1
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Horiuchi S, Kuroda Y, Oyafuso R, Komizu Y, Maeda K, Ishida S. Formation of functional, extended bile canaliculi, and increased bile acid production in sandwich-cultured human cryopreserved hepatocytes using commercially available culture medium. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2605-2617. [PMID: 38753187 PMCID: PMC11272753 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis results in drug discontinuation and market withdrawal, and the prediction of cholestasis risk is critical in the early stages of drug development. Animal tests and membrane vesicle assay are currently being conducted to assess the risk of cholestasis in the preclinical stage. However, these methods have drawbacks, such as species differences with humans and difficulties in evaluating the effects of drug metabolism and other transporters, implying the need for a cholestasis risk assessment system using human hepatocytes. However, human hepatocytes hardly form functional, extended bile canaliculi, a requirement for cholestasis risk assessment. We previously established a culture protocol for functional, extended bile canaliculi formation in human iPSC-derived hepatocytes. In this study, we modified this culture protocol to support the formation of functional, extended bile canaliculi in human cryopreserved hepatocytes (cryoheps). The production of bile acids, which induces bile canaliculi extension, increased time-dependently during bile canaliculi formation using this protocol, suggesting that increased bile acid production may be involved in the extended bile canaliculi formation. We have also shown that our culture protocol can be applied to cryoheps from multiple donors and that bile canaliculi can be formed stably among different culture batches. Furthermore, this protocol enables long-term maintenance of bile canaliculi and scaling down to culture in 96-well plates. We expect our culture protocol to be a breakthrough for in vitro cholestasis risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Horiuchi
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yukie Kuroda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ryota Oyafuso
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Komizu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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2
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Takeuchi K, Yasuhiko O. Non-invasive Visualization and Characterization of Bile Canaliculus Formation Using Refractive Index Tomography. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1163-1171. [PMID: 38880624 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The vital role of bile canaliculus (BC) in liver function is closely related to its morphology. Electron microscopy has contributed to understanding BC morphology; however, its invasiveness limits its use in living specimens. Here, we report non-invasive characterization of BC formation using refractive index (RI) tomography. First, we investigated and characterized the RI distribution of BCs in two-dimensional (2D) cultured HepG2 cells. BCs were identified based on their distinct morphology and functionality, as confirmed using a fluorescence-labeled bile acid analog. The RI distribution of BCs exhibited three common features: (1) luminal spaces with a low RI between adjacent hepatocytes; (2) luminal spaces surrounded by a membranous structure with a high RI; and (3) multiple microvillus structures with a high RI within the lumen. Second, we demonstrated the characterization of BC structures in a three-dimensional (3D) culture model, which is more relevant to the in vivo environment but more difficult to evaluate than 2D cultures. Various BC structures were identified inside HepG2 spheroids with the three features of RI distribution. Third, we conducted comparative analyses and found that the BC lumina of spheroids had higher circularity and lower RI standard deviation than 2D cultures. We also addressed comparison of BC and intracellular lumen-like structures within a HepG2 spheroid, and found that the BC lumina had higher RI and longer perimeter than intracellular lumen-like structures. Our demonstration of the non-destructive, label-free visualization and quantitative characterization of living BC structures will be a basis for various hepatological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Takeuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K
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3
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Takemura A, Ishii S, Ikeyama Y, Esashika K, Takahashi J, Ito K. New in vitro screening system to detect drug-induced liver injury using a culture plate with low drug sorption and high oxygen permeability. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 52:100511. [PMID: 37531708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major factor underlying drug withdrawal from the market. Therefore, it is important to predict DILI during the early phase of drug discovery. Metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity are good indicators of the potential for DILI. However, hepatocyte function, including drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and mitochondrial function, reportedly decreases under conventional culture conditions; therefore, these conditions fail to precisely detect metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity-induced cell death. To resolve this issue, we employed a newly developed cell culture plate with high oxygen permeability and low drug sorption (4-polymethyl-1-pentene [PMP] plate). Under PMP plate conditions, cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and mitochondrial function were increased in primary rat hepatocytes. Following l-buthionine-sulfoximine-induced glutathione depletion, acetaminophen-induced cell death significantly increased under PMP plate conditions. Additionally, 1-aminobenzotriazole reduced cell death. Moreover, mitochondrial toxicity due to mitochondrial complex inhibitors (ketoconazole, metformin, and phenformin) increased under PMP plate conditions. In summary, PMP plate conditions could improve CYP activity and mitochondrial function in primary rat hepatocytes and potentially detect metabolic activation and mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takemura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sanae Ishii
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yugo Ikeyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Esashika
- New Business Solutions Department, Innovative Solutions Center for Information & Communication Technology, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Bio Technology & Medical Materials Department, Synthetic Chemicals Laboratory, R&D Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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4
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Ishida S. Research and Development of Microphysiological Systems in Japan Supported by the AMED-MPS Project. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:657765. [PMID: 35295097 PMCID: PMC8915811 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.657765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) have been actively developed as a new technology for in vitro toxicity testing platforms in recent years. MPS are culture techniques for the reconstruction of the specific functions of human organs or tissues in a limited space to create miniaturized human test systems. MPS have great promise as next-generation in vitro toxicity assessment systems. Here, I will review the current status of MPS and discuss the requirements that must be met in order for MPS to be implemented in the field of drug discovery, presenting the example of an in vitro cell assay system for drug-induced liver injury, which is the research subject in our laboratory. Projects aimed at the development of MPS were implemented early in Europe and the United States, and the AMED-MPS project was launched in Japan in 2017. The AMED-MPS project involves industry, government, and academia. Researchers in the field of drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry also participate in the project. Based on the discussions made in the project, I will introduce the requirements that need to be met by liver-MPS as in vitro toxicity test platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
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5
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Takemura A, Ito K. In Vitro Assay System to Detect Drug-Induced Bile Acid-Dependent Cytotoxicity Using Hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2544:119-127. [PMID: 36125714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2557-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of bile acid excretion by drugs is a significant factor in the development of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury. We constructed a new in vitro assay system to detect bile acid-dependent cytotoxicity in hepatocytes. This cell-based system can assess the toxicity of the parent compound, as well as the contribution of metabolite(s). In addition, this system can utilize several types of hepatocytes (primary hepatocytes, hepatoma cell line, and induced pluripotent stem cell-induced hepatocytes). In this chapter, a method to detect drug-induced bile acid-dependent toxicity in hepatocytes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takemura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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6
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Wei H, Li AP. Permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes as an exogenous metabolic system in a novelmetabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the evaluation of metabolic activation anddetoxification of drugs associated with drug induced liver injuries: Results with acetaminophen,amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone, and troglitazone. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:140-149. [PMID: 34750194 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel in vitro experimental system, the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA), for the definition of the roles of hepatic drug metabolism in toxicity. MDCA employs permeabilized cofactor-supplemented cryopreserved human hepatocytes (MetMax{trade mark, serif} human hepatocytes, MMHH), as an exogenous metabolic activating system, and HEK-293 cells, a cell line devoid of drug metabolizing enzyme activity, as target cells for the quantification of drug toxicity. The assay was performed in the presence and absence of cofactors for key drug metabolism pathways known to play key roles in drug toxicity: NADPH/NAD+ for phase 1 oxidation, UDPGA for UGT mediated glucuronidation, PAPS for SULT mediated sulfation, and GSH for GST mediated GSH conjugation. Six drugs with clinically significant hepatoxicity, resulting in liver failure or a need for liver transplantation: acetaminophen, amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone and troglitazone were evaluated. All six drugs exhibited cytotoxicity enhancement by NADPH, suggesting metabolic activation via phase 1 oxidation. Attenuation of cytotoxicity by UDPGA was observed for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, by PAPS for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, and by GSH for all six drugs. Our results suggest that MDCA can be applied towards the elucidation of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways, providing information that can be applied in drug development to guide structure optimization to reduce toxicity and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors for drug toxicity. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites, a key property of drugs with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Significance Statement Application of the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the elucidation of the roles of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways in drug toxicity may provide information to guide structure optimization in drug development to reduce hepatotoxic potential, and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites may be applied towards the evaluation of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, United States
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., United States
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7
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Starosta RT, Siebert M, Vairo FPE, Costa BLDL, Ponzoni CT, Schwartz IVD, Cerski CTS. Histomorphometric analysis of liver biopsies of treated patients with Gaucher disease type 1. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2021; 11:e2021306. [PMID: 34458174 PMCID: PMC8387085 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2021.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by a disturbance in the metabolism of glucocerebroside in the macrophages. Most of its manifestations – hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone pain – are amenable to a macrophage-target therapy such as enzyme replacement. However, there is increasing evidence that abnormalities of the liver persist despite the specific GD treatment. In this work, we adapted histomorphometry techniques to the study of hepatocytes in GD using liver tissue of treated patients, developing the first morphometrical method for canalicular quantification in immunohistochemistry-stained liver biopsies, and exploring histomorphometric characteristics of GD. This is the first histomorphometric technique developed for canalicular analysis on histological liver biopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tzovenos Starosta
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Washington University, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marina Siebert
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Laboratorial Research Unit, Experimental Research Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Science in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Filippo Pinto E Vairo
- Mayo Clinic, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Ida Vanessa Doederlein Schwartz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Genetics, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Medical Genetics Service, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Carlos Thadeu Schmidt Cerski
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Graduate Program in Science in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Surgical Pathology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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8
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Kohara H, Bajaj P, Yamanaka K, Miyawaki A, Harada K, Miyamoto K, Matsui T, Okai Y, Wagoner M, Shinozawa T. High-Throughput Screening to Evaluate Inhibition of Bile Acid Transporters Using Human Hepatocytes Isolated From Chimeric Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 173:347-361. [PMID: 31722436 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis resulting from hepatic bile acid efflux transporter inhibition may contribute to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This condition is a common safety-related reason for drug attrition and withdrawal. To screen for safety risks associated with efflux transport inhibition, we developed a high-throughput cellular assay for different drug discovery phases. Hepatocytes isolated from chimeric mice with humanized livers presented gene expression resembling that of the human liver and demonstrated apical membrane polarity when sandwiched between Matrigel and collagen. The fluorescent bile acid-derivative cholyl-l-lysyl-fluorescein (CLF) was used to quantify drug-induced efflux transport inhibition in hepatocytes. Cyclosporine inhibited CLF accumulation in the apical bile canalicular lumen in a concentration-dependent manner. The assay had equivalent predictive power to a primary human hepatocyte-based assay and greater predictive power than an assay performed with rat hepatocytes. Predictive power was tested using 45 pharmaceutical compounds, and 91.3% of the compounds with cholestatic potential (21/23) had margins (IC50/Cmax) < 20. In contrast, 90.9% (20/22) of compounds without cholestatic potential had IC50/Cmax>20. Assay sensitivity and specificity were 91.3% and 90.9%, respectively. We suggest that this improved assay performance could result from higher expression of efflux transporters, metabolic pathways, and/or species differences. Given the long-term supply of cells from the same donor, the humanized mouse-derived hepatocyte-based CLF efflux assay could be a valuable tool for predicting cholestatic DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kohara
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Piyush Bajaj
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kazunori Yamanaka
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Miyawaki
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Harada
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Miyamoto
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Matsui
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okai
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Matthew Wagoner
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tadahiro Shinozawa
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
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9
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Mechanism-based integrated assay systems for the prediction of drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114958. [PMID: 32198022 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can cause hepatic failure and result in drug withdrawal from the market. It has host-related and compound-dependent mechanisms. Preclinical prediction of DILI risk is very challenging and safety assessments based on animals inadequately forecast human DILI risk. In contrast, human-derived in vitro cell culture-based models could improve DILI risk prediction accuracy. Here, we developed and validated an innovative method to assess DILI risk associated with various compounds. Fifty-four marketed and withdrawn drugs classified as DILI risks of "most concern", "less concern", and "no concern" were tested using a combination of four assays addressing mitochondrial injury, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, inhibition of bile canalicular network formation, and bile acid accumulation. Using the inhibitory potencies of the drugs evaluated in these in vitro tests, an algorithm with the highest available DILI risk prediction power was built by artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. It had an overall forecasting accuracy of 73%. We excluded the intrahepatic lipid accumulation assay to avoid overfitting. The accuracy of the algorithm in terms of predicting DILI risks was 62% when it was constructed by ANN but only 49% when it was built by the point-added scoring method. The final algorithm based on three assays made no DILI risk prediction errors such as "most concern " instead of "no concern" and vice-versa. Our mechanistic approach may accurately predict DILI risks associated with numerous candidate drugs.
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10
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Mosedale M, Watkins PB. Understanding Idiosyncratic Toxicity: Lessons Learned from Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6436-6461. [PMID: 32037821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) encompass a diverse group of toxicities that can vary by drug and patient. The complex and unpredictable nature of IADRs combined with the fact that they are rare makes them particularly difficult to predict, diagnose, and treat. Common clinical characteristics, the identification of human leukocyte antigen risk alleles, and drug-induced proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from patients support a role for the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of IADRs. Significant evidence also suggests a requirement for direct, drug-induced stress, neoantigen formation, and stimulation of an innate response, which can be influenced by properties intrinsic to both the drug and the patient. This Perspective will provide an overview of the clinical profile, mechanisms, and risk factors underlying IADRs as well as new approaches to study these reactions, focusing on idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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11
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Takemura A, Gong S, Sekine S, Ito K. Inhibition of biliary network reconstruction by benzbromarone delays recovery from pre-existing liver injury. Toxicology 2019; 423:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Sato T, Segawa M, Sekine S, Ito K. Mild depolarization is involved in troglitazone-induced liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition via mitochondrial iPLA 2 activation. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:811-820. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sato
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Masahiro Segawa
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kousei Ito
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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13
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Vilas-Boas V, Cooreman A, Gijbels E, Van Campenhout R, Gustafson E, Ballet S, Annaert P, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Primary hepatocytes and their cultures for the testing of drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 85:1-30. [PMID: 31307583 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for discontinuation of drug development and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Intensive efforts in the last decades have focused on the establishment and finetuning of liver-based in vitro models for reliable prediction of hepatotoxicity triggered by drug candidates. Of those, primary hepatocytes and their cultures still are considered the gold standard, as they provide an acceptable reflection of the hepatic in vivo situation. Nevertheless, these in vitro systems cope with gradual deterioration of the differentiated morphological and functional phenotype. The present paper gives an overview of traditional and more recently introduced strategies to counteract this dedifferentiation process in an attempt to set up culture models that can be used for long-term testing purposes. The relevance and applicability of such optimized cultures of primary hepatocytes for the testing of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Segawa M, Sekine S, Sato T, Ito K. Increased susceptibility to troglitazone-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in type 2 diabetes mellitus model rat. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:339-351. [PMID: 29743445 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Troglitazone, a member of the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs, was withdrawn from the market because it causes severe liver injury. One of the mechanisms for this adverse effect is thought to be mitochondrial toxicity. To investigate the characteristics of troglitazone-induced liver toxicity in more depth, the toxicological effects of troglitazone on hepatocytes and liver mitochondria were investigated using a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Troglitazone was found to increase mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in the liver mitochondria of diabetic rats to a greater extent than in control rats, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation were not affected. To identify the factors associated with this increase in susceptibility to MPT in diabetic rats, we assessed the oxidative status of the liver mitochondria and found a decrease in mitochondrial glutathione content and an increase in phospholipid peroxidation. Moreover, incorporation of oxidized cardiolipin, a mitochondrion-specific phospholipid, was involved in the troglitazone-induced alteration in susceptibility to MPT. In conclusion, liver mitochondria display disease-associated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in T2DM, which facilitates the higher susceptibility to troglitazone-induced MPT. Thus, greater susceptibility of liver mitochondria may be a host factor leading to troglitazone-induced hepatotoxicity in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Segawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University.,Department of Investigative Toxicology, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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15
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Xu TB, Li L, Luo XD, Lin H. BMSCs protect against liver injury via suppressing hepatocyte apoptosis and activating TGF-β1/Bax singling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1395-1402. [PMID: 29169724 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors cause liver injury, including chronic consumption of alcohol, irregular use of drugs, excessive levels of arsenic in water. This study aims to investigate role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in liver injury recovery and to explore mechanism. BMSCs and primary hepatocytes were isolated, cultured and identified. Hepatocyte model and hepatic fibrosis (HF) model were established using carbon tetrachloride (CCL-4). The role of BMSCs were investigated in both in vitro and in vivo levels. Cell proliferation was examined using MTT assay. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Bcl-2 and Bax expression were detected using western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Results indicated that BMSCs and primary hepatocytes were successfully isolated and identified, and hepatocyte model was successfully established. BMSCs and HGF treatment enhance viability of normal hepatocytes and hepatocyte injury model. Cell viability in BMSCs treatment and Bax-1 inhibitor treatment group was higher significantly compared to normal hepatocyte control and injury hepatocyte model, respectively (P<0.05). Bax-1 expression was significantly lower and Bcl-2 was significantly higher in Bax-1 inhibitor treatment and BMSCs treatment group compared to normal hepatocyte control (normal rats) and injury hepatocyte model (HF model), respectively (P<0.05). BMSCs significantly decreased ALT and AST levels compared to Saline group (P<0.05). In conclusion, function of BMSCs in liver injury was triggered by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and leading cell proliferation through TGF-β1/Bax singling pathway. Our study proved protective role of BMSCs against liver injury via TGF-β1/Bax pathway, which would enrich application of BMSC in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Bing Xu
- Hepatobiliary Sugery Institute, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Medical Services Section, Sixteenth Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Altay, China
| | - Xing-Di Luo
- Medical Services Section, Sixteenth Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Altay, China
| | - Heng Lin
- Hepatobiliary Sugery Institute, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Tetsuka K, Ohbuchi M, Tabata K. Recent Progress in Hepatocyte Culture Models and Their Application to the Assessment of Drug Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity in Drug Discovery: The Value of Tissue Engineering for the Successful Development of a Microphysiological System. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2302-2311. [PMID: 28533121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology has provided many useful culture models. This article reviews the merits of this technology in a hepatocyte culture system and describes the applications of the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model in drug discovery. In addition, we also review recent investigations of the utility of the 3-dimensional bioprinted human liver tissue model and spheroid model. Finally, we present the future direction and developmental challenges of a hepatocyte culture model for the successful establishment of a microphysiological system, represented as an organ-on-a-chip and even as a human-on-a-chip. A merit of advanced culture models is their potential use for detecting hepatotoxicity through repeated exposure to chemicals as they allow long-term culture while maintaining hepatocyte functionality. As a future direction, such advanced hepatocyte culture systems can be connected to other tissue models for evaluating tissue-to-tissue interaction beyond cell-to-cell interaction. This combination of culture models could represent parts of the human body in a microphysiological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tetsuka
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohbuchi
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tabata
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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17
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Mosedale M, Watkins PB. Drug-induced liver injury: Advances in mechanistic understanding that will inform risk management. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 101:469-480. [PMID: 27861792 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major public health problem. Intrinsic (dose-dependent) DILI associated with acetaminophen overdose is the number one cause of acute liver failure in the US. However, the most problematic type of DILI impacting drug development is idiosyncratic, occurring only very rarely among treated patients and often only after several weeks or months of treatment with the offending drug. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of DILI suggest that three mechanisms may underlie most hepatocyte effects in response to both intrinsic and idiosyncratic DILI drugs: mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and alterations in bile acid homeostasis. However, in some cases hepatocyte stress promotes an immune response that results in clinically important idiosyncratic DILI. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of both intrinsic and idiosyncratic DILI as well as emerging tools and techniques that will likely improve DILI risk identification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - P B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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