultures and hSKP-HPC, both exposed to the ALF-inducing reference compound acetaminophen. It was found that both in vitro systems revealed a set of molecules that was previously identified in the ALF liver samples. Yet, only a limited number of molecules was common between both in vitro systems and the ALF liver samples. Each of the in vitro systems could be used independently to identify potential toxicity biomarkers related to ALF. It seems therefore more appropriate to combine primary human hepatocyte cultures with complementary in vitro models to efficiently screen out potential hepatotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veerle De Boe
- Department of Urology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Rabilloud T, Lescuyer P. Proteomics in mechanistic toxicology: History, concepts, achievements, caveats, and potential. Proteomics 2014; 15:1051-74. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Rabilloud
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CNRS UMR; 5249 Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CEA Grenoble; iRTSV/CBM; Grenoble France
| | - Pierre Lescuyer
- Department of Human Protein Sciences; Clinical Proteomics and Chemistry Group; Geneva University; Geneva Switzerland
- Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Laboratory; Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
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16
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Titz B, Elamin A, Martin F, Schneider T, Dijon S, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Proteomics for systems toxicology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 11:73-90. [PMID: 25379146 PMCID: PMC4212285 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current toxicology studies frequently lack measurements at molecular resolution to enable a more mechanism-based and predictive toxicological assessment. Recently, a systems toxicology assessment framework has been proposed, which combines conventional toxicological assessment strategies with system-wide measurement methods and computational analysis approaches from the field of systems biology. Proteomic measurements are an integral component of this integrative strategy because protein alterations closely mirror biological effects, such as biological stress responses or global tissue alterations. Here, we provide an overview of the technical foundations and highlight select applications of proteomics for systems toxicology studies. With a focus on mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we summarize the experimental methods for quantitative proteomics and describe the computational approaches used to derive biological/mechanistic insights from these datasets. To illustrate how proteomics has been successfully employed to address mechanistic questions in toxicology, we summarized several case studies. Overall, we provide the technical and conceptual foundation for the integration of proteomic measurements in a more comprehensive systems toxicology assessment framework. We conclude that, owing to the critical importance of protein-level measurements and recent technological advances, proteomics will be an integral part of integrative systems toxicology approaches in the future.
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17
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Van den Hof WFPM, Van Summeren A, Lommen A, Coonen MLJ, Brauers K, van Herwijnen M, Wodzig WKWH, Kleinjans JCS. Integrative cross-omics analysis in primary mouse hepatocytes unravels mechanisms of cyclosporin A-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2014; 324:18-26. [PMID: 25047351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The liver is responsible for drug metabolism and drug-induced hepatotoxicity is the most frequent reason for drug withdrawal, indicating that better pre-clinical toxicity tests are needed. In order to bypass animal models for toxicity screening, we exposed primary mouse hepatocytes for exploring the prototypical hepatotoxicant cyclosporin A. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying cyclosporin A-induced hepatotoxicity, we analyzed expression levels of proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs and metabolites. Integrative analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics showed that protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 4 was up-regulated on both the protein level and mRNA level. This protein is involved in protein folding and secretion in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, the microRNA mmu-miR-182-5p which is predicted to interact with the mRNA of this protein, was also differentially expressed, further emphasizing endoplasmic reticulum stress as important event in drug-induced toxicity. To further investigate the interaction between the significantly expressed proteins, a network was created including genes and microRNAs known to interact with these proteins and this network was used to visualize the experimental data. In total 6 clusters could be distinguished which appeared to be involved in several toxicity related processes, including alteration of protein folding and secretion in the endoplasmic reticulum. Metabonomic analyses resulted in 5 differentially expressed metabolites, indicative of an altered glucose, lipid and cholesterol homeostasis which can be related to cholestasis. Single and integrative analyses of transcriptomics, proteomics and metabonomics reveal mechanisms underlying cyclosporin A-induced cholestasis demonstrating that endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response are important processes in drug-induced liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim F P M Van den Hof
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Van Summeren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten L J Coonen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karen Brauers
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel van Herwijnen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Will K W H Wodzig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Toxicogenomics Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Acosta-Martin AE, Lane L. Combining bioinformatics and MS-based proteomics: clinical implications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:269-84. [PMID: 24720436 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.900446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical proteomics research aims at i) discovery of protein biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and prognosis of disease, ii) discovery of protein therapeutic targets for improvement of disease prevention, treatment and follow-up, and iii) development of mass spectrometry (MS)-based assays that could be implemented in clinical chemistry, microbiology or hematology laboratories. MS has been increasingly applied in clinical proteomics studies for the identification and quantification of proteins. Bioinformatics plays a key role in the exploitation of MS data in several aspects such as the generation and curation of protein sequence databases, the development of appropriate software for MS data treatment and integration with other omics data and the establishment of adequate standard files for data sharing. In this article, we discuss the main MS approaches and bioinformatics solutions that are currently applied to accomplish the objectives of clinical proteomic research.
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19
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20
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Integrated systems toxicology approaches identified the possible involvement of ABC transporters pathway in erythromycin estolate-induced liver injury in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:343-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Hebels DGA, Jetten MJA, Aerts HJW, Herwig R, Theunissen DHJ, Gaj S, van Delft JH, Kleinjans JCS. Evaluation of database-derived pathway development for enabling biomarker discovery for hepatotoxicity. Biomark Med 2014; 8:185-200. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current testing models for predicting drug-induced liver injury are inadequate, as they basically under-report human health risks. We present here an approach towards developing pathways based on hepatotoxicity-associated gene groups derived from two types of publicly accessible hepatotoxicity databases, in order to develop drug-induced liver injury biomarker profiles. One human liver ‘omics-based and four text-mining-based databases were explored for hepatotoxicity-associated gene lists. Over-representation analysis of these gene lists with a hepatotoxicant-exposed primary human hepatocytes data set showed that human liver ‘omics gene lists performed better than text-mining gene lists and the results of the latter differed strongly between databases. However, both types of databases contained gene lists demonstrating biomarker potential. Visualizing those in pathway format may aid in interpreting the biomolecular background. We conclude that exploiting existing and openly accessible databases in a dedicated manner seems promising in providing venues for translational research in toxicology and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennie GA Hebels
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlon JA Jetten
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo JW Aerts
- Department or Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ralf Herwig
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniël HJ Theunissen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stan Gaj
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos CS Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Antoine DJ, Harrill AH, Watkins PB, Park BK. Safety biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury – current status and future perspectives. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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23
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Wu J, Puppala D, Feng X, Monetti M, Lapworth AL, Geoghegan KF. Chemoproteomic analysis of intertissue and interspecies isoform diversity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35904-12. [PMID: 24187138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric enzyme that senses and governs changes in the cellular energy balance represented by concentrations of AMP, ADP, and ATP. Each of its three chains (α, β, and γ) exists as either two or three subtypes, theoretically allowing up to 12 different forms of the complete enzyme. Tissue specificity in the distribution of AMPK subtypes is believed to underpin a range of biological functions for AMPK, a central regulator of metabolic function and response. It is of particular interest for drug discovery purposes to compare AMPK isoforms that are most prevalent in human liver and muscle with isoforms present in key preclinical species. To complement immunocapture/immunodetection methods, which for AMPK are challenged by sequence similarities and difficulties of obtaining accurate relative quantitation, AMPK was captured from lysates of a range of cells and tissues using the ActivX ATP probe. This chemical probe covalently attaches desthiobiotin to one or more conserved lysyl residues in the ATP-binding sites of protein kinases, including AMPK, while also labeling a wide range of ATP-utilizing proteins. Affinity-based recovery of labeled proteins followed by gel-based fractionation of the captured sample was followed by proteomic characterization of AMPK polypeptides. In agreement with transcript-based analysis and previous indications from immunodetection, the results indicated that the predominant AMPK heterotrimer in human liver is α1β2γ1 but that dog and rat livers mainly contain the α1β1γ1 and α2β1γ1 forms, respectively. Differences were not detected between the AMPK profiles of normal and diabetic human liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- From Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and
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24
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Ahuja V, Sharma S. Drug safety testing paradigm, current progress and future challenges: an overview. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:576-94. [PMID: 24777877 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early assessment of the toxicity potential of new molecules in pharmaceutical industry is a multi-dimensional task involving predictive systems and screening approaches to aid in the optimization of lead compounds prior to their entry into development phase. Due to the high attrition rate in the pharma industry in last few years, it has become imperative for the nonclinical toxicologist to focus on novel approaches which could be helpful for early screening of drug candidates. The need is that the toxicologists should change their classical approach to a more investigative approach. This review discusses the developments that allow toxicologists to anticipate safety problems and plan ways to address them earlier than ever before. This includes progress in the field of in vitro models, surrogate models, molecular toxicology, 'omics' technologies, translational safety biomarkers, stem-cell based assays and preclinical imaging. The traditional boundaries between teams focusing on efficacy/ safety and preclinical/ clinical aspects in the pharma industry are disappearing, and translational research-centric organizations with a focused vision of bringing drugs forward safely and rapidly are emerging. Today's toxicologist should collaborate with medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and clinicians and these value-adding contributions will change traditional toxicologists from side-effect identifiers to drug development enablers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- Drug Safety Assessment, Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Nande Village, MulshiTaluka, Pune, 412 115, India
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25
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Morris MK, Chi A, Melas IN, Alexopoulos LG. Phosphoproteomics in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:425-32. [PMID: 24141136 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several important aspects of the drug discovery process, including target identification, mechanism of action determination and biomarker identification as well as drug repositioning, require complete understanding of the effects of drugs on protein phosphorylation in relevant biological systems. Novel high-throughput phosphoproteomic technologies can be employed to measure these phosphorylation events. In this review, we describe the advantages and limitations of state-of-the-art phosphoproteomic approaches such as mass spectrometry and antibody-based technologies in terms of sample and data throughput as well as data quality. We then discuss how datasets from each technology can be analyzed and how the results can be and have been applied to advance different aspects of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An Chi
- Merck & Co., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis N Melas
- ProtATonce Ltd, Athens, Greece; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- ProtATonce Ltd, Athens, Greece; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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26
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Cho YE, Moon PG, Lee JE, Singh TSK, Kang W, Lee HC, Lee MH, Kim SH, Baek MC. Integrative analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data for identification of pathways related to simvastatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Proteomics 2013; 13:1257-75. [PMID: 23322611 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are used widely as a cell model for investigation of xenobiotic metabolism and the toxic mechanism of drugs. Simvastatin is the first statin drug used extensively in clinical practice for control of elevated cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia. However, it has also been reported to cause adverse effects in liver due to cellular damage. In this study, for proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, rat primary hepatocytes were exposed to simvastatin at IC20 concentration for 24 h. Among a total of 607 differentially expressed proteins, 61 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins have been identified in the simvastatin-treated group. At the mRNA level, results of transcriptomic analysis revealed 206 upregulated and 41 downregulated genes in the simvastatin-treated group. Based on results of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, xenobiotics by metabolism of cytochrome P450, fatty acid metabolism, bile metabolism, and urea cycle and inflammation metabolism pathways were focused using IPA software. Genes (FASN, UGT2B, ALDH1A1, CYP1A2, GSTA2, HAP90, IL-6, IL-1, FABP4, and ABC11) and proteins (FASN, CYP2D1, UG2TB, ALDH1A1, GSTA2, HSP90, FABP4, and ABCB11) related to several important pathways were confirmed by real-time PCR andWestern blot analysis, respectively. This study will provide new insight into the potential toxic pathways induced by simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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27
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Drug-Induced Liver Injury Throughout the Drug Development Life Cycle: Where We Have Been, Where We are Now, and Where We are Headed. Perspectives of a Clinical Hepatologist. Pharmaceut Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40290-013-0015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Optimized proteomic analysis of rat liver microsomes using dual enzyme digestion with 2D-LC–MS/MS. J Proteomics 2013; 82:166-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Updates on chemical and biological research on botanical ingredients in dietary supplements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4373-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Hawkins MT, Lewis JH. Latest advances in predicting DILI in human subjects: focus on biomarkers. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1521-30. [PMID: 22998122 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.724060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The quest for a biomarker that would reliably identify patients at risk of developing acute drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to a specific agent or class of agents before it occurs, has been underway for years. Historical host factors for DILI, such as older age and female gender, are not considered sufficient to truly predict an individual's inherent risk of DILI. In vitro and animal-based biomarker discoveries, in many instances, have not been considered accurate enough for drug development in human subjects nor for use in clinical practice. AREAS COVERED In order to assess the current state of biomarkers to predict idiosyncratic human DILI, the authors utilized the PubMed literature search tool to identify research reports dealing with clinical DILI biomarkers covering the period of 2010 through to June 2012. Studies involving pharmacogenetic, proteomic and toxicogenomic analyses are preferentially reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Although acute DILI has been linked to specific genetic associations (e.g., flucloxacillin and HLA-B*5701; and certain polymorphisms seen with anti-TB agent DILI), such predictors have been able to identify only some patients at risk for only a limited number of drugs. Proteomic-based biomarkers from stored sera in the US DILI Network, such as apolipoprotein E, have been identified as potential candidates, but require further study. As it currently stands, the quest for a widely applicable, validated DILI biomarker remains an ongoing clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiyen Tran Hawkins
- Georgetown University Hospital, Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, 3800 Reservoir Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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31
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The determination and interpretation of the therapeutic index in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:751-61. [PMID: 22935759 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A key part of drug discovery and development is the characterization and optimization of the safety and efficacy of drug candidates to identify those that have an appropriately balanced safety-efficacy profile for a given indication. The therapeutic index (TI)--which is typically considered as the ratio of the highest exposure to the drug that results in no toxicity to the exposure that produces the desired efficacy--is an important parameter in efforts to achieve this balance. Various types of safety and efficacy data are generated in vitro and in vivo (in animals and in humans), and these data can be used to predict the clinical TI of a drug candidate at an early stage. However, approaches to systematically and quantitatively compare these types of data and to apply this knowledge more effectively are needed. This article critically discusses the various aspects of TI determination and interpretation in drug development for both small molecule drugs and biotherapeutics.
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32
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Snyder-Talkington BN, Qian Y, Castranova V, Guo NL. New perspectives for in vitro risk assessment of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: application of coculture and bioinformatics. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2012; 15:468-492. [PMID: 23190270 PMCID: PMC3513758 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2012.736856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field with wide application for industrial and medical use; therefore, understanding the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials is critical for their commercialization. While short-term in vivo studies have been performed to understand the toxicity profile of various nanomaterials, there is a current effort to shift toxicological testing from in vivo observational models to predictive and high-throughput in vitro models. However, conventional monoculture results of nanoparticle exposure are often disparate and not predictive of in vivo toxic effects. A coculture system of multiple cell types allows for cross-talk between cells and better mimics the in vivo environment. This review proposes that advanced coculture models, combined with integrated analysis of genome-wide in vivo and in vitro toxicogenomic data, may lead to development of predictive multigene expression-based models to better determine toxicity profiles of nanomaterials and consequent potential human health risk due to exposure to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N. Snyder-Talkington
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Nancy L. Guo
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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