1
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Chapman F, de Haan L, Gijzen L, Strijker W, Sticken ET, Pour SJ, Wieczorek R, Haberstroh F, Otte S, Nahde T, Simms L, Stevenson M. Optimisation of an in vitro human cardiovascular model on-a-chip for toxicological assessment of nicotine delivery products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1395670. [PMID: 38938662 PMCID: PMC11208624 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1395670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking cigarettes is a cause of serious diseases in smokers, including cardiovascular disease. Through a pathway of endothelial dysfunction, lipid infiltration, macrophage recruitment and vascular remodeling, atherosclerosis is fundamental in the development of most cardiovascular diseases. There is an increasing number of next-generation products (NGP) which provide potentially reduced harm forms of nicotine delivery to adult smokers. This study aimed to optimise an in vitro cardiovascular model to assess such products. Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells (HCAECs) were cultured on an OrganoPlate®2-lane chip (Mimetas BV) combined with THP-1 monocytes under flow conditions. Methods An aqueous aerosol extract from the 1R6F reference cigarette was compared with two categories of NGP, (a heated tobacco product (HTP) and an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS)), to assess relative effects on select atherogenic endpoints (oxidative stress, monocyte adhesion, ICAM-1 expression, and inflammatory markers). Following exposure of THP-1 monocytes with the aqueous extracts, the resulting conditioned medium was then added to the HCAEC vessels. Results 1R6F was consistently the most potent test article, eliciting observed responses at 4x lower concentrations than applied for both the HTP and ENDS. The HTP was more potent than the ENDS product across all endpoints, however, all test articles increased monocyte adhesion. ICAM-1 did not appear to be a main driver for monocyte adhesion, however, this could be due to replicate variability. Upon comparison to an extract-only control exposure, THP-1-medium pre-conditioning was an important mediator of the responses observed. Conclusion In conclusion, the data suggests that the NGP extracts, containing primary aerosol chemical constituents exhibit a marked reduction in biological activity in the early key events associated with atherogenesis when compared to a cigarette, adding to the weight of evidence for the tobacco harm reduction potential of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Jean Pour
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Haberstroh
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Otte
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Nahde
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
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2
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Bedford R, Smith G, Rothwell E, Martin S, Medhane R, Casentieri D, Daunt A, Freiberg G, Hollings M. A multi-organ, lung-derived inflammatory response following in vitro airway exposure to cigarette smoke and next-generation nicotine delivery products. Toxicol Lett 2023; 387:35-49. [PMID: 37774809 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing use of in vitro models that closely resemble in vivo human biology, their application in understanding downstream effects of airway toxicity, such as inflammation, are at an early stage. In this study, we used various assays to examine the inflammatory response induced in MucilAir™ tissues and A549 cells exposed to three products known to induce toxicity. Reduced barrier integrity was observed in tissues following exposure to each product, with reduced viability and increased cytotoxicity also shown. Similar changes in viability were also observed in A549 cells. Furthermore, whole cigarette smoke (CS) induced downstream phenotypic THP-1 changes and endothelial cell adhesion, an early marker of atherosclerosis. In contrast, exposure to next-generation delivery product (NGP) aerosol did not induce this response. Cytokine, histological and RNA analysis highlighted increased biomarkers linked to inflammatory pathways and immune cell differentiation following exposure to whole cigarette smoke, including GM-CSF, IL-1β, cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome P450 enzymes. As a result of similar observations in human airway inflammation, we propose that our exposure platform could act as a representative model for studying such events in vitro. Furthermore, this model could be used to test the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory impact posed by inhaled compounds delivered to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - G Smith
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - E Rothwell
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - S Martin
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - R Medhane
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - D Casentieri
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - A Daunt
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - G Freiberg
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Eye, UK
| | - M Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
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3
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Giebe S, Brux M, Hofmann A, Lowe F, Breheny D, Morawietz H, Brunssen C. Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke versus next-generation tobacco and nicotine product extracts on inflammatory biomarkers of human monocytes. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02809-9. [PMID: 37081240 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes exhibiting a pro-inflammatory phenotype play a key role in adhesion and development of atherosclerotic plaques. As an alternative to smoking, next-generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGP) are now widely used. However, little is known about their pro-inflammatory effects on monocytes. We investigated cell viability, anti-oxidant and pro-inflammatory gene and protein expression in THP-1 monocytes after exposure to aqueous smoke extracts (AqE) of a heated tobacco product (HTP), an electronic cigarette (e-cig), a conventional cigarette (3R4F) and pure nicotine (nic). Treatment with 3R4F reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, whereas exposure to alternative smoking products showed no difference to control. At the highest non-lethal dose of 3R4F (20%), the following notable mRNA expression changes were observed for 3R4F, HTP, and e-cig respectively, relative to control; HMOX1 (6-fold, < 2-fold, < 2-fold), NQO1 (3.5-fold, < 2-fold, < 2-fold), CCL2 (4-fold, 3.5-fold, 2.5-fold), IL1B (4-fold, 3-fold, < 2-fold), IL8 (5-fold, 2-fold, 2-fold), TNF (2-fold, 2-fold, < 2-fold) and ICAM1 was below the 2-fold threshold for all products. With respect to protein expression, IL1B (3-fold, < 2-fold, < 2-fold) and IL8 (3.5-fold, 2-fold, 2-fold) were elevated over the 2-fold threshold, whereas CCL2, TNF, and ICAM1 were below 2-fold expression for all products. At higher doses, greater inductions were observed with all extracts; however, NGP responses were typically lower than 3R4F. In conclusion, anti-oxidative and pro-inflammatory processes were activated by all products. NGPs overall showed lower responses relative to controls than THP-1 cells exposed to 3R4F AqE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Giebe
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Brux
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frazer Lowe
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
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4
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Giebe S, Hofmann A, Brux M, Lowe F, Breheny D, Morawietz H, Brunssen C. Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke versus next generation tobacco and nicotine product extracts on endothelial function. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102150. [PMID: 34601427 PMCID: PMC8531844 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and hemodynamic forces are key stimuli for the development of endothelial dysfunction. As an alternative to smoking, next generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGP) are now widely used. However, little is known about their potential pro-inflammatory and atherogenic effects on the endothelium. In this study, we analyzed key parameters of endothelial function after exposure to aqueous smoke extracts (AqE) of a heated tobacco product (HTP), an electronic cigarette (e-cig), a conventional cigarette (3R4F) and pure nicotine. All experiments were performed under atheroprotective high laminar or atherogenic low flow with primary human endothelial cells. Treatment with 3R4F, but not alternative smoking products, reduced endothelial cell viability and wound healing capability via the PI3K/AKT/eNOS(NOS3) pathway. Laminar flow delayed detrimental effects on cell viability by 3R4F treatment. 3R4F stimulation led to activation of NRF2 antioxidant defense system at nicotine concentrations ≥0.56 μg/ml and increased expression of its target genes HMOX1 and NQO1. Treatment with HTP revealed an induction of HMOX1 and NQO1 at dosages with ≥1.68 μg/ml nicotine, whereas e-cig and nicotine exposure had no impact. Analyses of pro-inflammatory genes revealed an increased ICAM1 expression under 3R4F treatment. 3R4F reduced VCAM1 expression in a dose-dependent manner; HTP treatment had similar but milder effects; e-cig and nicotine treatment had no impact. SELE expression was induced by 3R4F under static conditions. High laminar flow prevented this upregulation. Stimulation with laminar flow led to downregulation of CCL2 (MCP-1). From this downregulated level, only 3R4F increased CCL2 expression at higher concentrations. Finally, under static conditions, all components increased adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. Interestingly, only stimulation with 3R4F revealed increased monocyte adhesion under atherosclerosis-prone low flow. In conclusion, all product categories activated anti-oxidative or pro-inflammatory patterns. NGP responses were typically lower than in 3R4F exposed cells. Also, 3R4F stimulation led to an impaired endothelial wound healing and induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype compared to NGP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Giebe
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Brux
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frazer Lowe
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Breheny
- Group Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Bazhenov DO, Khokhlova EV, Viazmina LP, Furaeva KN, Mikhailova VA, Kostin NA, Selkov SA, Sokolov DI. Characteristics of Natural Killer Cell Interaction with Trophoblast Cells During Pregnancy. Curr Mol Med 2021; 20:202-219. [PMID: 31393246 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190808103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal natural killer cells (NK cells) are a prevailing leukocyte population in the uteroplacental bed. Current descriptions of the effect of cytokines from the placental microenvironment on the expression of receptors by trophoblast and NK cells are inadequate and contradictory. There is insufficient information about the ability of NK cells to migrate through trophoblast cells. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of conditioned media obtained during culturing of placentas from the first and the third trimesters of healthy pregnancies on the phenotype of trophoblast and NK cells and impact on adhesion and transmigration of NK cells through trophoblast cell layer. RESULTS We established that conditioned media obtained from both first and third trimester placentas increased the intensity of CD106, CD49e, CD49a, CD31, CD51/61, and integrin β6 expression by trophoblast cells. Conditioned media obtained from first trimester placentas increased the intensity of CD11a, CD29, CD49d, CD58, CD29 expression by NK cells. The presence of conditioned media from third trimester placentas resulted in more intense CD29, CD49d, CD11a, CD29, CD49d, and CD58 expression by NK cells. Migration of NK cells through trophoblast cells in the presence of conditioned media from first trimester placentas was increased compared with the migration level in the presence of conditioned media from third trimester placentas. This may be associated with increased expression of CD18 by NK cells. CONCLUSION First trimester placental secretory products increase adhesion receptor expression by both trophoblast and NK cells. Under these conditions, trophoblast is capable of ensuring NK cell adhesion and transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Olegovich Bazhenov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Mendeleevskya line, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniya Valerevna Khokhlova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Mendeleevskya line, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa Pavlovna Viazmina
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Mendeleevskya line, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya Nikolaevna Furaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Mendeleevskya line, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina Anatolievna Mikhailova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Mendeleevskya line, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Anatolievich Kostin
- Resource Centre for the Molecular and Cell Technologies Development, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Alekseevich Selkov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Mendeleevskya line, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Igorevich Sokolov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott, Mendeleevskya line, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Federation
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6
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Czekala L, Chapman F, Simms L, Rudd K, Trelles Sticken E, Wieczorek R, Bode LM, Pani J, Moelijker N, Derr R, Brandsma I, Hendriks G, Stevenson M, Walele T. The in vitro ToxTracker and Aneugen Clastogen Evaluation extension assay as a tool in the assessment of relative genotoxic potential of e-liquids and their aerosols. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:129-142. [PMID: 33769537 PMCID: PMC8166346 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro (geno)toxicity assessment of electronic vapour products (EVPs), relative to conventional cigarette, currently uses assays, including the micronucleus and Ames tests. Whilst informative on induction of a finite endpoint and relative risk posed by test articles, such assays could benefit from mechanistic supplementation. The ToxTracker and Aneugen Clastogen Evaluation analysis can indicate the activation of reporters associated with (geno)toxicity, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, the p53-related stress response and protein damage. Here, we tested for the different effects of a selection of neat e-liquids, EVP aerosols and Kentucky reference 1R6F cigarette smoke samples in the ToxTracker assay. The assay was initially validated to assess whether a mixture of e-liquid base components, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG) had interfering effects within the system. This was achieved by spiking three positive controls into the system with neat PG/VG or phosphate-buffered saline bubbled (bPBS) PG/VG aerosol (nicotine and flavour free). PG/VG did not greatly affect responses induced by the compounds. Next, when compared to cigarette smoke samples, neat e-liquids and bPBS aerosols (tobacco flavour; 1.6% freebase nicotine, 1.6% nicotine salt or 0% nicotine) exhibited reduced and less complex responses. Tested up to a 10% concentration, EVP aerosol bPBS did not induce any ToxTracker reporters. Neat e-liquids, tested up to 1%, induced oxidative stress reporters, thought to be due to their effects on osmolarity in vitro. E-liquid nicotine content did not affect responses induced. Additionally, spiking nicotine alone only induced an oxidative stress response at a supraphysiological level. In conclusion, the ToxTracker assay is a quick, informative screen for genotoxic potential and mechanisms of a variety of (compositionally complex) samples, derived from cigarettes and EVPs. This assay has the potential for future application in the assessment battery for next-generation (smoking alternative) products, including EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Czekala
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Fiona Chapman
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Bode
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Pani
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-Einstein-Ring-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nynke Moelijker
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Derr
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Inger Brandsma
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Hendriks
- Toxys B.V., Robert Boyleweg 4, 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, UK
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7
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Yeh HY, Hung SH, Chen SC, Guo FR, Huang HL, Peng JK, Lee CS, Tsai JS. The Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 mRNA in PBMCs Is Upregulated in Smokers and Decreases Upon Smoking Cessation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667460. [PMID: 33995400 PMCID: PMC8115935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown in vitro that cigarette smoke condensate stimulates monocytes to express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and enhances their adhesion to the endothelium. However, the same effects of cigarette smoking have not been explored in vivo. This study is to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on their mRNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods A group of 97 smokers and 62 nonsmokers were enrolled. The RNA from PBMCs was assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the levels of ICAM-1, TNF-α, and TLR4. The same markers in PBMCs of 87 quitters were examined before and at one week, one month, and two months after smoking cessation. Results Of the 97 smokers, 85 (87.6%) were males, and 30 (48.4%) of the nonsmokers were males (p < 0.0001). The mean (SD) age of the smokers was 43.24 (10.89) years, which was younger than 43.45 (11.41) years of nonsmokers (p < 0.0001). The incidence of cardiovascular diseases was 13.4% in smokers, which was higher than 1.6% in nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Both ICAM-1 and TNF-α mRNA levels in PBMCs were higher among the smokers (p < 0.0001). In addition, TLR4 mRNA levels in PBMCs were statistically elevated in the smokers (p < 0.0001) comparing with those in the nonsmokers. The mRNA levels of TLR4 and TNF-α in PBMCs decreased in those who had quit smoking for 2 months (p < 0.0001). Conclusions ICAM-1, TNF-α, and TLR4 mRNA expression levels in PBMCs increased in smokers and decreased after being on a smoking cessation program for 2 months. This finding suggested that TLR4 expression may mediate the atherogenic inflammatory process induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Yeh
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Community and Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Hung Hung
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Community and Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiu Chen
- Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Ran Guo
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Liang Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kuei Peng
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Kainan University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Shiun Tsai
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Complementary and Integrated Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Mosteo L, Storer J, Batta K, Searle EJ, Duarte D, Wiseman DH. The Dynamic Interface Between the Bone Marrow Vascular Niche and Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Myeloid Malignancy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635189. [PMID: 33777944 PMCID: PMC7991089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells interact with bone marrow niches, including highly specialized blood vessels. Recent studies have revealed the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of bone marrow endothelial cells. This has facilitated the analysis of the vascular microenvironment in steady state and malignant hematopoiesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the bone marrow microenvironment, focusing on refined analyses of the marrow vascular compartment performed in mouse studies. We also discuss the emerging role of the vascular niche in “inflamm-aging” and clonal hematopoiesis, and how the endothelial microenvironment influences, supports and interacts with hematopoietic cells in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, as exemplar states of malignant myelopoiesis. Finally, we provide an overview of strategies for modulating these bidirectional interactions to therapeutic effect in myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mosteo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joanna Storer
- Epigenetics of Haematopoiesis Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran Batta
- Epigenetics of Haematopoiesis Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Searle
- Epigenetics of Haematopoiesis Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Delfim Duarte
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Onco-Hematology, Instituto Português de Oncologia (IPO)-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel H Wiseman
- Epigenetics of Haematopoiesis Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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9
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Impact of cigarette versus electronic cigarette aerosol conditioned media on aortic endothelial cells in a microfluidic cardiovascular model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4747. [PMID: 33637800 PMCID: PMC7910588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex process involving progressive pathological events, including monocyte adhesion to the luminal endothelial surface. We have developed a functional in vitro adhesion assay using BioFlux microfluidic technology to investigate THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukaemia cell) monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The effect of whole smoke conditioned media (WSCM) generated from University of Kentucky reference cigarette 3R4F, electronic cigarette vapour conditioned media (eVCM) from an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) product (Vype ePen) and nicotine on monocyte adhesion to HAECs was evaluated. Endothelial monolayers were grown in microfluidic channels and exposed to 0–1500 ng/mL nicotine or nicotine equivalence of WSCM or eVCM for 24 h. Activated THP-1 cells were perfused through the channels and a perfusion, adhesion period and wash cycle performed four times with increasing adhesion period lengths (10, 20, 30 and 40 min). THP-1 cell adhesion was quantified by counting adherent cells. WSCM induced dose-dependent increases in monocyte adhesion compared to vehicle control. No such increases were observed for eVCM or nicotine. Adhesion regulation was linked to increased ICAM-1 protein expression. Staining of ICAM-1 in HAECs and CD11b (MAC-1) in THP-1 cells demonstrated adhesion molecule co-localisation in BioFlux plates. The ICAM-1 adhesion response to WSCM was downregulated by transfecting HAECs with ICAM-1 siRNA. We conclude that the BioFlux system is able to model human monocyte adhesion to primary human endothelial cells in vitro and WSCM drives the greatest increase in monocyte adhesion via a mechanism involving endothelial ICAM-1 expression.
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Antonelli A, Scarpa ES, Magnani M. Human Red Blood Cells Modulate Cytokine Expression in Monocytes/Macrophages Under Anoxic Conditions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:632682. [PMID: 33679443 PMCID: PMC7930825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.632682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic niche, the oxygen tension is usually very low. Such condition affects stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation and, at cellular level regulates hematopoietic growth factors, chemokines and adhesion molecules expression. In turn, these molecules affect the proliferation and maturation of other cellular components of the niche. Due to the complexity of the system we started the in vitro investigations of the IL-6, IL-8, TNFα cytokines expression and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), considered key mediators of the hematopoietic niche, in human macrophages and macrophage cell line. Since in the niche the oxygen availability is mediated by red blood cells (RBCs), we have influenced the anoxic cell cultures by the administration of oxygenated or deoxygenated RBCs (deoxy RBCs). The results reported in this brief paper show that the presence of RBCs up-regulates IL-8 mRNA while IL-6 and VEGF mRNA expression appears down-regulated. This does not occur when deoxy RBCs are used. Moreover, it appears that the administration of RBCs leads to an increase of TNFα expression levels in MonoMac 6 (MM6). Interestingly, the modulation of these factors likely occurs in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) independent manner. Considering the role of oxygen in the hematopoietic niche further studies should explore these preliminary observations in more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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11
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Karkossa I, Raps S, von Bergen M, Schubert K. Systematic Review of Multi-Omics Approaches to Investigate Toxicological Effects in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9371. [PMID: 33317022 PMCID: PMC7764599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the modes of action (MoAs) of xenobiotics are of utmost importance for the definition of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), which are essential for a mechanism-based risk assessment. A well-established strategy to reveal MoAs of xenobiotics is the use of omics. However, often an even more comprehensive approach is needed, which can be achieved using multi-omics. Since the immune system plays a central role in the defense against foreign substances and pathogens, with the innate immune system building a first barrier, we systematically reviewed multi-omics studies investigating the effects of xenobiotics on macrophages. Surprisingly, only nine publications were identified, combining proteomics with transcriptomics or metabolomics. We summarized pathways and single proteins, transcripts, or metabolites, which were described to be affected upon treatment with xenobiotics in the reviewed studies, thus revealing a broad range of effects. In summary, we show that macrophages are a relevant model system to investigate the toxicological effects induced by xenobiotics. Furthermore, the multi-omics approaches led to a more comprehensive overview compared to only one omics layer with slight advantages for combinations that complement each other directly, e.g., proteome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Stefanie Raps
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
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12
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A Systematic Review of the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of 16 Essential Oils of Herbs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8878927. [PMID: 33354224 PMCID: PMC7735857 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8878927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a host defense mechanism in the body after it is infected and damaged. If inflammation is not treated in time, then it may cause a variety of diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. Herbal essential oils are natural extracts that can suppress inflammation effectively and are expected to be used in therapeutic drugs for anti-inflammatory diseases in the future. Aim of the review. We review the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of essential oils derived from 16 herbs. Materials and methods. We searched the literature of the fields of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory herbal essential oil activity published in English within the past five years via databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and The Web of Science). Results A total of 1932 papers were found by searching, and 132 papers were screened after removing duplicates and reading article titles. Fifteen articles met the requirements to be included in this review. Among those selected, 11 articles reported in vivo research results, and 10 articles showed research results. Conclusion Essential oils extracted from herbs can reduce inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory cytokines involved in multiple signalling pathways. Herbal essential oils are expected to be developed as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Ji YP, Shi TY, Zhang YY, Lin D, Linghu KG, Xu YN, Tao L, Lu Q, Shen XC. Essential oil from Fructus Alpinia zerumbet (fruit of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt.et Smith) protected against aortic endothelial cell injury and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:149-158. [PMID: 30880260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Alpinia zerumbet (FAZ), a dry and ripe fruit of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith, is widely used as a spice to treat cardiovascular diseases in clinic as a miao folk medicine in Guizhou Province of China. Essential oil extracted from FAZ (EOFAZ) is the key bioactive ingredients. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to examine the effects and mechanisms of EOFAZ on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cell injury, inflammation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the in vitro study, LPS-treated human aortic endothelial cells were used to perform PCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. For the in vivo study, male mouse were divided into four groups, vehicle control group and LPS group received 0.5% Tween-80 in saline; and two EOFAZ groups receive different dose of EOFAZ (90 mg kg -1·day-1, 180 mg kg -1·day-1) respectively. Each group was fed for 7 days by intragastrical administration at daily base. Then, except vehicle control group received saline, mice in other three groups were administered with LPS (1 mg kg -1, dissolved in saline) by intraperitoneal injection. 24 h later, Aorta tissue was collected and frozen immediately in liquid N2, stored at -80 °C for western blot analysis. RESULTS We found that EOFAZ completely prevented LPS-induced HAEC activation and inflammation in vitro and in vivo, as assessed by expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Similarly, EOFAZ significantly blunted LPS-induced endothelial injury, as tested by MTT assay, LDH release and caspase-3 activation. We further demonstrated that TLR4-dependent NF-κB signaling may be involved in the process. CONCLUSION EOFAZ protected against LPS-induced endothelial cell injury and inflammation likely via inhibition of TLR4-dependent NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Ji
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting-Yu Shi
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China; Department of Neonatal Disease Screening, Shenyang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Dan Lin
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Ke-Gang Linghu
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Yi-Ni Xu
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center/ Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicianl Pharmacology and Drug Ability, The Union Key Laboratory of Guiyang City-Guizhou Medical Univeristy, The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China.
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14
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Poussin C, Laurent A, Kondylis A, Marescotti D, van der Toorn M, Guedj E, Goedertier D, Acali S, Pak C, Dulize R, Baumer K, Peric D, Maluenda E, Bornand D, Suarez IG, Schlage WK, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. In vitro systems toxicology-based assessment of the potential modified risk tobacco product CHTP 1.2 for vascular inflammation- and cytotoxicity-associated mechanisms promoting adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary arterial endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:390-406. [PMID: 30026091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes cardiovascular diseases. Heating tobacco instead of burning it reduces the amount of toxic compounds in the aerosol and may exert a reduced impact on health compared with cigarette smoke. Aqueous extract from the aerosol of a potential modified risk tobacco product, the Carbon Heated Tobacco Product (CHTP) 1.2, was compared in vitro with aqueous extract from the smoke of a 3R4F reference cigarette for its impact on the adhesion of monocytic cells to artery endothelial cells. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were treated for 4 h with conditioned media from human monocytic Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells exposed to CHTP1.2 or 3R4F extracts for 2 h or directly with those extracts freshly generated. In vitro monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion was measured concomitantly with inflammatory, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and death markers. Furthermore, transcriptomics analyses enabled to quantify the level of perturbation in HCAECs, and provide biological interpretation for the underlying molecular changes following exposure to 3R4F or CHTP1.2 extract. Our systems toxicology study demonstrated that approximately 10-15-fold higher concentrations of the CHTP 1.2 aerosol extract were needed to elicit similar effects as the 3R4F smoke extract on cardiovascular disease-relevant inflammation and cytotoxicity-related mechanisms and markers investigated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Laurent
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Acali
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudius Pak
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Dulize
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karine Baumer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Maluenda
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Bornand
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Gonzalez Suarez
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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15
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Peitsch MC, Polosa R, Proctor C, Hassler T, Gaca M, Hill E, Hoeng J, Hayes AW. Next-generation tobacco and nicotine products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318773701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework for the assessment of novel next-generation tobacco and nicotine products with the potential to reduce health risks compared with cigarettes should integrate scientific studies incorporating nonclinical, clinical, and population studies approaches. These products should have lower emissions and exhibit reduced biological effects compared with those of cigarettes, ideally approaching those of smoking cessation. The products should also be acceptable cigarette alternatives for current smokers, while not appealing to nonsmokers or former smokers. Validating harm reduction and promoting regulatory acceptance of the assessment methods require a collaborative approach by industry, independent reviewers, the public health community, and regulatory agencies. This article summarizes the science and approaches applied and considered to substantiate tobacco harm reduction in the light of regulatory requirements, presented at the 53rd Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Christopher Proctor
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Group Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Thord Hassler
- Swedish Match, European Division, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianna Gaca
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Group Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Erin Hill
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Institute of Integrated Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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16
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Marques P, Collado A, Escudero P, Rius C, González C, Servera E, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Cigarette Smoke Increases Endothelial CXCL16-Leukocyte CXCR6 Adhesion In Vitro and In Vivo. Potential Consequences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1766. [PMID: 29326688 PMCID: PMC5733535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although the mechanism of its development remains largely unknown, it appears to be associated with cigarette consumption and reduced lung function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential link between water-soluble cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced endothelial dysfunction and the function of CXCL16/CXCR6 axis on the initial attachment of leukocytes, in addition to its possible impact on COPD-associated systemic inflammation. To do this, we employed several experimental approaches, including RNA silencing and flow cytometry analysis, the dynamic flow chamber technique, and intravital microscopy in the cremasteric arterioles of animals exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). CSE-induced arterial CXCL16 expression, leading to increased platelet–leukocyte and mononuclear cell adhesiveness. CSE-induced CXCL16 expression was dependent on Nox5 expression and subsequent RhoA/p38 MAPK/NF-κB activation. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that COPD patients (n = 35) presented greater numbers of activated circulating platelets (PAC-1+ and P-selectin+) expressing CXCL16 and CXCR6 as compared with age-matched controls (n = 17), with a higher number of CXCR6+-platelets in the smoking COPD group than in ex-smokers. This correlated with enhanced circulating CXCR6+-platelet–leukocyte aggregates in COPD patients. The increase in circulating numbers of CXCR6-expressing platelets and mononuclear cells resulted in enhanced platelet–leukocyte and leukocyte adhesiveness to CSE-stimulated arterial endothelium, which was greater than that found in age-matched controls and was partly dependent on endothelial CXCL16 upregulation. Furthermore, CS exposure provoked CXCL16-dependent leukocyte–arteriolar adhesion in cremasteric arterioles, which was significantly reduced in animals with a nonfunctional CXCR6 receptor. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that increased numbers of CXCR6-expressing circulating platelets and mononuclear leukocytes from patients with COPD might be a marker of systemic inflammation with potential consequences in CVD development. Accordingly, CXCL16/CXCR6 axis blockade might constitute a new therapeutic approach for decreasing the risk of CVD in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Marques
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aida Collado
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Rius
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cruz González
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Neumology Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Servera
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Neumology Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Brunssen C, Giebe S, Hofmann A, Brux M, Morawietz H. Evaluation of Cytotoxic, Oxidative, and Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Aqueous Cigarette Smoke Extract on Human Monocytes: A Potential Model System for Assessment of Next-Generation Tobacco and Nicotine Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sindy Giebe
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Brux
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 1: Description of the system and the scientific assessment program. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S17-S26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Poussin C, Laurent A, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, De Leon H. Systems toxicology-based assessment of the candidate modified risk tobacco product THS2.2 for the adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary arterial endothelial cells. Toxicology 2016; 339:73-86. [PMID: 26655683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of endothelial adhesive properties by cigarette smoke (CS) can progressively favor the development of atherosclerosis which may cause cardiovascular disorders. Modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) are tobacco products developed to reduce smoking-related risks. A systems biology/toxicology approach combined with a functional in vitro adhesion assay was used to assess the impact of a candidate heat-not-burn technology-based MRTP, Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, on the adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary arterial endothelial cells (HCAECs) compared with a reference cigarette (3R4F). HCAECs were treated for 4h with conditioned media of human monocytic Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells preincubated with low or high concentrations of aqueous extracts from THS2.2 aerosol or 3R4F smoke for 2h (indirect treatment), unconditioned media (direct treatment), or fresh aqueous aerosol/smoke extracts (fresh direct treatment). Functional and molecular investigations revealed that aqueous 3R4F smoke extract promoted the adhesion of MM6 cells to HCAECs via distinct direct and indirect concentration-dependent mechanisms. Using the same approach, we identified significantly reduced effects of aqueous THS2.2 aerosol extract on MM6 cell-HCAEC adhesion, and reduced molecular changes in endothelial and monocytic cells. Ten- and 20-fold increased concentrations of aqueous THS2.2 aerosol extract were necessary to elicit similar effects to those measured with 3R4F in both fresh direct and indirect exposure modalities, respectively. Our systems toxicology study demonstrated reduced effects of an aqueous aerosol extract from the candidate MRTP, THS2.2, using the adhesion of monocytic cells to human coronary endothelial cells as a surrogate pathophysiologically relevant event in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Laurent
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Hector De Leon
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Poussin C, Laurent A, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, De Leon H. Systems Biology Reveals Cigarette Smoke-Induced Concentration-Dependent Direct and Indirect Mechanisms That Promote Monocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:370-85. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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van der Toorn M, Frentzel S, Goedertier D, Peitsch M, Hoeng J, De Leon H. A prototypic modified risk tobacco product exhibits reduced effects on chemotaxis and transendothelial migration of monocytes compared with a reference cigarette. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:277-286. [PMID: 25839901 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte adhesion and migration to the subendothelial space represent critical steps in atherogenesis. Here, we investigated whether extracts from the aerosol of a prototypic modified risk tobacco product (pMRTP), based on heating rather than combusting tobacco, exhibited differential effects on the migratory behavior of monocytes compared with that from the reference cigarette, 3R4F. THP-1 cells, a monocytic cell line, and human coronary arterial endothelial cells (HCAECs) were used to investigate chemotaxis and transendothelial migration (TEM) of monocytes in conventional and impedance-based systems. THP-1 cells migrated through a monolayer of HCAECs in response to C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12), a chemokine involved in diverse cellular functions including chemotaxis and survival of stem cells. Treatment of THP-1 cells with extracts from 3R4F or pMRTP induced concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity (7-aminoactinomycin D), and inflammation (IL-8 and TNF-α). CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis and TEM were decreased in extract-treated THP-1 cells. Extracts from 3R4F were ~21 times more potent than those from pMRTP in all examined endpoints. Extracts from 3R4F and pMRTP induced concentration-dependent responses in assays of inflammation, cytotoxicity, chemotaxis, and TEM. Furthermore, our findings indicate that extracts from a pMRTP are significantly less cytotoxic and induce less inflammation than those from the reference cigarette, 3R4F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Toorn
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Peitsch
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Hector De Leon
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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