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Kim YJ, Seo DH, Kim IS, Jung MS, Bae JY, Song MY, Song KS, Kim JS. Preliminary Study on an Alternative Test Method with MCTT HCE TM for Ocular Irritation Test of Ophthalmic Medical Devices. TOXICS 2023; 11:289. [PMID: 36977054 PMCID: PMC10051360 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sustained growth of the market for ophthalmic medical devices has increased the demand for alternatives to animal testing for the evaluation of eye irritation. The International Organization for Standardization has acknowledged the need to develop novel in vitro tests to replace animal testing. Here, we evaluated the applicability of an alternative method based on a human corneal model to test the safety of ophthalmic medical devices. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which are used to fabricate contact lenses, were used as base materials. These materials were blended with eye irritant and non-irritant chemicals specified in the OECD Test Guideline (TG) 492 and Globally Harmonized System (GHS) classification. Then, three GLP-certified laboratories performed three replicates using the developed method using 3D reconstructed human cornea epithelium, MCTT HCETM. OECD TG 492 describes the procedure used to evaluate the eye hazard potential of the test chemical based on its ability to induce cytotoxicity in a reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCE) tissue. Results: The within-laboratory reproducibility (WLR) and between-laboratory reproducibility (BLR) were both 100%. When a polar extraction solvent was used, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were all 100% in each laboratory. When a non-polar extraction solvent was used, the sensitivity was 80%, the specificity was 100%, and the accuracy was 90%. The proposed method exhibited excellent reproducibility and predictive capacity within and between laboratories. Therefore, the proposed method using the MCTT HCETM model could be used to evaluate eye irritation caused by ophthalmic medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Jee Kim
- Da Vinci College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Seo
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Soo Kim
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, 12-67, Sandan-gil, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun 58141, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Jung
- Biotoxtech, 53, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28115, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Bae
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Gyeonggo-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Song
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seuk Song
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Kim
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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2
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Aizawa S, Yoshida H, Umeshita K, Watanabe S, Takahashi Y, Sakane S, Sakaguchi H, Kataoka S. Development of an oral mucosal irritation test using a three-dimensional human buccal oral mucosal model. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105519. [PMID: 36403724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa can become irritated by oral care products and lip cosmetics. Therefore, it is important to determine the irritation potential of their ingredients and products during safety evaluations. We developed a method for oral mucosal irritation test using EpiOral, which is a three-dimensional cultured model. Exposure of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) to EpiOral showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. Under 120 min exposure conditions, SLS irritation was detected when 60% cell viability was set as a criterion. Evaluation of the irritancy of SLS and four other raw materials used in oral products at three laboratories under the above conditions confirmed good transferability of the test. Focused on the similarity of the oral and eye mucous, 32 chemicals categorised by the UN-GHS eye-irritation classification were evaluated to ensure the reliability of our criteria at these laboratories. The concordance rate between the UN-GHS classification and our test results was 100% for irritants and 60% for non-irritants. The good intra-laboratory reproducibility of our test was confirmed from the evaluation results of negative and positive controls, and the good inter-laboratory reproducibility was confirmed from the results of 32 chemicals. These findings showed that oral mucosal irritation can be evaluated using EpiOral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Aizawa
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, LION Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Yoshida
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, LION Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shinji Sakane
- Safety & Analysis, R&D Support, Sunstar Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakaguchi
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kataoka
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, LION Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
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3
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Lebrun S, Chavez S, Nguyen L, Chan R. Expansion of the application domain of a macromolecular ocular irritation test (OptiSafe™). Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105515. [PMID: 36351539 PMCID: PMC9802687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The OptiSafe (OS) test is shelf-stable, macromolecular eye irritation test that does not include any animal ingredient or component ("vegan"). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the test's accuracy for an expanded application domain for both the original and recently updated OS method. This study involved the testing of additional ocular corrosives and previously excluded foaming agents ("surfactants") using both the original and updated OS methods and then combining these data with prior validation data for a total of 147 chemicals. Predictivity was evaluated by a statistical comparison of the OptiSafe predictions with historical in vivo "Draize" rabbit eye data for the same chemicals (from public databases). We report that for the detection of chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation [Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) No Category], the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were 92.8%, 79.6%, and 100.0%, respectively, for the updated method; for the detection of chemicals inducing extreme eye damage/corrosion (GHS Category 1), the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were 79.4%, 71.8%, and 91.7%, respectively, for the updated method. Results indicate that both the original and updated methods have a high accuracy for the expanded application domain that included ocular corrosives and surfactants.
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Di (Isoquinolin-1-Yl) Sulfane (DIQS) Inhibits Melaninogenesis by Modulating PKA/CREB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel synthetic compound Di (isoquinolin-1-yl) sulfane (DIQS) was identified by zebrafish larva screening during the development of an agent to inhibit abnormal hyperpigmentation. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of DIQS on melanogenesis and its underlying mechanism. DIQS inhibited melanin production and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells stimulated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), as well as zebrafish embryos and reconstituted human skin tissue containing melanocytes. DIQS decreased the mRNA and protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase at a concentration of 10 μM. DIQS also inhibited the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and p-p38 and p-JNK stimulated by α-MSH. These results suggest that DIQS attenuates hyperpigmentation via inhibition of the cAMP/PKA/CREB/MITF/tyrosinase axis and MAPK pathways. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that DIQS blocked the conversion of tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in zebrafish embryos. Finally, we confirmed that DIQS was non-toxic in reconstituted human tissues such as the epidermis, used to test skin sensitization, and the cornea, used to test eye irritation. In summary, the results of this study suggest the potential of DIQS as a small-molecule agent for skin-whitening cosmetics and the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders without biological toxicity.
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Helena Macedo M, Baião A, Pinto S, Barros AS, Almeida H, Almeida A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. Mucus-producing 3D cell culture models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113993. [PMID: 34619286 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based models have been used for a long time since they are normally easily obtained and have an advantageous cost-benefit. Besides, they can serve a variety of ends, from studying drug absorption and metabolism to disease modeling. However, some in vitro models are too simplistic, not accurately representing the living tissues. It has been shown, mainly in the last years, that fully mimicking a tissue composition and architecture can be paramount for cellular behavior and, consequently, for the outcomes of the studies using such models. Because of this, 3D in vitro cell models have been gaining much attention, since they are able to better replicate the in vivo environment. In this review we focus on 3D models that contain mucus-producing cells, as mucus can play a pivotal role in drug absorption. Being frequently overlooked, this viscous fluid can have an impact on drug delivery. Thus, the aim of this review is to understand to which extent can mucus affect mucosal drug delivery and to provide a state-of-the-art report on the existing 3D cell-based mucus models.
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Hwang DB, Kim SY, Won DH, Kim C, Shin YS, Park JH, Chun YJ, Lim KM, Yun JW. Egr1 Gene Expression as a Potential Biomarker for In Vitro Prediction of Ocular Toxicity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101584. [PMID: 34683877 PMCID: PMC8537669 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are used for preclinical toxicity studies, and the need for in vitro alternative methods has been strongly raised. Our study aims to elucidate the potential mechanism of change in EGR1 expression under situations of toxic injury and to develop an Egr1 promoter-luciferase gene reporter assay for an in vitro alternative method for toxicity prediction in drug discovery. We first found an increase in early growth response-1 (EGR1) mRNA/protein expressions in the liver and kidney of cisplatin-treated injured rats. Additionally, the EGR1 protein level was also elevated under situations of ocular injury after sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) eye drops. These in vivo observations on injury-related EGR1 induction were confirmed by in vitro studies, where human corneal epithelial cells were treated with representative irritants (SLS and benzalkonium chloride) and 17 chemicals having different UN GHS irritant categories. Additionally, our results suggest the involvement of ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK pathways in EGR1 elevation in response to gamma-butyrolactone-induced injury. As EGR1 is considered to be a pivotal factor in proliferation and regeneration, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Egr1 promoted cytotoxic potential through a delay of injury-related recovery. More importantly, the elevation of promoter activities was observed by various irritants in cells transfected with Egr1 promoter-reporter vector. In conclusion, Egr1 can be a potential biomarker in a promoter-reporter system to improve the accuracy of in vitro predictions for ocular irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Bin Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (D.-B.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.-H.W.); (C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Shin-Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (D.-B.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.-H.W.); (C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Dong-Hoon Won
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (D.-B.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.-H.W.); (C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Changuk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (D.-B.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.-H.W.); (C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Yoo-Sub Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (D.-B.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.-H.W.); (C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-M.L.); (J.-W.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.); +82-2-2164-4830 (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (D.-B.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (D.-H.W.); (C.K.); (Y.-S.S.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-M.L.); (J.-W.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.); +82-2-2164-4830 (J.-W.Y.)
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Siafaka PI, Çağlar EŞ, Sipahi H, Charehsaz M, Aydın A, Üstündağ Okur N. Ocular microemulsion of brinzolamide: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro irritation studies based on EpiOcular™ eye irritation assay. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:765-778. [PMID: 34154503 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1944206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the hydrophobic active substances have led researchers to develop new formulations to enhance bioavailability and dissolution rate; brinzolamide, a lipophilic drug belongs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which cause reduction of intraocular pressure in patients suffering from glaucoma. Currently, the marketed product of brinzolamide is in the form of ocular drops; nonetheless, the conventional drops provide decreased therapeutic efficacy owing to their low bioavailability and pulsed drug release. Thus, the development of novel ocular formulations such as topical microemulsions is of high importance. In this work, the preparation of new microemulsions containing brinzolamide (0.2, 0.5 and 1% w/w) and comprised from isopropyl myristate, tween 80 and span 20 and Cremophor EL was performed. The obtained microemulsions were further characterized for their physicochemical properties. In addition, Fourier Transformed-Infrared spectroscopy was used touate the compatibility of active ingredients and components. In vitro release studies along with kinetic modeling were performed using the dialysis membrane method in simulated tear fluid. Bioadhesion studies were performed using Texture analysis. Finally, in vitro ocular irritation based on EpiOcular™ Eye Irritation Test and cytocompatibility studies was performed to examine any possible harm on ocular cells and predict in vivo safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panoraia I Siafaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.,KES College, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Emre Şefik Çağlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Charehsaz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydın
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Lebrun S, Nguyen L, Chavez S, Chan R, Le D, Nguyen M, Jester JV. Same-chemical comparison of nonanimal eye irritation test methods: Bovine corneal opacity and permeability, EpiOcular™, isolated chicken eye, ocular Irritection®, OptiSafe™, and short time exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105070. [PMID: 33352259 PMCID: PMC8544240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The testing and classification of chemicals to determine adverse ocular effects are routinely conducted to ensure that materials are appropriately classified, labeled, and meet regulatory and safety guidelines. We have performed a same-chemical analysis using publicly available validation study results and compared the performance between tests for the same chemicals. To normalize for chemical selection, we matched chemicals tested by pairs of tests so that each matched set compared performance for the exact same chemicals. Same-chemical accuracy comparisons demonstrate a chemical selection effect that results in a wide range of overlapping false-positive (FP) rates and accuracies for all test methods. In addition, the analysis suggests that a tiered-testing strategy with specific combinations of tests can reduce the FP rate for some combinations. However, reductions in the FP rates were typically accompanied by an increase in the false-negative rates, resulting in minimal advantage in terms of accuracy. In addition, actual improvements in the FP rate after retesting positives with a second test are not as good as the theoretical improvements because some chemicals and functional groups appear to be broadly misclassified by all test methods, which, to the extent the tests make the same-chemical misclassifications, reduces the advantage of using tiered-testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Debby Le
- Lebrun Labs LLC, Anaheim, CA, USA
| | | | - James V Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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9
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In vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models for ocular toxicology and ophthalmic drug development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:207-237. [PMID: 33544359 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testing of all manufactured products and their ingredients for eye irritation is a regulatory requirement. In the last two decades, the development of alternatives to the in vivo Draize eye irritation test method has substantially advanced due to the improvements in primary cell isolation, cell culture techniques, and media, which have led to improved in vitro corneal tissue models and test methods. Most in vitro models for ocular toxicology attempt to reproduce the corneal epithelial tissue which consists of 4-5 layers of non-keratinized corneal epithelial cells that form tight junctions, thereby limiting the penetration of chemicals, xenobiotics, and pharmaceuticals. Also, significant efforts have been directed toward the development of more complex three-dimensional (3D) equivalents to study wound healing, drug permeation, and bioavailability. This review focuses on in vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models and their utilization in ocular toxicology as well as their application to pharmacology and ophthalmic research. Current human 3D corneal epithelial cell culture models have replaced in vivo animal eye irritation tests for many applications, and substantial validation efforts are in progress to verify and approve alternative eye irritation tests for widespread use. The validation of drug absorption models and further development of models and test methods for many ophthalmic and ocular disease applications is required.
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10
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García-Posadas L, Diebold Y. Three-Dimensional Human Cell Culture Models to Study the Pathophysiology of the Anterior Eye. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1215. [PMID: 33333869 PMCID: PMC7765302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the establishment of complex three-dimensional (3D) models of tissues has allowed researchers to perform high-quality studies and to not only advance knowledge of the physiology of these tissues but also mimic pathological conditions to test novel therapeutic strategies. The main advantage of 3D models is that they recapitulate the spatial architecture of tissues and thereby provide more physiologically relevant information. The eye is an extremely complex organ that comprises a large variety of highly heterogeneous tissues that are divided into two asymmetrical portions: the anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment consists of the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, sclera, aqueous humor, and the lens. Different diseases in these tissues can have devastating effects. To study these pathologies and develop new treatments, the use of cell culture models is instrumental, and the better the model, the more relevant the results. Thus, the development of sophisticated 3D models of ocular tissues is a significant challenge with enormous potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the development of 3D in vitro models of the anterior segment of the eye, with a special focus on those that use human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Ko KY, Jeon HL, Kim J, Kim TS, Hong YH, Jeong MK, Park KH, Kim BH, Park S, Jang WH, Cho SA, An S, Cho AR, Yi JS, Kim JY, Kim H, Lee JK, Park KS. Two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods and minimizing the use of reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium tests for the evaluation of eye irritation potency of test chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104675. [PMID: 31648046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of single in vitro eye irritation tests, Integrated Approaches to Testing Assessment strategies have been suggested for evaluating eye irritation. This study developed two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods. They were designed in consideration of the solubility property of test chemicals and to use the RhCE tests at final steps. The tiered approach A is composed of the STE, BCOP, HET-CAM or RhCE tests, whereas the tiered approach B is designed to perform simultaneously two in vitro test methods at the first stage and the RhCE test at the final stage. The predictive capacity of the two tiered approaches was estimated using 47 chemicals. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity value of the tiered approach A were 95.7% (45/47), 100% (34/34), and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, whereas those of the tiered approach B were 95.7% (45/47), 97.1% (33/34), and 92.3% (12/13), respectively. The approach A and B were considered to be available methods for distinguishing test chemicals of Category 1 (all 73.3%) and No Category (84.6% and 92.3%), respectively. Especially, the approach B was considered as an efficient method as the Bottom-Up approach, because it predicted correctly test chemicals classified as No Category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yuk Ko
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lyun Jeon
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Hong
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Jeong
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo-Hyun Park
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Park
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Jang
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Cho
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Susun An
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Rang Cho
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Yi
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sook Park
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Statistical analysis of the reproducibility and predictive capacity of MCTT HCE™ eye irritation test, a me-too test method for OECD TG 492. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Ye DJ, Kwon YJ, Baek HS, Shin S, Lee C, Yun JW, Nam KT, Lim KM, Chun YJ. Discovery of Ezrin Expression as a Potential Biomarker for Chemically Induced Ocular Irritation Using Human Corneal Epithelium Cell Line and a Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelium Model. Toxicol Sci 2019; 165:335-346. [PMID: 29893927 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have attempted to develop a new in vitro eye irritation test (EIT). To obtain more reliable results from EIT, potential new biomarkers that reflect eye irritation by chemicals must be identified. We investigated candidate biomarkers for eye irritation, using a proteomics approach. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was applied on a reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium model, MCTT HCE, and corneal protein expression was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We found that ezrin (EZR) was significantly upregulated by SLS or BAC. In addition, upregulation of EZR in immortalized human corneal cells treated with SLS or BAC was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, other well-known eye irritants such as cetylpyridinium bromide, Triton X-100, cyclohexanol, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, and sodium hydroxide significantly increased EZR expression in immortalized human corneal cells. Induction of EZR promoter activity in irritant-treated human corneal cells was confirmed by a luciferase gene reporter assay. In conclusion, EZR expression may be a potential biomarker for detecting eye irritation, which may substantially improve the performance of in vitro EIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Seok Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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14
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QobuR – A new in vitro human corneal epithelial model for preclinical drug screening. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Lotz C, Kiesewetter L, Schmid FF, Hansmann J, Walles H, Groeber-Becker F. Replacing the Draize eye test: Impedance spectroscopy as a 3R method to discriminate between all GHS categories for eye irritation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15049. [PMID: 30301970 PMCID: PMC6177390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly invasive animal based test procedures for risk assessment such as the Draize eye test are under increasing criticism due to poor transferability for the human organism and animal-welfare concerns. However, besides all efforts, the Draize eye test is still not completely replaced by alternative animal-free methods. To develop an in vitro test to identify all categories of eye irritation, we combined organotypic cornea models based on primary human cells with an electrical readout system that measures the impedance of the test models. First, we showed that employing a primary human cornea epithelial cell based model is advantageous in native marker expression to the primary human epidermal keratinocytes derived models. Secondly, by employing a non-destructive measuring system based on impedance spectroscopy, we could increase the sensitivity of the test system. Thereby, all globally harmonized systems categories of eye irritation could be identified by repeated measurements over a period of 7 days. Based on a novel prediction model we achieved an accuracy of 78% with a reproducibility of 88.9% to determine all three categories of eye irritation in one single test. This could pave the way according to the 3R principle to replace the Draize eye test.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lotz
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.
| | - L Kiesewetter
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - F F Schmid
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - J Hansmann
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - H Walles
- Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - F Groeber-Becker
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
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16
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Ezrin as a complementary marker in ocular toxicity assessment using a three-dimensional reconstructed human corneal-like epithelium model, EpiOcular™. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 92:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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CON4EI: EpiOcular™ Eye Irritation Test (EpiOcular™ EIT) for hazard identification and labelling of eye irritating chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 49:21-33. [PMID: 28697962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Nervonoylceramide (C24:1Cer), a lipid biomarker for ocular irritants released from the 3D reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium, MCTT HCE™. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 47:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Lee M, Nam KT, Kim J, Lim SE, Yeon SH, Lee B, Lee JY, Lim KM. Evaluation of ocular irritancy of coal-tar dyes used in cosmetics employing reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium and short time exposure tests. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:236-243. [PMID: 28780157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coal-tar dyes in cosmetics may elicit adverse effects in the skin and eyes. Countries, like the US, have banned the use of coal-tar dyes in cosmetics for the eye area due to the potential for ocular irritation. We evaluated the eye irritation potential of 15 coal-tar dyes permitted as cosmetic ingredients in reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCEs [EpiOcular™ and MCTT HCE™]) tests and the short time exposure (STE) test. Eosin YS, phloxine B, tetrachlorotetrabromofluorescein, and tetrabromofluorescein were identified as irritants in RhCEs; dibromofluorescein and uranine yielded discrepant results. STE enabled further classification in accordance with the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, as follows: eosin YS as Cat 2; phloxine B, Cat 1; and tetrachlorotetrabromofluorescein and tetrabromofluorescein, Cat 1/2. STE indicated dibromofluorescein (irritant in EpiOcular™) and uranine (irritant in MCTT HCE™) as No Cat, resulting in the classification of "No prediction can be made." based on bottom-up approach with each model. These results demonstrated that in vitro eye irritation tests can be utilized to evaluate the potential ocular irritancy of cosmetic ingredients and provide significant evidence with which to determine whether precautions should be given for the use of coal-tar dyes in cosmetics or other substances applied to the eye area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungah Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea
| | - Song E Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon Yeon
- BK21 Plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Buhyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21 Plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Lee M, Hwang JH, Lim KM. Alternatives to In Vivo Draize Rabbit Eye and Skin Irritation Tests with a Focus on 3D Reconstructed Human Cornea-Like Epithelium and Epidermis Models. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:191-203. [PMID: 28744350 PMCID: PMC5523559 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eyes and skin are frequently exposed to chemicals accidentally or on purpose due to their external location. Therefore, chemicals are required to undergo the evaluation of the ocular and dermal irritancy for their safe handling and use before release into the market. Draize rabbit eye and skin irritation test developed in 1944, has been a gold standard test which was enlisted as OECD TG 404 and OECD TG 405 but it has been criticized with respect to animal welfare due to invasive and cruel procedure. To replace it, diverse alternatives have been developed: (i) For Draize eye irritation test, organotypic assay, in vitro cytotoxicity-based method, in chemico tests, in silico prediction model, and 3D reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCE); (ii) For Draize skin irritation test, in vitro cytotoxicity-based cell model, and 3D reconstructed human epidermis models (RhE). Of these, RhCE and RhE models are getting spotlight as a promising alternative with a wide applicability domain covering cosmetics and personal care products. In this review, we overviewed the current alternatives to Draize test with a focus on 3D human epithelium models to provide an insight into advancing and widening their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul,
Korea
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21
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Yang H, Kim DE, Jang WH, An S, Cho SA, Jung MS, Lee JE, Yeo KW, Koh SB, Jeong TC, Kang MJ, Chun YJ, Lee SH, Lim KM, Bae S. Prevalidation trial for a novel in vitro eye irritation test using the reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial model, MCTT HCE™. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 39:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Sauer UG, Hill EH, Curren RD, Raabe HA, Kolle SN, Teubner W, Mehling A, Landsiedel R. Local tolerance testing under REACH: Accepted non-animal methods are not on equal footing with animal tests. Altern Lab Anim 2017; 44:281-99. [PMID: 27494627 DOI: 10.1177/026119291604400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In general, no single non-animal method can cover the complexity of any given animal test. Therefore, fixed sets of in vitro (and in chemico) methods have been combined into testing strategies for skin and eye irritation and skin sensitisation testing, with pre-defined prediction models for substance classification. Many of these methods have been adopted as OECD test guidelines. Various testing strategies have been successfully validated in extensive in-house and inter-laboratory studies, but they have not yet received formal acceptance for substance classification. Therefore, under the European REACH Regulation, data from testing strategies can, in general, only be used in so-called weight-of-evidence approaches. While animal testing data generated under the specific REACH information requirements are per se sufficient, the sufficiency of weight-of-evidence approaches can be questioned under the REACH system, and further animal testing can be required. This constitutes an imbalance between the regulatory acceptance of data from approved non-animal methods and animal tests that is not justified on scientific grounds. To ensure that testing strategies for local tolerance testing truly serve to replace animal testing for the REACH registration 2018 deadline (when the majority of existing chemicals have to be registered), clarity on their regulatory acceptance as complete replacements is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Erin H Hill
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Rodger D Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Hans A Raabe
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Susanne N Kolle
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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23
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Multi-laboratory evaluation of SkinEthic HCE test method for testing serious eye damage/eye irritation using solid chemicals and overall performance of the test method with regard to solid and liquid chemicals testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:55-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Alépée N, Hibatallah J, Klaric M, Mewes K, Pfannenbecker U, McNamee P. Assessment of cosmetic ingredients in the in vitro reconstructed human epidermis test method EpiSkin™ using HPLC/UPLC-spectrophotometry in the MTT-reduction assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:105-17. [PMID: 26891813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Yamamoto N, Kato Y, Sato A, Hiramatsu N, Yamashita H, Ohkuma M, Miyachi EI, Horiguchi M, Hirano K, Kojima H. Establishment of a new immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line (iHCE-NY1) for use in evaluating eye irritancy by in vitro test methods. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:742-8. [PMID: 27130679 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro test methods that use human corneal epithelial cells to evaluate the eye irritation potency of chemical substances do not use human corneal epithelium because it has been difficult to maintain more than four passages. In this study, we make a new cell line comprising immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (iHCE-NY1). The IC50 of iHCE-NY1 cells is slightly higher than that of Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells, which are currently used in some in vitro test methods. CDKN1A in iHCE-NY1 cells was used as a marker of gene expression to indicate cell cycle activity. This enabled us to evaluate cell recovery characteristics at concentrations lower than the IC50 of cytotoxic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Yoshinao Kato
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, 2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0071, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, 2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0071, Japan
| | - Noriko Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mahito Ohkuma
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichi Miyachi
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), Division of Pharmacology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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26
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Shafaie S, Hutter V, Cook MT, Brown MB, Chau DYS. In Vitro Cell Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development Applications. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:94-108. [PMID: 27158563 PMCID: PMC4845647 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly expanding field that aims to establish feasible techniques to fabricate biologically equivalent replacements for diseased and damaged tissues/organs. Emerging from this prospect is the development of in vitro representations of organs for drug toxicity assessment. Due to the ever-increasing interest in ocular drug delivery as a route for administration as well as the rise of new ophthalmic therapeutics, there is a demand for physiologically accurate in vitro models of the eye to assess drug delivery and safety of new ocular medicines. This review summarizes current existing ocular models and highlights the important factors and limitations that need to be considered during their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shafaie
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Hutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cook
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marc B Brown
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.; MedPharm Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Y S Chau
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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27
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Alépée N, Leblanc V, Adriaens E, Grandidier M, Lelièvre D, Meloni M, Nardelli L, Roper C, Santirocco E, Toner F, Van Rompay A, Vinall J, Cotovio J. Multi-laboratory validation of SkinEthic HCE test method for testing serious eye damage/eye irritation using liquid chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 31:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Yamaguchi H, Kojima H, Takezawa T. Predictive performance of the Vitrigel-eye irritancy test method using 118 chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:1025-37. [PMID: 26472347 PMCID: PMC5057344 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a novel Vitrigel‐eye irritancy test (EIT) method. The Vitrigel‐EIT method is composed of two parts, i.e., the construction of a human corneal epithelium (HCE) model in a collagen vitrigel membrane chamber and the prediction of eye irritancy by analyzing the time‐dependent profile of transepithelial electrical resistance values for 3 min after exposing a chemical to the HCE model. In this study, we estimated the predictive performance of Vitrigel‐EIT method by testing a total of 118 chemicals. The category determined by the Vitrigel‐EIT method in comparison to the globally harmonized system classification revealed that the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 90.1%, 65.9% and 80.5%, respectively. Here, five of seven false‐negative chemicals were acidic chemicals inducing the irregular rising of transepithelial electrical resistance values. In case of eliminating the test chemical solutions showing pH 5 or lower, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were improved to 96.8%, 67.4% and 84.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, nine of 16 false‐positive chemicals were classified irritant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the disappearance of ZO‐1, a tight junction‐associated protein and MUC1, a cell membrane‐spanning mucin was immunohistologically confirmed in the HCE models after exposing not only eye irritant chemicals but also false‐positive chemicals, suggesting that such false‐positive chemicals have an eye irritant potential. These data demonstrated that the Vitrigel‐EIT method could provide excellent predictive performance to judge the widespread eye irritancy, including very mild irritant chemicals. We hope that the Vitrigel‐EIT method contributes to the development of safe commodity chemicals. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of Vitrigel‐EIT method in comparison to GHS were 90.1%, 65.9% and 80.5%, respectively. In case of eliminating nine chemicals showing pH 5 or lower, those were improved to 96.8%, 67.4% and 84.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, nine of 16 false‐positive chemicals were classified irritant by EPA and immunohistologically confirmed to have an eye irritant potential. These data demonstrated that the Vitrigel‐EIT method could provide excellent predictive performance to judge the widespread eye irritancy, including mild irritant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Hearth Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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29
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Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1952-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Kaluzhny Y, Kandárová H, d'Argembeau-Thornton L, Kearney P, Klausner M. Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model. J Vis Exp 2015:e52979. [PMID: 26325674 PMCID: PMC4692559 DOI: 10.3791/52979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and accurate assessment of ocular toxicity in man are needed. To address this need, we have developed an eye irritation test (EIT) which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model that is based on normal human cells. The EIT is able to separate ocular irritants and corrosives (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category). The test utilizes two separate protocols, one designed for liquid chemicals and a second, similar protocol for solid test articles. The EIT prediction model uses a single exposure period (30 min for liquids, 6 hr for solids) and a single tissue viability cut-off (60.0% as determined by the MTT assay). Based on the results for 83 chemicals (44 liquids and 39 solids) EIT achieved 95.5/68.2/ and 81.8% sensitivity/specificity and accuracy (SS&A) for liquids, 100.0/68.4/ and 84.6% SS&A for solids, and 97.6/68.3/ and 83.1% for overall SS&A. The EIT will contribute significantly to classifying the ocular irritation potential of a wide range of liquid and solid chemicals without the use of animals to meet regulatory testing requirements. The EpiOcular EIT method was implemented in 2015 into the OECD Test Guidelines as TG 492.
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Jang WH, Jung KM, Yang HR, Lee M, Jung HS, Lee SH, Park M, Lim KM. Evaluation of Eye Irritation Potential of Solid Substance with New 3D Reconstructed Human Cornea Model, MCTT HCE(TM). Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:379-85. [PMID: 26157556 PMCID: PMC4489834 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye irritation potential of drug candidates or pharmaceutical ingredients should be evaluated if there is a possibility of ocular exposure. Traditionally, the ocular irritation has been evaluated by the rabbit Draize test. However, rabbit eyes are more sensitive to irritants than human eyes, therefore substantial level of false positives are unavoidable. To resolve this species difference, several three-dimensional human corneal epithelial (HCE) models have been developed as alternative eye irritation test methods. Recently, we introduced a new HCE model, MCTT HCETM which is reconstructed with non-transformed human corneal cells from limbal tissues. Here, we examined if MCTT HCETM can be employed to evaluate eye irritation potential of solid substances. Through optimization of washing method and exposure time, treatment time was established as 10 min and washing procedure was set up as 4 times of washing with 10 mL of PBS and shaking in 30 mL of PBS in a beaker. With the established eye irritation test protocol, 11 solid substances (5 non-irritants, 6 irritants) were evaluated which demonstrated an excellent predictive capacity (100% accuracy, 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity). We also compared the performance of our test method with rabbit Draize test results and in vitro cytotoxicity test with 2D human corneal epithelial cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hee Jang
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729
| | | | - Hye-Ri Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-808
| | - Miri Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-808
| | - Haeng-Sun Jung
- Modern Cell & Tissue Technologies Inc., Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyon Lee
- Modern Cell & Tissue Technologies Inc., Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Park
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-808
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Alépée N, Barroso J, De Smedt A, De Wever B, Hibatallah J, Klaric M, Mewes K, Millet M, Pfannenbecker U, Tailhardat M, Templier M, McNamee P. Use of HPLC/UPLC-spectrophotometry for detection of formazan in in vitro Reconstructed human Tissue (RhT)-based test methods employing the MTT-reduction assay to expand their applicability to strongly coloured test chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:741-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Yang H, Na J, Jang WH, Jung MS, Jeon JY, Heo Y, Yeo KW, Jo JH, Lim KM, Bae S. Appraisal of within- and between-laboratory reproducibility of non-radioisotopic local lymph node assay using flow cytometry, LLNA:BrdU-FCM: Comparison of OECD TG429 performance standard and statistical evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Kaluzhny Y, Kandárová H, Handa Y, DeLuca J, Truong T, Hunter A, Kearney P, d'Argembeau-Thornton L, Klausner M. The EpiOcular Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for hazard identification and labelling of eye irritating chemicals: protocol optimisation for solid materials and the results after extended shipment. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 43:101-127. [PMID: 25995013 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The 7th Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and the EU REACH Regulation have reinforced the need for in vitro ocular test methods. Validated in vitro ocular toxicity tests that can predict the human response to chemicals, cosmetics and other consumer products are required for the safety assessment of materials that intentionally, or inadvertently, come into contact with the eye. The EpiOcular Eye Irritation Test (EIT), which uses the normal human cell-based EpiOcular™ tissue model, was developed to address this need. The EpiOcular-EIT is able to discriminate, with high sensitivity and accuracy, between ocular irritant/corrosive materials and those that require no labelling. Although the original EpiOcular-EIT protocol was successfully pre-validated in an international, multicentre study sponsored by COLIPA (the predecessor to Cosmetics Europe), data from two larger studies (the EURL ECVAM-COLIPA validation study and an independent in-house validation at BASF SE) resulted in a sensitivity for the protocol for solids that was below the acceptance criteria set by the Validation Management Group (VMG) for eye irritation, and indicated the need for improvement of the assay's sensitivity for solids. By increasing the exposure time for solid materials from 90 minutes to 6 hours, the optimised EpiOcular-EIT protocol achieved 100% sensitivity, 68.4% specificity and 84.6% accuracy, thereby meeting all the acceptance criteria set by the VMG. In addition, to satisfy the needs of Japan and the Pacific region, the EpiOcular-EIT method was evaluated for its performance after extended shipment and storage of the tissues (4-5 days), and it was confirmed that the assay performs with similar levels of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility in these circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuki Handa
- Kurabo Industries Ltd, Bio-Medical Department, Neyagawa City, Osaka, Japan
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De Wever B, Goldberg A, Eskes C, Roggen E, Vanparys P, Schröder K, Le Varlet B, Maibach H, Beken S, De Wilde B, Turchina C, Bogaert G, Bogaert JP. “Open Source”–Based Engineered Human Tissue Models: A New Gold Standard for Nonanimal Testing Through Openness, Transparency, and Collaboration, Promoted by the ALEXANDRA Association. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2014.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Goldberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Erwin Roggen
- 3Rs Management and Consultant Aps, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sonja Beken
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Wilson SL, Ahearne M, Hopkinson A. An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. Toxicology 2015; 327:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Retrospective analysis of the Draize test for serious eye damage/eye irritation: importance of understanding the in vivo endpoints under UN GHS/EU CLP for the development and evaluation of in vitro test methods. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:701-23. [PMID: 24374802 PMCID: PMC3927066 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
For more than two decades, scientists have been trying to replace the regulatory in vivo Draize eye test by in vitro methods, but so far only partial replacement has been achieved. In order to better understand the reasons for this, historical in vivo rabbit data were analysed in detail and resampled with the purpose of (1) revealing which of the in vivo endpoints are most important in driving United Nations Globally Harmonized System/European Union Regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging (UN GHS/EU CLP) classification for serious eye damage/eye irritation and (2) evaluating the method’s within-test variability for proposing acceptable and justifiable target values of sensitivity and specificity for alternative methods and their combinations in testing strategies. Among the Cat 1 chemicals evaluated, 36–65 % (depending on the database) were classified based only on persistence of effects, with the remaining being classified mostly based on severe corneal effects. Iritis was found to rarely drive the classification (<4 % of both Cat 1 and Cat 2 chemicals). The two most important endpoints driving Cat 2 classification are conjunctiva redness (75–81 %) and corneal opacity (54–75 %). The resampling analyses demonstrated an overall probability of at least 11 % that chemicals classified as Cat 1 by the Draize eye test could be equally identified as Cat 2 and of about 12 % for Cat 2 chemicals to be equally identified as No Cat. On the other hand, the over-classification error for No Cat and Cat 2 was negligible (<1 %), which strongly suggests a high over-predictive power of the Draize eye test. Moreover, our analyses of the classification drivers suggest a critical revision of the UN GHS/EU CLP decision criteria for the classification of chemicals based on Draize eye test data, in particular Cat 1 based only on persistence of conjunctiva effects or corneal opacity scores of 4. In order to successfully replace the regulatory in vivo Draize eye test, it will be important to recognise these uncertainties and to have in vitro tools to address the most important in vivo endpoints identified in this paper.
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Yamaguchi H, Kojima H, Takezawa T. Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test Method Using HCE-T Cells. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:347-55. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Alépée N, Bessou-Touya S, Cotovio J, de Smedt A, de Wever B, Faller C, Jones P, Le Varlet B, Marrec-Fairley M, Pfannenbecker U, Tailhardat M, van Goethem F, McNamee P. Cosmetics Europe multi-laboratory pre-validation of the SkinEthic™ reconstituted human corneal epithelium test method for the prediction of eye irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1476-88. [PMID: 23524228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetics Europe, The Personal Care Association, known as Colipa before 2012, conducted a program of technology transfer and assessment of Within/Between Laboratory (WLV/BLV) reproducibility of the SkinEthic™ Reconstituted Human Corneal Epithelium (HCE) as one of two human reconstructed tissue eye irritation test methods. The SkinEthic™ HCE test method involves two exposure time treatment procedures - one for short time exposure (10 min - SE) and the other for long time exposure (60 min - LE) of tissues to test substance. This paper describes pre-validation studies of the SkinEthic™ HCE test method (SE and LE protocols) as well as the Eye Peptide Reactivity Assay (EPRA). In the SE WLV study, 30 substances were evaluated. A consistent outcome with respect to viability measurement across all runs was observed with all substances showing an SD of less than 18%. In the LE WLV study, 44 out of 45 substances were consistently classified. These data demonstrated a high level of reproducibility within laboratory for both the SE and LE treatment procedures. For the LE BLV, 19 out of 20 substances were consistently classified between the three laboratories, again demonstrating a high level of reproducibility between laboratories. The results for EPRA WLV and BLV studies demonstrated that all substances analysed were categorised similarly and that the method is reproducible. The SkinEthic™ HCE test method entered into the experimental phase of a formal ECVAM validation program in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alépée
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay Sous Bois, France.
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