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Kishore A, Mithul Aravind S, Singh A. Bionanocomposites for active and smart food packaging: A review on its application, safety, and health aspects. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Prospecting the role of nanotechnology in extending the shelf-life of fresh produce and in developing advanced packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Antimicrobial Active Packaging Containing Nisin for Preservation of Products of Animal Origin: An Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233820. [PMID: 36496629 PMCID: PMC9735823 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of food represents one of the greatest challenges in the food industry. Active packaging materials are obtained through the incorporation of antimicrobial and/or antioxidant compounds in order to improve their functionality. Further, these materials are used for food packaging applications for shelf-life extension and fulfilling consumer demands for minimal processed foods with great quality and safety. The incorporation of antimicrobial peptides, such as nisin, has been studied lately, with a great interest applied to the food industry. Antimicrobials can be incorporated in various matrices such as nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, or nanoparticles, which are further used for packaging. Despite the widespread application of nisin as an antimicrobial by directly incorporating it into various foods, the use of nisin by incorporating it into food packaging materials is researched at a much smaller scale. The researchers in this field are still in full development, being specific to the type of product studied. The purpose of this study was to present recent results obtained as a result of using nisin as an antimicrobial agent in food packaging materials, with a focus on applications on products of animal origin. The findings showed that nisin incorporated in packaging materials led to a significant reduction in the bacterial load (the total viable count or inoculated strains), maintained product attributes (physical, chemical, and sensorial), and prolonged their shelf-life.
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Mahmud J, Sarmast E, Shankar S, Lacroix M. Advantages of nanotechnology developments in active food packaging. Food Res Int 2022; 154:111023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Strategies to Improve the Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Pectin Films for Food Packaging: Comparing Nanocomposites with Bilayers. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional food packaging systems help reduce food wastage, but they also produce environmental impacts when not properly disposed of. Bio-based polymers are a promising solution to overcome these impacts, but they have poor barrier and mechanical properties. This work evaluates two strategies to improve these properties in pectin films: the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or sodium montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles, and an additional layer of chitosan (i.e., a bilayer film). The bionanocomposites and bilayer films were characterized in terms of optical, morphological, hygroscopic, mechanical and barrier properties. The inclusion of the nanofillers in the polymer reduced the water vapor permeability and the hydrophilicity of the films without compromising their visual properties (i.e., their transparency). However, the nanoparticles did not substantially improve the mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites. Regarding the bilayer films, FTIR and contact angle studies revealed no surface and/or chemical modifications, confirming only physical coating/lamination between the two polymers. These bilayer films exhibited a dense homogenous structure, with intermediate optical and hygroscopic properties. An additional layer of chitosan did not improve the mechanical, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of the pectin films. However, this additional layer made the material more hydrophobic, which may play an important role in the application of pectin as a food packaging material.
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N'guessan BB, Amponsah SK, Iheagwara IB, Seidu MA, Frimpong-Manso S, Ofori-Attah E, Bekoe EO, Sarkodie JA, Appiah-Opong R, Asiedu-Gyekye IJ. Toxicity, mutagenicity and trace metal constituent of Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae) and kaolin, a recipe used traditionally in cancer management in Cote d'Ivoire. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114147. [PMID: 33930492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Some local communities in Cote d'Ivoire use the mushroom Termitomyces schimperi combined with kaolin (TSK) to manage various cancers in patients. However, there is a paucity of data on toxicity, mutagenicity and trace metal constituent of TSK. AIM OF THE STUDY We sought to investigate the acute and sub-chronic toxicities, mutagenic potential, and trace metal constituents of TSK. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess acute toxicity, single doses (1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg) of aqueous extract of TSK were administrated per os to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats on Day 1. The rats were then monitored for 13 consecutive days. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated by daily administration of 200 and 500 mg/kg of the extract per os for 90 consecutive days. SD rats used as control received distilled water. Signs of toxicity, changes in body weight and mortality were monitored. After the aforementioned monitoring processes, rats were sacrificed and blood collected for full blood count and biochemistry analysis. Animal organs were also collected for histopathological examination. The mutagenic potential of the aqueous extract of TSK (10000 μg/mL) on TA98 Salmonella typhimurium was estimated. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) method was employed to determine trace metal constituents of TSK. RESULTS Single-dose administration of 5000 mg/kg of TSK did not cause any death in the SD rats; thus, LD50 was above 5000 mg/kg. Administration of 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of TSK did not cause any significant change in behaviour and body weight of SD rats during the 14-day monitoring period. However, the mean corpuscular volume and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration increased significantly (p < 0.01) among rats administered 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of TSK. There was a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in alanine transaminase levels in rats administered 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of TSK extract compared with control. Conversely, there was a significant decrease (p=0.0122) in serum creatine level among rats administered 1000 and 3000 mg/kg of TSK extract compared with control. After 14 days, there were minimal changes with isolated organs of TSK-treated and control rats. Furthermore, 90-day treatment with extract of TSK caused no significant change in parameters assessed. TSK induced frameshift gene mutation in S. typhimurium before (p < 0.05) and after metabolic activation (p < 0.001). Elemental analysis of TSK revealed the presence of toxic (aluminium) or potentially toxic (silver, rabidium, titanium and zirconium) elements. CONCLUSIONS The aqueous extract of TSK showed no toxicity (acute and sub-chronic) at doses tested. These findings are consistent with the absence of heavy metals (i.e., cadmium) and potentially toxic elements (i.e., uranium) in TSK samples analysed. TSK showed some level of mutagenic potential. Further mutagenic and chronic toxicity studies on TSK are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Banga N'guessan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 43 Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Seth Kwabena Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 43 Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ifeanyichukwu Benedict Iheagwara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 43 Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Mahmood Abdulai Seidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (Pathology), School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Frimpong-Manso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 43 Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ebenezer Ofori-Attah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Emelia Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 43 Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Joseph Adusei Sarkodie
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 43 Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 43 Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Shaikh S, Yaqoob M, Aggarwal P. An overview of biodegradable packaging in food industry. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:503-520. [PMID: 34401747 PMCID: PMC8349771 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, conventional plastics are manufactured and used for packaging applications in different sectors. As the food industries are increasing, the demand for packaging material is also increasing. Plastics have transformed the food industry to higher levels; however, conventional petroleum-based plastics are non-degradable which has created severe ecological problems to the environment like a threat to aquatic life and degrading air quality. Biodegradable polymers or biopolymers emerged as an alternative approach for many industrial applications to control the risk caused by non-biodegradable plastic. According to the type of starting material, they have been categorized as polymers extracted from biomass, synthesized from monomers, and produced from microorganisms. The quality of biopolymers depends on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The present review highlights the characteristics of various biopolymers and their blends, comparison of properties between non-biodegradable and biopolymers, the market potential for food packaging applications. The review also emphasizes different commercial forms like films, trays, bags, coatings, and foamed products for application as modified atmosphere packaging, active packaging, and edible packaging. Different issues affecting market growth like harmful products formed during production and consumer perception have also been discussed. Information on biopolymers is widely scattered over many sources, this article aims to provide an overview of biodegradable polymer packages for food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Shaikh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Mudasir Yaqoob
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India
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Electrospun Antibacterial and Antioxidant Zein/Polylactic Acid/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Nanofibers as an Active Food Packaging System. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications: An Overview. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010010. [PMID: 33374563 PMCID: PMC7822409 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong drive in industry for packaging solutions that contribute to sustainable development by targeting a circular economy, which pivots around the recyclability of the packaging materials. The aim is to reduce traditional plastic consumption and achieve high recycling efficiency while maintaining the desired barrier and mechanical properties. In this domain, packaging materials in the form of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) can offer the desired functionalities and can be a potential replacement for complex multilayered polymer structures. There has been an increasing interest in nanocomposites for food packaging applications, with a five-fold rise in the number of published articles during the period 2010–2019. The barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties of the polymers can be significantly improved by incorporating low concentrations of nanofillers. Furthermore, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties can be introduced, which are very relevant for food packaging applications. In this review, we will present an overview of the nanocomposite materials for food packaging applications. We will briefly discuss different nanofillers, methods to incorporate them in the polymer matrix, and surface treatments, with a special focus on the barrier, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. On the practical side migration issues, consumer acceptability, recyclability, and toxicity aspects will also be discussed.
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Alfei S, Marengo B, Zuccari G. Nanotechnology application in food packaging: A plethora of opportunities versus pending risks assessment and public concerns. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109664. [PMID: 33233243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors, oxidation and microorganisms contamination, are the major causes for food spoilage, which leads to sensory features alteration, loss of quality, production of harmful chemicals and growth of foodborne pathogens capable to cause severe illness. Synthetic preservatives, traditional conserving methods and food packaging (FP), although effective in counteracting food spoilage, do not allow the real-time monitoring of food quality during storage and transportation and assent a relatively short shelf life. In addition, FP may protect food by the spoilage caused by external contaminations, but is ineffective against foodborne microorganisms. FP preservative functionalities could be improved adding edible natural antioxidants and antimicrobials, but such chemicals are easily degradable. Nowadays, thanks to nanotechnology techniques, it is possible to improve the FP performances, formulating and inserting more stable antioxidant/antimicrobial ingredients, improving mechanical properties and introducing intelligent functions. The state-of-the-art in the field of nanomaterial-based improved FP, the advantages that might derive from their extensive introduction on the market and the main concerns associated to the possible migration and toxicity of nanomaterials, frequently neglected in existing reviews, have been herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Genova (GE), Viale Cembrano, 4, I-16148, Italy.
| | - Barbara Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine - DIMES, University of Genoa, Genova (GE), Via Alberti L.B. 2, I- 16132, Italy
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFAR), University of Genoa, Genova (GE), Viale Cembrano, 4, I-16148, Italy
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Jafarzadeh S, Jafari SM. Impact of metal nanoparticles on the mechanical, barrier, optical and thermal properties of biodegradable food packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2640-2658. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1783200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Jafarzadeh
- Food Biopolymer Research Group, Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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12
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Sabzevari AG, Sabahi H, Nikbakht M. Montmorillonite, a natural biocompatible nanosheet with intrinsic antitumor activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Elliott CT, Connolly L, Kolawole O. Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:115-126. [PMID: 31515765 PMCID: PMC6971152 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a continuing feed quality and safety issue, leading to significant losses in livestock production and potential human health risks. Consequently, various methods have been developed to reduce the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed; however, feed supplementation with clay minerals or mineral adsorbents is the most prominent approach widely practiced by farmers and the feed industry. Due to a negatively charged and high surface area, pore volume, swelling ability, and high cation exchange capacity, mineral adsorbents including bentonite, zeolite, montmorillonite, and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate can bind or adsorb mycotoxins to their interlayer spaces, external surface, and edges. Several studies have shown these substances to be partly or fully effective in counteracting toxic effects of mycotoxins in farm animals fed contaminated diets and thus are extensively used in livestock production to reduce the risk of mycotoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a considerable number of studies have indicated that these agents may also cause undesirable effects in farm animals. The current work aims to review published reports regarding adverse effects that may arise in farm animals (with a focus on pig and poultry) and potential interaction with veterinary substances and nutrients in feeds, when mineral adsorbents are utilized as a technological feed additive. Furthermore, results of in vitro toxicity studies of both natural and modified mineral adsorbents on different cell lines are reported. Supplementation of mycotoxin-contaminated feed with mineral adsorbents must be carefully considered by farmers and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Jillella GK, Khan K, Roy K. Application of QSARs in identification of mutagenicity mechanisms of nitro and amino aromatic compounds against Salmonella typhimurium species. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104768. [PMID: 31926304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to describe the underlying causes of mutagenicity mainly due to organic chemicals, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models have been developed using two different Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity endpoints with or without presence of liver metabolic microsomal enzymes (S9) namely TA98-S9 and TA98 + S9. The models were developed using simple 2D variables having definite physicochemical meaning calculated from Dragon, SiRMS, and PaDEL-descriptor software tools. Stepwise regression followed by partial least squares (PLS) regression was used in model development following the strict OECD guidelines for QSAR model development and validation. The models were validated using coefficient of determination R2, cross-validation coefficient Q2LOO (leave one out) while the test set predictions were analyzed using Q2F1 (coefficient of determination for the test set). Several other internationally accepted validation metrics like MAE95%train, average rm(LOO)2 and Δrm(LOO)2 (for the training set) were used to check model robustness while predictive efficiency was evaluated using MAE95%test, average rm2 and Δrm2 (for the test set). The scope of predictions was defined by applicability domain analysis using the DModX approach, a recommended tool for PLS models. The major contributing features related to mutagenicity include lipophilicity, electronegativity, branching and unsaturation, etc. The present manuscript is the first attempt to undertake modeling of two different endpoints (TA98-S9 and TA98 + S9) in order to explore major contributing molecular features linked directly or indirectly to mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala Krishna Jillella
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational and Research (NIPER), Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Manikata Main Road, 700054 Kolkata, India
| | - Kabiruddin Khan
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, 700032 Kolkata, India
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, 700032 Kolkata, India.
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Zabihzadeh Khajavi M, Mohammadi R, Ahmadi S, Farhoodi M, Yousefi M. Strategies for controlling release of plastic compounds into foodstuffs based on application of nanoparticles and its potential health issues. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Rainer B, Mayrhofer E, Redl M, Dolak I, Mislivececk D, Czerny T, Kirchnawy C, Marin-Kuan M, Schilter B, Tacker M. Mutagenicity assessment of food contact material migrates with the Ames MPF assay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1419-1432. [PMID: 31287381 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1634841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the safety assessment of food contact materials (FCM) is the evaluation of unknown non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Even though consumer exposure levels may be quantitatively low, these substances are considered to be of high toxicological concern if they act as DNA reactive mutagens. From a safety assessment perspective, it is therefore important to detect their presence in FCM migrates. The present study applied the Ames MPF assay to assess the mutagenicity of migrates obtained from 30 food contact material samples out of 3 categories: plastics, composite materials and coatings. As a food simulant, 95% ethanol (EtOH) had a superior performance to less volatile simulants when evaluating recovery rates of representative model substances in different volatility categories. To monitor possible interference of the FCM matrix with Ames MPF results, migrates were spiked with reference substances and recovery rates were established. Out of 30 samples tested, two caused significant inhibition of revertant formation in the presence of the spiking control. Overall detection limits of the applied test method were estimated by determination of the lowest effective concentrations (LEC) for 10 Ames-positive substances. Even though the current limits of detection are not sufficient to entirely fulfil regulatory and safety requirements, three out of 30 FCMs showed evidence of dose-dependent effects in the Ames MPF assay. Overall, the data obtained supported the relevance of testing FCM migrates for DNA reactive contaminants and showed the value of the Ames MPF assay for the safety assessment of FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Rainer
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elisa Mayrhofer
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Miriam Redl
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Irene Dolak
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Daniela Mislivececk
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Czerny
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Christian Kirchnawy
- OFI, Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- OFI - Department for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Nestle Research - Chemical Food Safety , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- OFI - Department for Microbiology and Cell Culture, Nestle Research - Chemical Food Safety , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Manfred Tacker
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences , Vienna , Austria
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Abstract
Consumer awareness about the damages that plastic packaging waste cause to the environment, coupled with bio-economy and circular economy policies, are pushing plastic packaging versus the use of bio-based and biodegradable materials. In this contest, even cosmetic packaging is looking for sustainable solutions, and research is focusing on modifying bio-based and biodegradable polymers to meet the challenging requirements for cosmetic preservation, while maintaining sustainability and biodegradability. Several bio-based and biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid), polyhydroxyalkanoates, polysaccharides, etc., are available, and some first solutions for both rigid and flexible packaging are already present on the market, while many others are under study and optimization. A fruitful cooperation among researchers and industries will drive the cosmetic sector toward being more ecological and contributing to save our environment.
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18
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Sothornvit R. Nanostructured materials for food packaging systems: new functional properties. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Baysal G, Çelik BY. Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial bio-nano films for food packaging. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 54:79-88. [PMID: 30407105 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1530546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study prepared antibacterial nanocomposite films for food packaging from Montmorillonite, which was modified by quaternary ammonium salts such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CT), hexadecyl-tributyl phosphonium bromide (HD) and corn starch (CS). After this, it determined the antimicrobial activity of CS nanofilms against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Dispersion of silicate layers and starch nanocomposite films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicated that presence of quaternary ammonium salts enhanced clay dispersion, and the starch films incorporated with quaternary ammonium salts would provide potential use in food packaging as nanostructural materials. The nanofilms that were obtained based on the results of the antibacterial analysis were confirmed to have much stronger antibacterial properties than those in similar studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülay Baysal
- a Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty , Istanbul Aydin University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Burç Yilmaz Çelik
- a Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty , Istanbul Aydin University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Rainer B, Pinter E, Czerny T, Riegel E, Kirchnawy C, Marin-Kuan M, Schilter B, Tacker M. Suitability of the Ames test to characterise genotoxicity of food contact material migrates. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2230-2243. [PMID: 30257137 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1519259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) are chemical impurities which can migrate from packaging materials (FCM) into food. Safety assessment of NIAS is required by European law, but currently there is no comprehensive testing strategy available. In this context, one key element is to get insight on the potential presence of genotoxic NIAS in FCM migrates. This raises questions about the limit at which genotoxins can be detected in complex mixtures such as FCM migrates, and if such limits of detection (LOD) would be compatible with safety. In this context, the present review assesses the suitability of the Ames assay to address genotoxicity of FCM migrates. Lowest effective concentrations of packaging-related and other chemicals in test media were retrieved from scientific literature and used as surrogates of LODs to be benchmarked against a value of 0.01 mg kg-1 (10 ppb) in migrates. This is a pragmatic threshold used in FCM safety evaluation to prioritise substances requiring proper identification and risk assessment. The analysis of the data shows that only potent genotoxins can theoretically be detectable at a level of 0.01 mg kg-1 in migrates or food. Only a minority (10%) of genotoxic chemicals reported to be associated with FCMs could be picked up at a level of 0.01 mg kg-1 or lower. Overall, this review shows that the Ames test in its present form cannot be used as standalone method for evaluating the genotoxic potential of FCM migrates, but must be used together with other information from analytical chemistry and FCM manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Rainer
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pinter
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas Czerny
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Elisabeth Riegel
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
| | - Christian Kirchnawy
- b Department for Microbiology and Cell Culture , OFI - Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- c Chemical Food Safety , Nestlé Research Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- c Chemical Food Safety , Nestlé Research Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Manfred Tacker
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences, FH Campus Wien , Vienna , Austria
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21
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Maisanaba S, Guzmán-Guillén R, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Ortuño N, Jos Á. In vitro toxicity evaluation of new silane-modified clays and the migration extract from a derived polymer-clay nanocomposite intended to food packaging applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:313-320. [PMID: 28800565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The clay montmorillonite (Mt) is among the nanofillers more frequently used for food packaging applications. The organomodification of clays with different modifiers, such as silanes, is an important step in the preparation of improved polymer/clay materials known as nanocomposites. However, the toxicological data about these nanofillers is still scarce. In the present study, an in vitro toxicological evaluation in Caco-2 cells of two silane-modified clays based on Mt, Clay3 and Clay4 (0-250μg/ml), was performed. The cytotoxicity, cell death, genotoxicity and oxidative stress produced by both organoclays were evaluated after 24 and 48h of exposure. Moreover, the migration extracts obtained from nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP) + Clay3 and only PP were also investigated. Only Clay4 induced cytotoxicity, showing a reduction of cell viability to 63% of the control, as well as oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding the PP-Clay3 migration extract, no cytotoxic effects were observed after exposure to the tested concentrations (0-100%). Moreover, significant differences in the presence of Ca, Mg and Si compared to the PP extract were obtained, although migration levels were in accordance with the food contact materials regulation. These findings indicate that a case-by-case toxicological assessment of organoclays should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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22
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Maisanaba S, Hercog K, Ortuño N, Jos Á, Žegura B. Induction of micronuclei and alteration of gene expression by an organomodified clay in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:240-248. [PMID: 27058916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clay2 is an organomodified montmorillonite developed by the Technological Institute of Packaging, Transport and Logistic (ITENE) in order to improve polymeric materials used in food packaging. There is not much known on Clay2 toxic potential, particularly at DNA level, therefore it is mandatory to assess its toxicity prior to its commercialization. In the present study the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) was exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of Clay2 and the genomic stability was studied with the Cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay, by determining the formation of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). Moreover, the expression of various genes involved in the mechanisms of its action using the real-time quantitative PCR was studied. The results obtained provide the evidence that Clay2 is potentially genotoxic as it increased the frequency of micronuclei. In addition it deregulated genes involved in the metabolism, immediate-early response/signaling, DNA damage and oxidative stress showing new valuable information on the cellular response to Clay2. Nonetheless, further studies are highly needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of clays toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Klara Hercog
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Souza VGL, Fernando AL. Nanoparticles in food packaging: Biodegradability and potential migration to food—A review. Food Packag Shelf Life 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Maisanaba S, Hercog K, Filipic M, Jos Á, Zegura B. Genotoxic potential of montmorillonite clay mineral and alteration in the expression of genes involved in toxicity mechanisms in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:425-433. [PMID: 26599662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Montmorillonite, also known as Cloisite(®)Na(+) (CNa(+)), is a natural clay with a wide range of well-documented and novel applications, such as pharmaceutical products or food packaging. Although considered a low toxic product, the expected increased exposure to CNa(+) arises concern on the potential consequences on human and environmental health especially as its genotoxicity has scarcely been investigated so far. Thus, we investigated, for the first time, the influence of non-cytotoxic concentrations of CNa(+) (15.65, 31.25 and 62.5 μg/mL) on genomic instability of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) by determining the formation of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) with the Cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay. Further on we studied the influence of CNa(+) on the expression of several genes involved in toxicity mechanisms using the real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that CNa(+) increased the number of MNi, while the numbers of NBUDs and NPBs were not affected. In addition it deregulated genes in all the groups studied, mainly after longer time of exposure. These findings provide the evidence that CNa(+) is potentially genotoxic. Therefore further studies that will elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in toxic activity of CNa(+) are needed for hazard identification and human safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Klara Hercog
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipic
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González no. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Bojana Zegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Maisanaba S, Jordá-Beneyto M, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Effects of two organomodified clays intended to food contact materials on the genomic instability and gene expression of hepatoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 88:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Maisanaba S, Pichardo S, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Cameán AM, Jos A. Toxicological evaluation of clay minerals and derived nanocomposites: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:233-254. [PMID: 25732897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clays and clay minerals are widely used in many facets of our society. This review addresses the main clays of each phyllosilicate groups, namely, kaolinite, montmorillonite (Mt) and sepiolite, placing special emphasis on Mt and kaolinite, which are the clays that are more frequently used in food packaging, one of the applications that are currently exhibiting higher development. The improvements in the composite materials obtained from clays and polymeric matrices are remarkable and well known, but the potential toxicological effects of unmodified or modified clay minerals and derived nanocomposites are currently being investigated with increased interest. In this sense, this work focused on a review of the published reports related to the analysis of the toxicological profile of commercial and novel modified clays and derived nanocomposites. An exhaustive review of the main in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies, antimicrobial activity assessments, and the human and environmental impacts of clays and derived nanocomposites was performed. From the analysis of the scientific literature different conclusions can be derived. Thus, in vitro studies suggest that clays in general induce cytotoxicity (with dependence on the clay, concentration, experimental system, etc.) with different underlying mechanisms such as necrosis/apoptosis, oxidative stress or genotoxicity. However, most of in vivo experiments performed in rodents showed no clear evidences of systemic toxicity even at doses of 5000mg/kg. Regarding to humans, pulmonary exposure is the most frequent, and although clays are usually mixed with other minerals, they have been reported to induce pneumoconiosis per se. Oral exposure is also common both intentionally and unintentionally. Although they do not show a high toxicity through this pathway, toxic effects could be induced due to the increased or reduced exposure to mineral elements. Finally, there are few studies about the effects of clay minerals on wildlife, with laboratory trials showing contradictory outcomes. Clay minerals have different applications in the environment, thus with a strict control of the concentrations used, they can provide beneficial uses. Despite the extensive number of reports available, there is also a need of systematic in vitro-in vivo extrapolation studies, with still scarce information on toxicity biomarkers such as inmunomodulatory effects or alteration of the genetic expression. In conclusion, a case by case toxicological evaluation is required taking into account that different clays have their own toxicological profiles, their modification can change this profile, and the potential increase of the human/environmental exposure to clay minerals due to their novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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