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Sun B, Liang Z, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhou X, Geng X, Li B. A 3D spheroid model of quadruple cell co-culture with improved liver functions for hepatotoxicity prediction. Toxicology 2024; 505:153829. [PMID: 38740170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the major concerns during drug development. Wide acceptance of the 3 R principles and the innovation of in-vitro techniques have introduced various novel model options, among which the three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroid cultures have shown a promising prospect in DILI prediction. The present study developed a 3D quadruple cell co-culture liver spheroid model for DILI prediction via self-assembly. Induction by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate at the concentration of 15.42 ng/mL for 48 hours with a following 24-hour rest period was used for THP-1 cell differentiation, resulting in credible macrophagic phenotypes. HepG2 cells, PUMC-HUVEC-T1 cells, THP-1-originated macrophages, and human hepatic stellate cells were selected as the components, which exhibited adaptability in the designated spheroid culture conditions. Following establishment, the characterization demonstrated the competence of the model in long-term stability reflected by the maintenance of morphology, viability, cellular integration, and cell-cell junctions for at least six days, as well as the reliable liver-specific functions including superior albumin and urea secretion, improved drug metabolic enzyme expression and CYP3A4 activity, and the expression of MRP2, BSEP, and P-GP accompanied by the bile acid efflux transport function. In the comparative testing using 22 DILI-positive and 5 DILI-negative compounds among the novel 3D co-culture model, 3D HepG2 spheroids, and 2D HepG2 monolayers, the 3D culture method significantly enhanced the model sensitivity to compound cytotoxicity compared to the 2D form. The novel co-culture liver spheroid model exhibited higher overall predictive power with margin of safety as the classifying tool. In addition, the non-parenchymal cell components could amplify the toxicity of isoniazid in the 3D model, suggesting their potential mediating role in immune-mediated toxicity. The proof-of-concept experiments demonstrated the capability of the model in replicating drug-induced lipid dysregulation, bile acid efflux inhibition, and α-SMA upregulation, which are the key features of liver steatosis and phospholipidosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, respectively. Overall, the novel 3D quadruple cell co-culture spheroid model is a reliable and readily available option for DILI prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Sun
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zihe Liang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xingchao Geng
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China.
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2
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Takemura A, Ishii S, Ikeyama Y, Esashika K, Takahashi J, Ito K. New in vitro screening system to detect drug-induced liver injury using a culture plate with low drug sorption and high oxygen permeability. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 52:100511. [PMID: 37531708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major factor underlying drug withdrawal from the market. Therefore, it is important to predict DILI during the early phase of drug discovery. Metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity are good indicators of the potential for DILI. However, hepatocyte function, including drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and mitochondrial function, reportedly decreases under conventional culture conditions; therefore, these conditions fail to precisely detect metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity-induced cell death. To resolve this issue, we employed a newly developed cell culture plate with high oxygen permeability and low drug sorption (4-polymethyl-1-pentene [PMP] plate). Under PMP plate conditions, cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and mitochondrial function were increased in primary rat hepatocytes. Following l-buthionine-sulfoximine-induced glutathione depletion, acetaminophen-induced cell death significantly increased under PMP plate conditions. Additionally, 1-aminobenzotriazole reduced cell death. Moreover, mitochondrial toxicity due to mitochondrial complex inhibitors (ketoconazole, metformin, and phenformin) increased under PMP plate conditions. In summary, PMP plate conditions could improve CYP activity and mitochondrial function in primary rat hepatocytes and potentially detect metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takemura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sanae Ishii
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yugo Ikeyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Esashika
- New Business Solutions Department, Innovative Solutions Center for Information & Communication Technology, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Bio Technology & Medical Materials Department, Synthetic Chemicals Laboratory, R&D Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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3
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Saponara E, Penno C, Orsini V, Wang ZY, Fischer A, Aebi A, Matadamas-Guzman ML, Brun V, Fischer B, Brousseau M, O'Donnell P, Turner J, Graff Meyer A, Bollepalli L, d'Ario G, Roma G, Carbone W, Annunziato S, Obrecht M, Beckmann N, Saravanan C, Osmont A, Tropberger P, Richards SM, Genoud C, Ley S, Ksiazek I, Nigsch F, Terracciano LM, Schadt HS, Bouwmeester T, Tchorz JS, Ruffner H. Loss of Hepatic Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein Coupled Receptors 4 and 5 Promotes Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:161-181. [PMID: 36410420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The roof plate-specific spondin-leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 4/5 (LGR4/5)-zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3)/ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) module is a master regulator of hepatic Wnt/β-catenin signaling and metabolic zonation. However, its impact on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. The current study investigated whether hepatic epithelial cell-specific loss of the Wnt/β-catenin modulator Lgr4/5 promoted NAFLD. The 3- and 6-month-old mice with hepatic epithelial cell-specific deletion of both receptors Lgr4/5 (Lgr4/5dLKO) were compared with control mice fed with normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD). Six-month-old HFD-fed Lgr4/5dLKO mice developed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis but the control mice did not. Serum cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels in 3- and 6-month-old HFD-fed Lgr4/5dLKO mice were decreased compared with those in control mice. An ex vivo primary hepatocyte culture assay and a comprehensive bile acid (BA) characterization in liver, plasma, bile, and feces demonstrated that ND-fed Lgr4/5dLKO mice had impaired BA secretion, predisposing them to develop cholestatic characteristics. Lipidome and RNA-sequencing analyses demonstrated severe alterations in several lipid species and pathways controlling lipid metabolism in the livers of Lgr4/5dLKO mice. In conclusion, loss of hepatic Wnt/β-catenin activity by Lgr4/5 deletion led to loss of BA secretion, cholestatic features, altered lipid homeostasis, and deregulation of lipoprotein pathways. Both BA and intrinsic lipid alterations contributed to the onset of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Saponara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Penno
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Orsini
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Yi Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Fischer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Aebi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meztli L Matadamas-Guzman
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Virginie Brun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Fischer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margaret Brousseau
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter O'Donnell
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Turner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Graff Meyer
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for BioMedical Research, Facility for Advanced Imaging and Microscopy, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bollepalli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni d'Ario
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Carbone
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Annunziato
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Obrecht
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chandra Saravanan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Arnaud Osmont
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Tropberger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shola M Richards
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christel Genoud
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Ley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Ksiazek
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi M Terracciano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Humanitas Research Hospital, Anatomia Patologica, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Heiko S Schadt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Tchorz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Ruffner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Oxidative-stress and long-term hepatotoxicity: comparative study in Upcyte human hepatocytes and hepaRG cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1021-1037. [PMID: 35156134 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common and serious adverse drug reactions and a major cause of drug development failure and withdrawal. Although different molecular mechanisms are implicated in DILI, enhanced ROS levels have been described as a major mechanism. Human-derived cell models are increasingly used in preclinical safety assessment because they provide quick and relatively inexpensive information in early stages of drug development. We have analyzed and compared the phenotype and functionality of two liver cell models (Upcyte human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells) to demonstrate their suitability for long-term hepatotoxicity assessments and mechanistic studies. The transcriptomic and functional analysis revealed the maintenance of phase I and phase II enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes along time in culture, although the differences found between both test systems underlie the differential sensitivity to hepatotoxins. The evaluation of several mechanisms of cell toxicity, including oxidative stress, by high-content screening, demonstrated that, by combining the stable phenotype of liver cells and repeated-dose exposure regimes to 12 test compounds at clinically relevant concentrations, both Upcyte hepatocytes and HepaRG offer suitable properties to be used in routine screening assays for toxicological assessments during drug preclinical testing.
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Moreno-Torres M, García-Llorens G, Moro E, Méndez R, Quintás G, Castell JV. Factors that influence the quality of metabolomics data in in vitro cell toxicity studies: a systematic survey. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22119. [PMID: 34764412 PMCID: PMC8586040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) is a global strategy and regulation policy of the EU that aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the intrinsic properties of chemical substances. It entered into force on 1st June 2007 (EC 1907/2006). REACH and EU policies plead for the use of robust high-throughput "omic" techniques for the in vitro investigation of the toxicity of chemicals that can provide an estimation of their hazards as well as information regarding the underlying mechanisms of toxicity. In agreement with the 3R's principles, cultured cells are nowadays widely used for this purpose, where metabolomics can provide a real-time picture of the metabolic effects caused by exposure of cells to xenobiotics, enabling the estimations about their toxicological hazards. High quality and robust metabolomics data sets are essential for precise and accurate hazard predictions. Currently, the acquisition of consistent and representative metabolomic data is hampered by experimental drawbacks that hinder reproducibility and difficult robust hazard interpretation. Using the differentiated human liver HepG2 cells as model system, and incubating with hepatotoxic (acetaminophen and valproic acid) and non-hepatotoxic compounds (citric acid), we evaluated in-depth the impact of several key experimental factors (namely, cell passage, processing day and storage time, and compound treatment) and instrumental factors (batch effect) on the outcome of an UPLC-MS metabolomic analysis data set. Results showed that processing day and storage time had a significant impact on the retrieved cell's metabolome, while the effect of cell passage was minor. Meta-analysis of results from pathway analysis showed that batch effect corrections and quality control (QC) measures are critical to enable consistent and meaningful estimations of the effects caused by compounds on cells. The quantitative analysis of the changes in metabolic pathways upon bioactive compound treatment remained consistent despite the concurrent causes of metabolomic data variation. Thus, upon appropriate data retrieval and correction and by an innovative metabolic pathway analysis, the metabolic alteration predictions remained conclusive despite the acknowledged sources of variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Torres
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillem García-Llorens
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Erika Moro
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Méndez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quintás
- Health and Biomedicine, LEITAT Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain.
- Unidad Analítica, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Zhong Y, Yu JS, Wang X, Binas B, Yoo HH. Chemical-based primary human hepatocyte monolayer culture for the study of drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity: Comparison with the spheroid model. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21379. [PMID: 33566373 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001629rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally cultured monolayers of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) deteriorate within days and thereby become unsuitable for drug-related studies. PHH spheroids (3D PHHs) maintain liver functions for weeks, but are considerably more demanding. Recently, a chemical-based approach (5C PHHs) succeeded in long-term culture of hepatocyte monolayers, but it remains unclear whether the drug-related functions are preserved. To clarify this, we compared the 5C and 3D PHHs in terms of gene expression analysis, proteomic analysis, functionality (basal and induced activities of representative CYP450 enzymes and urea and albumin secretions), survival in culture, and sensitivity to representative drugs. In all comparisons, which spanned culture durations of up to 4 weeks, the 5C PHHs performed at least as well as the 3D PHHs. Hence, the novel 5C PHH monolayer format combines the convenience of the traditional monolayer format with the functionality and maintainability of the spheroid format. Our results suggest that 5C PHH monolayers can be used more conveniently and efficiently for high-throughput drug screening, preclinical drug safety evaluations, and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Zhong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sang Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoqiong Wang
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bert Binas
- Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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7
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Peiretti F, Montanari R, Capelli D, Bonardo B, Colson C, Amri EZ, Grimaldi M, Balaguer P, Ito K, Roeder RG, Pochetti G, Brunel JM. A Novel N-Substituted Valine Derivative with Unique Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Binding Properties and Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13124-13139. [PMID: 33142057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A proprietary library of novel N-aryl-substituted amino acid derivatives bearing a hydroxamate head group allowed the identification of compound 3a that possesses weak proadipogenic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activating properties. The systematic optimization of 3a, in order to improve its PPARγ agonist activity, led to the synthesis of compound 7j (N-aryl-substituted valine derivative) that possesses dual PPARγ/PPARα agonistic activity. Structural and kinetic analyses reveal that 7j occupies the typical ligand binding domain of the PPARγ agonists with, however, a unique high-affinity binding mode. Furthermore, 7j is highly effective in preventing cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ serine 273. Although less proadipogenic than rosiglitazone, 7j significantly increases adipocyte insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and efficiently promotes white-to-brown adipocyte conversion. In addition, 7j prevents oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in hepatoma cells. The unique biochemical properties and biological activities of compound 7j suggest that it would be a promising candidate for the development of compounds to reduce insulin resistance, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cécilia Colson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
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8
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Sun P, Zhang G, Su X, Jin C, Yu B, Yu X, Lv Z, Ma H, Zhang M, Wei W, Li W. Maintenance of Primary Hepatocyte Functions In Vitro by Inhibiting Mechanical Tension-Induced YAP Activation. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3212-3222.e4. [PMID: 31801084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the primary functional cells of the liver, performing its metabolic, detoxification, and endocrine functions. Functional hepatocytes are extremely valuable in drug discovery and evaluation, as well as in cell therapy for liver diseases. However, it has been a long-standing challenge to maintain the functions of hepatocytes in vitro. Even freshly isolated hepatocytes lose essential functions after short-term culture for reasons that are still not well understood. In the present study, we find that mechanical tension-induced yes-associated protein activation triggers hepatocyte dedifferentiation. Alleviation of mechanical tension by confining cell spreading is sufficient to inhibit hepatocyte dedifferentiation. Based on this finding, we identify a small molecular cocktail through reiterative chemical screening that can maintain hepatocyte functions over the long term and in vivo repopulation capacity by targeting actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction. Our work reveals the mechanisms underlying hepatocyte dedifferentiation and establishes feasible approaches to maintain hepatocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxin Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanyu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinlu Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhuman Lv
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haoxin Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics, and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wanguo Wei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenlin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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9
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Tolosa L, Jiménez N, Pelechá M, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Donato MT. Long-term and mechanistic evaluation of drug-induced liver injury in Upcyte human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:519-532. [PMID: 30426164 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes one of the most frequent reasons of restricted-use warnings as well as withdrawals of drugs in postmarketing and poses an important concern for the pharmaceutical industry. The current hepatic in vivo and in vitro models for DILI detection have shown clear limitations, mainly for studies of long-term hepatotoxicity. For this reason, we here evaluated the potential of using Upcytes human hepatocytes (UHH) for repeated-dose long-term exposure to drugs. The UHH were incubated with 15 toxic and non-toxic compounds for up to 21 days using a repeated-dose approach, and, in addition to conventional examination of effects on viability, the mechanisms implicated in cell toxicity were also assessed by means of high-content screening. The UHH maintained the expression and activity levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes for up to 21 days of culture and became more sensitive to the toxic compounds after extended exposures, showing inter-donor differences which would reflect variability among the population. The assay also allowed to detect the main mechanisms implicated in the toxicity of each drug as well as identifying special susceptibilities depending on the donor. UHH can be used for a long-term repeated detection of DILI at clinically relevant concentrations and also offers key mechanistic features of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. This system is therefore a promising tool in preclinical testing of human relevance that could help to reduce and/or replace animal testing for drug adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pelechá
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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10
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Oorts M, Keemink J, Deferm N, Adriaensen R, Richert L, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Extra collagen overlay prolongs the differentiated phenotype in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 90:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Systems Microscopy Approaches in Unraveling and Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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García-Cañaveras JC, Peris-Díaz MD, Alcoriza-Balaguer MI, Cerdán-Calero M, Donato MT, Lahoz A. A lipidomic cell-based assay for studying drug-induced phospholipidosis and steatosis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2331-2340. [PMID: 28512733 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipidosis and steatosis are two toxic effects, which course with overaccumulation of different classes of lipids in the liver. MS-based lipidomics has become a powerful tool for the comprehensive determination of lipids. LC-MS lipid profiling of HepG2 cells is proposed as an in vitro assay to study and anticipate phospholipidosis and steatosis. Cells with and without preincubation with a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA; i.e. oleic and palmitic) were exposed to a set of well-known steatogenic and phospholipidogenic compounds. The use of FFA preloading accelerated the accumulation of phospholipids, thus leading to a better discrimination of phospholipidosis, and magnified the lipidomic alterations induced by steatogenic drugs. Phospholipidosis was characterized by increased levels of phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, and phosphatidylinositols, while steatosis induced alterations in FA oxidation and triacylglyceride (TG) synthesis pathways (with changes in the levels of FFA, acylcarnitines, monoacylglycerides, diacylglycerides, and TG). Interestingly, palmitic and oleic acids incorporation into lipids differed. A characteristic pattern was observed in the fold of change of particular TG species in the case of steatosis (TG(54:3) > TG(52:2) > TG(50:1) > TG(48:0)). Based on the levels of those lipids containing only palmitic and/or oleic acid moieties a partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was built, which showed good discrimination among nontoxic, phospholipidogenic and steatogenic compounds. In conclusion, it has been shown that the use of FFA preincubation together with intracellular LC-MS based lipid profiling could be a useful approach to identify the potential of drug candidates to induce phospholipidosis and/or steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Cañaveras
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - Manuel David Peris-Díaz
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - M Isabel Alcoriza-Balaguer
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - Manuela Cerdán-Calero
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Lahoz
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
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13
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Prediction of hepatotoxicity for drugs using human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:51-64. [PMID: 28382404 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity is a main reason for withdrawals of new drugs in late clinical phases and post-launch of the drugs. Thus, hepatotoxicity screening of drug candidates in pre-clinical stage is important for reducing drug attrition rates during the clinical development process. Here, we show commercially available hepatocytes that could be used for early toxicity evaluation of drug candidates. From our hepatic differentiation technology, we obtained highly pure (≥98%) hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) having mature phenotypes and similar gene expression profiles with those of primary human tissues. Furthermore, we optimized 96-well culture condition of hESC-derived hepatocytes suitable for toxicity tests in vitro. To this end, we demonstrated the efficacy of our optimized hepatocyte model for predicting hepatotoxicity against the Chinese herbal medicines and showed that toxicity patterns from our hepatocyte model was similar to those of human primary cultured hepatocytes. We conclude that toxicity test using our hepatocyte model could be a good alternative cell source for pre-clinical study to predict potential hepatotoxicity in drug discovery industries.
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14
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Evaluation of transcriptomic signature as a valuable tool to study drug-induced cholestasis in primary human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2879-2893. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Donato MT, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L. Using high-content screening technology for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in preclinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:201-211. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
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16
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Pfaller W, Prieto P, Dekant W, Jennings P, Blaauboer BJ. The Predict-IV project: Towards predictive toxicology using in vitro techniques. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 30:1-3. [PMID: 26653009 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Pfaller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Renal Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/1, Austria
| | - Pilar Prieto
- The European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Jennings
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Renal Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3/1, Austria
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Key Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Use of In Vitro Models to Detect Human DILI: Integrated Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9737920. [PMID: 27689095 PMCID: PMC5027328 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9737920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of late-stage clinical drug attrition, market withdrawal, black-box warnings, and acute liver failure. Consequently, it has been an area of focus for toxicologists and clinicians for several decades. In spite of considerable efforts, limited improvements in DILI prediction have been made and efforts to improve existing preclinical models or develop new test systems remain a high priority. While prediction of intrinsic DILI has improved, identifying compounds with a risk for idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) remains extremely challenging because of the lack of a clear mechanistic understanding and the multifactorial pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug reactions. Well-defined clinical diagnostic criteria and risk factors are also missing. This paper summarizes key data interpretation challenges, practical considerations, model limitations, and the need for an integrated risk assessment. As demonstrated through selected initiatives to address other types of toxicities, opportunities exist however for improvement, especially through better concerted efforts at harmonization of current, emerging and novel in vitro systems or through the establishment of strategies for implementation of preclinical DILI models across the pharmaceutical industry. Perspectives on the incorporation of newer technologies and the value of precompetitive consortia to identify useful practices are also discussed.
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18
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A metabolomics cell-based approach for anticipating and investigating drug-induced liver injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27239. [PMID: 27265840 PMCID: PMC4893700 DOI: 10.1038/srep27239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In preclinical stages of drug development, anticipating potential adverse drug effects such as toxicity is an important issue for both saving resources and preventing public health risks. Current in vitro cytotoxicity tests are restricted by their predictive potential and their ability to provide mechanistic information. This study aimed to develop a metabolomic mass spectrometry-based approach for the detection and classification of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. To this end, the metabolite profiles of human derived hepatic cells (i.e., HepG2) exposed to different well-known hepatotoxic compounds acting through different mechanisms (i.e., oxidative stress, steatosis, phospholipidosis, and controls) were compared by multivariate data analysis, thus allowing us to decipher both common and mechanism-specific altered biochemical pathways. Briefly, oxidative stress damage markers were found in the three mechanisms, mainly showing altered levels of metabolites associated with glutathione and γ-glutamyl cycle. Phospholipidosis was characterized by a decreased lysophospholipids to phospholipids ratio, suggestive of phospholipid degradation inhibition. Whereas, steatosis led to impaired fatty acids β-oxidation and a subsequent increase in triacylglycerides synthesis. The characteristic metabolomic profiles were used to develop a predictive model aimed not only to discriminate between non-toxic and hepatotoxic drugs, but also to propose potential drug toxicity mechanism(s).
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19
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Grimm FA, Iwata Y, Sirenko O, Bittner M, Rusyn I. High-Content Assay Multiplexing for Toxicity Screening in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Hepatocytes. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:529-46. [PMID: 26539751 PMCID: PMC4652224 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based high-content screening (HCS) assays have become an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional in vitro and in vivo testing in pharmaceutical drug development and toxicological safety assessment. The time- and cost-effectiveness of HCS assays, combined with the organotypic nature of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells, open new opportunities to employ physiologically relevant in vitro model systems to improve screening for potential chemical hazards. In this study, we used two human iPSC types, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes, to test various high-content and molecular assay combinations for their applicability in a multiparametric screening format. Effects on cardiomyocyte beat frequency were characterized by calcium flux measurements for up to 90 min. Subsequent correlation with intracellular cAMP levels was used to determine if the effects on cardiac physiology were G-protein-coupled receptor dependent. In addition, we utilized high-content cell imaging to simultaneously determine cell viability, mitochondrial integrity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in both cell types. Kinetic analysis indicated that ROS formation is best detectable 30 min following initial treatment, whereas cytotoxic effects were most stable after 24 h. For hepatocytes, high-content imaging was also used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cytoskeletal integrity, as well as mitochondrial integrity and the potential for lipid accumulation. Lipid accumulation, a marker for hepatic steatosis, was most reliably detected 48 h following treatment with test compounds. Overall, our results demonstrate how a compendium of assays can be utilized for quantitative screening of chemical effects in iPSC cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes and enable rapid and cost-efficient multidimensional biological profiling of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Alexander Grimm
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Yasuhiro Iwata
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | | | - Michael Bittner
- 3 Translational Genomics Research Institute, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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