1
|
Differential effects of fluoxetine and venlafaxine in the neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn) revealed by a cell lineage map. Neurotoxicology 2019; 76:1-9. [PMID: 31593710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for in vitro tests for the evaluation of chemicals and pharmaceuticals that may cause developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) in humans. The neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn) is such an in vitro test that mimics early neural differentiation. The aim of this study was to define the biological domain of ESTn based on the expression of selective markers for certain cell types, and to investigate the effects of two antidepressants, fluoxetine (FLX) and venlafaxine (VNX), on neural differentiation. A cell lineage map was made to track neural differentiation and the effects of FLX and VNX in ESTn. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed differentiation from an embryonic stem cell population to a mixed culture of neural progenitors, neurons and neural crest cells 7 days into differentiation. Maturing neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were present after 13 days. Exposure to FLX or VNX led to different expression patterns between compounds at both time points. On day 7, both compounds upregulated most of the stem cell- and immature neuron markers, but had distinct effects on neural subtype markers. FLX downregulated glycinergic markers and upregulated cholinergic markers, while VNX had the opposite effect. On day 13, FLX and VNX affected their specific therapeutic targets, represented by mainly serotonergic markers by FLX- and dopaminergic and noradrenergic markers in VNX-exposed cultures, as well as oligodendrocyte and glycinergic neuron markers. This proof of concept study shows the added value of assessing DNT in ESTn through a cell lineage map and gives mechanistic insight in the potential neurodevelopmental effects of FLX and VNX. More compounds should be tested to further evaluate the use of the cell lineage map.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fritsche E, Barenys M, Klose J, Masjosthusmann S, Nimtz L, Schmuck M, Wuttke S, Tigges J. Current Availability of Stem Cell-Based In Vitro Methods for Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) Testing. Toxicol Sci 2019; 165:21-30. [PMID: 29982830 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that chemical exposure during development can cause irreversible impairments of the human developing nervous system. Therefore, testing compounds for their developmentally neurotoxic potential has high priority for different stakeholders: academia, industry, and regulatory bodies. Due to the resource-intensity of current developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) in vivo guidelines, alternative methods that are scientifically valid and have a high predictivity for humans are especially desired by regulators. Here, we review availability of stem-/progenitor cell-based in vitro methods for DNT evaluation that is based on the concept of neurodevelopmental process assessment. These test methods are assembled into a DNT in vitro testing battery. Gaps in this testing battery addressing research needs are also pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Barenys
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jördis Klose
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Masjosthusmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Nimtz
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Schmuck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saskia Wuttke
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feutz AC, De Geyter C. Accuracy, discriminative properties and reliability of a human ESC-based in vitro toxicity assay to distinguish teratogens responsible for neural tube defects. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2375-2384. [PMID: 31401662 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The poor correlation of developmental toxicity studies in animals with human outcome data has emphasized the need for complementary assays based on human cells and tissues. As neural tube defects represent an important proportion of congenital malformations, we evaluated here the accuracy of a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based assay to predict chemically induced disruption of neural tube formation. As teratogenic compounds, we used cyclopamine (CPA), valproic acid (VPA), ochratoxin A (OTA) and mycophenolic acid (MMF), all suspected or known inducers of human neural tube defects, as well as theophylline and saccharin as negative control compounds. We analyzed their effects on the ability of hES cells to give rise to neural precursors (expressing specific marker Nestin), to form neural tube-like structures (rosettes), and to express specific markers (Sox1, Otx2, Lix1, EvI1, Rspo3) during rosette formation. The results showed that various effects of the selected compounds on early neural development could be specifically revealed in vitro through related alterations of neurogenic differentiation of hESC. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate toxicants acting at different time points during embryonic development and, therefore, responsible for distinct adverse effects on neural tube formation. By comparing four different hESC lines, we observed a significant (up to fivefold) variability of the line-dependent response to toxicants. We highlight at least two sources of variability: one related to the heterogeneity of hESC lines in culture (stemness/commitment profiles); the second to possible genetically determined differences in individual sensitivity to teratogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Feutz
- Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecological Endocrinology (RME), University Hospital, University of Basel, Vogesenstrasse 134, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University Hospital, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,SCAHT-Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian De Geyter
- Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecological Endocrinology (RME), University Hospital, University of Basel, Vogesenstrasse 134, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,SCAHT-Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kohl A, Golan N, Cinnamon Y, Genin O, Chefetz B, Sela-Donenfeld D. A proof of concept study demonstrating that environmental levels of carbamazepine impair early stages of chick embryonic development. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:583-594. [PMID: 31174146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug used for epilepsy and other disorders. Prescription of CBZ during pregnancy increases the risk for congenital malformations. CBZ is ubiquitous in effluents and persistent during wastewater treatment. Thus, it is re-introduced into agricultural ecosystems upon irrigation with reclaimed wastewater. People consuming produce irrigated with reclaimed wastewater were found to be exposed to CBZ. However, environmental concentrations of CBZ (μgL-1) are magnitudes lower than its therapeutic levels (μgml-1), raising the question of whether and how environmental levels of CBZ affect embryonic development. The chick embryo is a powerful and highly sensitive amniotic model system that enables to assess environmental contaminants in the living organism. Since the chick embryonic development is highly similar to mammalians, yet, it develops in an egg, toxic effects can be directly analyzed in a well-controlled system without maternal influences. This research utilized the chick embryo to test whether CBZ is embryo-toxic by using morphological, cellular, molecular and imaging strategies. Three key embryonic stages were monitored: after blastulation (st.1HH), gastrulation/neurulation (st.8HH) and organogenesis (st.15HH). Here we demonstrate that environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ impair morphogenesis in a dose- and stage- dependent manner. Effects on gastrulation, neural tube closure, differentiation and proliferation were exhibited in early stages by exposing embryos to CBZ dose as low as 0.1μgL-1. Quantification of developmental progression revealed a significant difference in the total score obtained by CBZ-treated embryos compared to controls (up to 5-fold difference, p<0.05). Yet, defects were unnoticed as embryos passed gastrulation/neurulation. This study provides the first evidence for teratogenic effect of environmental-relevant concentrations of CBZ in amniotic embryos that impair early but not late stages of development. These findings call for in-depth risk analysis to ensure that the environmental presence of CBZ and other drugs is not causing irreversible ecological and public-health damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Kohl
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Naama Golan
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyon 7528809, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyon 7528809, Israel
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang S, Yin N, Faiola F. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells as Tools for Predicting Developmental Neural Toxicity of Chemicals: Strategies, Applications, and Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:755-768. [PMID: 30990109 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human central nervous system (CNS) is very sensitive to perturbations, since it performs sophisticated biological processes and requires cooperation from multiple neural cell types. Subtle interference from exogenous chemicals, such as environmental pollutants, industrial chemicals, drug components, food additives, and cosmetic constituents, may initiate severe developmental neural toxicity (DNT). Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based neural differentiation assays provide effective and promising tools to help evaluate potential DNT caused by those toxicants. In fact, the specification of neural lineages in vitro recapitulates critical CNS developmental processes, such as patterning, differentiation, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and myelination. Hence, the established protocols to generate a repertoire of neural derivatives from hPSCs greatly benefit the in vitro evaluation of DNT. In this review, we first dissect the various differentiation protocols inducing neural cells from hPSCs, with an emphasis on the signaling pathways and endpoint markers defining each differentiation stage. We then highlight the studies with hPSC-based protocols predicting developmental neural toxicants, and discuss remaining challenges. We hope this review can provide insights for the further progress of DNT studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengxian Liang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Leeuw VC, Hessel EVS, Piersma AH. Look-alikes may not act alike: Gene expression regulation and cell-type-specific responses of three valproic acid analogues in the neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn). Toxicol Lett 2018; 303:28-37. [PMID: 30578912 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro assays to assess developmental neurotoxicity of chemicals are highly desirable. The murine neural embryonic stem cell test (ESTn) can mimic parts of early differentiation of embryonic brain and may therefore be useful for this purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this test is able to rank the toxic potencies of three valproic acid analogues and to study their mode of action by investigating their individual effects on four cell types: stem cells, neurons, astrocytes and neural crest cells. Using immunocytochemical read-outs and qPCR for cell type-specific genes, the effects of valproic acid (VPA), 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHA) and 2-ethyl-4-methylpentanoic (EMPA) were assessed. VPA and EHA but not EMPA downregulated cell type-specific differentiation makers and upregulated stem cell related markers (Fut4, Cdh1) at different time points during differentiation. Expression of Gfap, a marker for astrocytes, was dramatically downregulated by VPA and EHA, but not by EMPA. This finding was verified using immunostainings. Based on the number and extent of genes regulated by the three compounds, relative potencies were determined as VPA > EHA > EMPA, which is consistent with in vivo developmental toxicity potency ranking of these compounds. Thus, ESTn using a combination of morphology, gene and protein expression readouts, may provide a medium-throughput system for monitoring the effects of compounds on differentiation of cell types in early brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C de Leeuw
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Apáti Á, Varga N, Berecz T, Erdei Z, Homolya L, Sarkadi B. Application of human pluripotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cell-derived cellular models for assessing drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 15:61-75. [PMID: 30526128 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1558207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are capable of differentiating into all types of cells in the body and so provide suitable toxicology screening systems even for hard-to-obtain human tissues. Since hPSCs can also be generated from differentiated cells and current gene editing technologies allow targeted genome modifications, hPSCs can be applied for drug toxicity screening both in normal and disease-specific models. Targeted hPSC differentiation is still a challenge but cardiac, neuronal or liver cells, and complex cellular models are already available for practical applications. Areas covered: The authors review new gene-editing and cell-biology technologies to generate sensitive toxicity screening systems based on hPSCs. Then the authors present the use of undifferentiated hPSCs for examining embryonic toxicity and discuss drug screening possibilities in hPSC-derived models. The authors focus on the application of human cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and neural cultures in toxicity testing, and discuss the recent possibilities for drug screening in a 'body-on-a-chip' model system. Expert opinion: hPSCs and their genetically engineered derivatives provide new possibilities to investigate drug toxicity in human tissues. The key issues in this regard are still the selection and generation of proper model systems, and the interpretation of the results in understanding in vivo drug effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Apáti
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Nóra Varga
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Tünde Berecz
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Erdei
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Balázs Sarkadi
- a Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The development of stem cell biology has revolutionized regenerative medicine and its clinical applications. Another aspect through which stem cells would benefit human health is their use in toxicology. In fact, owing to their ability to differentiate into all the lineages of the human body, including germ cells, stem cells, and, in particular, pluripotent stem cells, can be utilized for the assessment, in vitro, of embryonic, developmental, reproductive, organ, and functional toxicities, relevant to human physiology, without employing live animal tests and with the possibility of high throughput applications. Thus, stem cell toxicology would tremendously assist in the toxicological evaluation of the increasing number of synthetic chemicals that we are exposed to, of which toxicity information is limited. In this review, we introduce stem cell toxicology, as an emerging branch of in vitro toxicology, which offers quick and efficient alternatives to traditional toxicology assessments. We first discuss the development of stem cell toxicology, and we then emphasize its advantages and highlight the achievements of human pluripotent stem cell-based toxicity research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China .,2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kobayashi K, Suzuki N, Higashi K, Muroi A, Le Coz F, Nagahori H, Saito K. Editor's Highlight: Development of Novel Neural Embryonic Stem CellTests for High-Throughput Screening of Embryotoxic Chemicals. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:238-250. [PMID: 28903496 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a great demand for appropriate alternative methods to rapidly evaluate the developmental and reproductive toxicity of a wide variety of chemicals. We used the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into cardiomyocytes as a basis for establishing a rapid and highly reproducible invitro embryotoxicity test known as the Hand1-Luc Embryonic Stem Cell Test (Hand1-Luc EST). In this study, we developed novel neural-Luc ESTs using two marker genes for neural development, tubulin beta-3 (Tubb3) and Reelin (Reln), and evaluated the capacity of these tests to predict developmental toxicity. In addition, we tested whether an integrated approach (a combination of neural-Luc ESTs and the Hand1-Luc EST) improved developmental toxicant detection. To perform our neural-Luc ESTs, we needed to generate stable transgenic mESCs with individual promoters linked to the luciferase gene, and to establish that similar changes in promoter activities and mRNA expression levels occur during neural differentiation. Based on the concentration-response curves of 15 developmental toxicants and 17 non-developmental toxic chemicals, we derived a prediction formula and assessed the capacity of this formula to predict developmental toxicity. Although both were highly sensitive and specific for predicting developmental toxicity, neural-Luc ESTs had similar predictive capacities. In contrast, neural-Luc ESTs and Hand1-Luc EST had significantly different predictive powers. As expected, the combination of these ESTs increased the sensitivity of developmental toxicant detection. These results demonstrate the convenience and the usefulness of this combination of ESTs as an alternative assay system for future toxicological and mechanistic studies of developmental toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kobayashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Higashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Akane Muroi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Florian Le Coz
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Waldmann T, Grinberg M, König A, Rempel E, Schildknecht S, Henry M, Holzer AK, Dreser N, Shinde V, Sachinidis A, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG, Leist M. Stem Cell Transcriptome Responses and Corresponding Biomarkers That Indicate the Transition from Adaptive Responses to Cytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:905-922. [PMID: 28001369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of transcriptome changes has become an established method to characterize the reaction of cells to toxicants. Such experiments are mostly performed at compound concentrations close to the cytotoxicity threshold. At present, little information is available on concentration-dependent features of transcriptome changes, in particular, at the transition from noncytotoxic concentrations to conditions that are associated with cell death. Thus, it is unclear in how far cell death confounds the results of transcriptome studies. To explore this gap of knowledge, we treated pluripotent stem cells differentiating to human neuroepithelial cells (UKN1 assay) for short periods (48 h) with increasing concentrations of valproic acid (VPA) and methyl mercury (MeHg), two compounds with vastly different modes of action. We developed various visualization tools to describe cellular responses, and the overall response was classified as "tolerance" (minor transcriptome changes), "functional adaptation" (moderate/strong transcriptome responses, but no cytotoxicity), and "degeneration". The latter two conditions were compared, using various statistical approaches. We identified (i) genes regulated at cytotoxic, but not at noncytotoxic, concentrations and (ii) KEGG pathways, gene ontology term groups, and superordinate biological processes that were only regulated at cytotoxic concentrations. The consensus markers and processes found after 48 h treatment were then overlaid with those found after prolonged (6 days) treatment. The study highlights the importance of careful concentration selection and of controlling viability for transcriptome studies. Moreover, it allowed identification of 39 candidate "biomarkers of cytotoxicity". These could serve to provide alerts that data sets of interest may have been affected by cell death in the model system studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Waldmann
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair Foundation, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marianna Grinberg
- Department of Statistics, Technical University of Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - André König
- Department of Statistics, Technical University of Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Department of Statistics, Technical University of Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair Foundation, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Margit Henry
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK) , D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair Foundation, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nadine Dreser
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair Foundation, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Shinde
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK) , D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK) , D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, Technical University of Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund , D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair Foundation, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeng Y, Kurokawa Y, Zeng Q, Win-Shwe TT, Nansai H, Zhang Z, Sone H. Effects of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers on a 3-D Neurosphere System Using Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:128-44. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
12
|
Robinson JF, Gormley MJ, Fisher SJ. A genomics-based framework for identifying biomarkers of human neurodevelopmental toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 60:1-10. [PMID: 26827931 PMCID: PMC4867143 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) neural differentiation models have tremendous potential for evaluating environmental compounds in terms of their ability to induce neurodevelopmental toxicity. Genomic based-approaches are being applied to identify changes underlying normal human development (in vitro and in vivo) and the effects of environmental exposures. Here, we investigated whether mechanisms that are shared between hESC neural differentiation model systems and human embryos are candidate biomarkers of developmental toxicities for neurogenesis. We conducted a meta-analysis of transcriptomic datasets with the goal of identifying differentially expressed genes that were common to the hESC-model and human embryos. The overlapping NeuroDevelopmental Biomarker (NDB) gene set contained 304 genes which were enriched for their roles in neurogenesis. These genes were investigated for their utility as candidate biomarkers in the context of toxicogenomic studies focused on the effects of retinoic acid, valproic acid, or carbamazepine in hESC models of neurodifferentiation. The results revealed genes, including 13 common targets of the 3 compounds, that were candidate biomarkers of neurotoxicity in hESC-based studies of environmental toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Robinson
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States.
| | - M J Gormley
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States
| | - S J Fisher
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Human Embryonic Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lestanova Z, Bacova Z, Kiss A, Havranek T, Strbak V, Bakos J. Oxytocin Increases Neurite Length and Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins Associated with Neuronal Growth. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 59:184-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Schulpen SH, Theunissen PT, Pennings JL, Piersma AH. Comparison of gene expression regulation in mouse- and human embryonic stem cell assays during neural differentiation and in response to valproic acid exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 56:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
15
|
Schulpen SHW, Pennings JLA, Piersma AH. Gene Expression Regulation and Pathway Analysis After Valproic Acid and Carbamazepine Exposure in a Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Assay. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:311-20. [PMID: 25979313 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating pluripotent stem cells in vitro have proven useful for the study of developmental toxicity. Here, we studied the effects of anticonvulsant drug exposure in a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based neurodevelopmental toxicity test (hESTn). During neural differentiation the cells were exposed, for either 1 or 7 days, to noncytotoxic concentration ranges of valproic acid (VPA) or carbamazepine (CBZ), antiepileptic drugs known to cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. The effects observed on gene expression and correlated processes and pathways were in line with processes associated with neural development and pharmaceutical mode of action. In general, VPA showed a higher number of genes and molecular pathways affected than CBZ. The response kinetics differed between both compounds, with CBZ showing higher response magnitudes at day 1, versus VPA at day 7. With this study, we demonstrated the potential and biological relevance of the application of this hESC-based differentiation assay in combination with transcriptomics, as a tool to study neurodevelopmental toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjors H W Schulpen
- *Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- *Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands and
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- *Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|