1
|
Lv B, Xing S, Wang Z, Zhang A, Wang Q, Bian Y, Pei Y, Sun H, Chen Y. NRF2 inhibitors: Recent progress, future design and therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116822. [PMID: 39241669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a crucial transcription factor involved in oxidative stress response, which controls the expression of various cytoprotective genes. Recent research has indicated that constitutively activated NRF2 can enhance patients' resistance to chemotherapy drugs, resulting in unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, the development of NRF2 inhibitors has emerged as a promising approach for overcoming drug resistance in cancer treatment. However, there are limited reports and reviews focusing on NRF2 inhibitors. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the structure and regulation of the NRF2 signaling pathway, followed by a comprehensive review of reported NRF2 inhibitors. Moreover, the current design strategies and future prospects of NRF2 inhibitors will be discussed, aiming to establish a foundation for the development of more effective NRF2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of TCM External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang YW, Jiang MY, Cao JW, Wan F. Triptolide decreases podocytes permeability by regulating TET2-mediated hydroxymethylation of ZO-1. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10051. [PMID: 38881848 PMCID: PMC11176508 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury or dysfunction can lead to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) is a tight junction protein which connects slit diaphragm (SD) proteins to the actin cytoskeleton. Previous studies have shown that the expression of ZO-1 is decreased in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, elucidation of the regulation mechanism of ZO-1 has considerable clinical importance. Triptolide (TP) has been reported to exert a strong antiproteinuric effect by inhibiting podocyte epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammatory response. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We found that TP upregulates ZO-1 expression and increases the fluorescence intensity of ZO-1 in a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced podocyte injury model. Permeablity assay showed TP decreases podocyte permeability in PAN-treated podocyte. TP also upregulates the DNA demethylase TET2. Our results showed that treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) and RG108 significantly increased ZO-1 expression in PAN-treated podocytes. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP) results showed that TP regulates the methylation status of the ZO-1 promoter. Knockdown of TET2 decreased ZO-1 expression and increased methylation of its promoter, resulting in the increase of podocyte permeability. Altogether, these results indicate that TP upregulates the expression of ZO-1 and decreases podocyte permeability through TET2-mediated 5 mC demethylation. These findings suggest that TP may alleviate podocyte permeability through TET2-mediated hydroxymethylation of ZO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Wen Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ya Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song J, He GN, Dai L. A comprehensive review on celastrol, triptolide and triptonide: Insights on their pharmacological activity, toxicity, combination therapy, new dosage form and novel drug delivery routes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114705. [PMID: 37062220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Celastrol, triptolide and triptonide are the most significant active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF). In 2007, the 'Cell' journal ranked celastrol, triptolide, artemisinin, capsaicin and curcumin as the five natural drugs that can be developed into modern medicinal compounds. In this review, we collected relevant data from the Web of Science, PubMed and China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases. Some information was also acquired from government reports and conference papers. Celastrol, triptolide and triptonide have potent pharmacological activity and evident anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects. Because these compounds have demonstrated unique therapeutic potential for acute and chronic inflammation, brain injury, vascular diseases, immune diseases, renal system diseases, bone diseases and cardiac diseases, they can be used as effective drugs in clinical practice in the future. However, celastrol, triptolide and triptonide have certain toxic effects on the liver, kidney, cholangiocyte heart, ear and reproductive system. These shortcomings limit their clinical application. Suitable combination therapy, new dosage forms and new routes of administration can effectively reduce toxicity and increase the effect. In recent years, the development of different targeted drug delivery formulations and administration routes of celastrol and triptolide to overcome their toxic effects and maximise their efficacy has become a major focus of research. However, in-depth investigation is required to elucidate the mechanisms of action of celastrol, triptolide and triptonide, and more clinical trials are required to assess the safety and clinical value of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China; Shandong Yuze Pharmaceutical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Dezhou, China
| | - Guan-Nan He
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Long Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang S, Wan F, Lian H, Lu Z, Li X, Cao D, Jiang Y, Li J. Friend or foe? The dual role of triptolide in the liver, kidney, and heart. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114470. [PMID: 36868013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, a controversial natural compound due to its significant pharmacological activities and multiorgan toxicity, has gained much attention since it was isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. However, in addition to its severe toxicity, triptolide also presents powerful therapeutic potency in the same organs, such as the liver, kidney, and heart, which corresponds to the Chinese medicine theory of You Gu Wu Yun (anti-fire with fire) and deeply interested us. To determine the possible mechanisms involved in the dual role of triptolide, we reviewed related articles about the application of triptolide in both physiological and pathological conditions. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the two main ways triptolide exerts different roles, and the cross-talk between NF-κB and Nrf2 may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the dual role of triptolide and may represent the scientific connotation of You Gu Wu Yun. For the first time, we present a review of the dual role of triptolide in the same organ and propose the possible scientific connotation of the Chinese medicine theory of You Gu Wu Yun, hoping to promote the safe and efficient use of triptolide and other controversial medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xueming Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yangyu Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rao J, Peng T, Li N, Wang Y, Yan C, Wang K, Qiu F. Nephrotoxicity induced by natural compounds from herbal medicines - a challenge for clinical application. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:757-778. [PMID: 36815678 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2168178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) have long been considered safe and effective without serious toxic and side effects. With the continuous use of HMs, more and more attention has been paid to adverse reactions and toxic events, especially the nephrotoxicity caused by natural compounds in HMs. The composition of HMs is complex and various, especially the mechanism of toxic components has been a difficult and hot topic. This review comprehensively summarizes the kidney toxicity characterization and mechanism of nephrotoxic natural compounds (organic acids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cytotoxic proteins, and minerals) from different sources. Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of HMs-induced kidney injury were provided. In vitro and in vivo models for evaluating nephrotoxicity and the latest biomarkers are also included in this investigation. More broadly, this review may provide theoretical basis for safety evaluation and further comprehensive development and utilization of HMs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ting Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Caiqin Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Src Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Kidney Injury. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070984. [PMID: 35883540 PMCID: PMC9312434 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases and play a key role in regulating signal transduction. The mechanism of SFKs in various tumors has been widely studied, and there are more and more studies on its role in the kidney. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with complex pathogenesis, including oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, fibrosis has a significant impact on the progression of AKI to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mortality rate of this disease is very high, and there is no effective treatment drug at present. In recent years, some studies have found that SFKs, especially Src, Fyn, and Lyn, are involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. In this paper, the structure, function, and role of SFKs in AKI are discussed. SFKs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of AKI, making them promising molecular targets for the treatment of AKI.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Y, Fan X, Ma K, Wang K, Tian C, Li M, Gong L. Bushen Culuan Decoction Ameliorates Premature Ovarian Insufficiency by Acting on the Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Oxidative Stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857932. [PMID: 35462905 PMCID: PMC9019758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) can result in lower fertility and shorten the female reproductive span. Bushen-Culuan Decoction (BCD) is a traditional Chinese medication utilized for treating POI for many years. We previously observed that BCD protects against further deterioration of the ovarian reserve of POI patients, however, the underlying mechanism has not been well studied. Our investigation seeks to evaluate the effect of BCD on POI induced by Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium (TWP) and the likely mechanistic pathways, which we hypothesize may involve the Nrf2/ARE pathway. The body weights, estrous cycle, serum hormone levels, histological follicular analysis and quantification, levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in the ovarian tissue of POI mice models were evaluated. Western blotting and RT-PCR enabled quantification of the components of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Our results showed that BCD restored hormonal profiles and estrous cycles of POI mice similar to those observed in healthy controls. BCD reduced the numbers of atretic follicles while increasing the number of primordial follicles. BCD facilitated lower 8-OHdG and MDA levels while increasing levels of key antioxidant enzymes including GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD. Furthermore, TWP increased Bach 1, Nrf2, and Keap 1 expressions at the translational level, while decreased that of HO-1. BCD treatment also promoted nuclear translocation rates of Bach 1 and Nrf2, suppressed Keap 1 protein expression, as well as raised HO-1 protein expression. Taken together, BCD likely augments ovarian reserve by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, which stimulated higher levels of antioxidants and suppressed oxidative stress. BCD may be an important therapeutic compound in POI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Science of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Ma
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Caidie Tian
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Linjuan Gong
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao T, Gao C, Liu Z, Wang Y, Jia X, Tian H, Lu Q, Guo L. Inhibition of Noncanonical Ca 2+ Oscillation/Calcineurin/GSK-3β Pathway Contributes to Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sigma-1 Receptor Activation. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:264-278. [PMID: 34468932 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Further understanding the mechanism for microglia activation is necessary for developing novel anti-inflammatory strategies. Our previous study found that the activation of sigma-1 receptor can effectively inhibit the neuroinflammation, independent of the canonical mechanisms, such as NF-κB, JNK and ERK inflammatory pathways. Thus, it is reasonable that an un-identified, non-canonical pathway contributes to the activation of microglia. In the present study, we found that a sigma-1 receptor agonist of 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl 1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate (PRE-084) suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevated nitric oxide (NO) content in BV-2 microglia culture supernatant and LPS-raised mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in BV-2 microglia. Moreover, PRE-084 alleviated LPS-increased Ser 9 de-phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), LPS-elevated catalytic activity of calcineurin, and LPS-raised percent and frequency of Ca2+ oscillatory BV-2 cells. We further found that the inhibitory effect of PRE-084 was reversed by a calcineurin activator of chlorogenic acid and a GSK-3β activator of pyrvinium. Moreover, an IP3 receptor inhibitor of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate mimicked the anti-inflammatory activity of PRE-084. Thus, we identified a noncanonical pro-neuroinflammary pathway of Ca2+ oscillation/Calcineurin/GSK-3β and the inhibition of this pathway is necessary for the anti-inflammatory activity of sigma-1 receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Lin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vavougios GD, Breza M, Mavridis T, Krogfelt KA. FYN, SARS-CoV-2, and IFITM3 in the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
10
|
Panieri E, Saso L. Inhibition of the NRF2/KEAP1 Axis: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy to Alter Redox Balance of Cancer Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1428-1483. [PMID: 33403898 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (NRF2/KEAP1) pathway is a crucial and highly conserved defensive system that is required to maintain or restore the intracellular homeostasis in response to oxidative, electrophilic, and other types of stress conditions. The tight control of NRF2 function is maintained by a complex network of biological interactions between positive and negative regulators that ultimately ensure context-specific activation, culminating in the NRF2-driven transcription of cytoprotective genes. Recent Advances: Recent studies indicate that deregulated NRF2 activation is a frequent event in malignant tumors, wherein it is associated with metabolic reprogramming, increased antioxidant capacity, chemoresistance, and poor clinical outcome. On the other hand, the growing interest in the modulation of the cancer cells' redox balance identified NRF2 as an ideal therapeutic target. Critical Issues: For this reason, many efforts have been made to identify potent and selective NRF2 inhibitors that might be used as single agents or adjuvants of anticancer drugs with redox disrupting properties. Despite the lack of specific NRF2 inhibitors still represents a major clinical hurdle, the researchers have exploited alternative strategies to disrupt NRF2 signaling at different levels of its biological activation. Future Directions: Given its dualistic role in tumor initiation and progression, the identification of the appropriate biological context of NRF2 activation and the specific clinicopathological features of patients cohorts wherein its inactivation is expected to have clinical benefits, will represent a major goal in the field of cancer research. In this review, we will briefly describe the structure and function of the NRF2/ KEAP1 system and some of the most promising NRF2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on natural compounds and drug repurposing. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1428-1483.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Panieri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Triptolide impairs glycolysis by suppressing GATA4/Sp1/PFKP signaling axis in mouse Sertoli cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 425:115606. [PMID: 34087332 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a primary bioactive ingredient isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TWHF), has attracted great interest for its therapeutic biological activities in inflammation and autoimmune disease. However, its clinical use is limited by severe testicular toxicity, and the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Our preliminary evidence demonstrated that TP disrupted glucose metabolism and caused testicular toxicity. During spermatogenesis, Sertoli cells (SCs) provide lactate as an energy source to germ cells by glycolysis. The transcription factors GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1) can regulate glycolysis. Based on this evidence, we speculate that TP causes abnormal glycolysis in SCs by influencing the expression of the transcription factors GATA4 and Sp1. The mechanism of TP-induced testicular toxicity was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The data indicated that TP decreased glucose consumption, lactate production, and the mRNA levels of glycolysis-related transporters and enzymes. TP also downregulated the protein expression of the transcription factors GATA4 and Sp1, as well as the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase platelet (PFKP). Phosphorylated GATA4 and nuclear GATA4 protein levels were reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner after TP incubation. Similar effects were observed in shGata4-treated TM4 cells and BALB/c mice administered 0.4 mg/kg TP for 28 days, and glycolysis was also inhibited. Gata4 knockdown downregulated Sp1 and PFKP expression. Furthermore, the Sp1 inhibitor plicamycin inhibited PFKP protein levels in TM4 cells. In conclusion, TP inhibited GATA4-mediated glycolysis by suppressing Sp1-dependent PFKP expression in SCs and caused testicular toxicity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fang WY, Tseng YT, Lee TY, Fu YC, Chang WH, Lo WW, Lin CL, Lo YC. Triptolide prevents LPS-induced skeletal muscle atrophy via inhibiting NF-κB/TNF-α and regulating protein synthesis/degradation pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2998-3016. [PMID: 33788266 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increasing evidence suggests systemic inflammation-caused skeletal muscle atrophy as a major clinical feature of cachexia. Triptolide obtained from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F possesses potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. The present study aims to evaluate the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of triptolide on inflammation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of triptolide on skeletal muscle atrophy were investigated in LPS-treated C2C12 myotubes and C57BL/6 mice. Protein expressions and mRNA levels were analysed by western blot and qPCR, respectively. Skeletal muscle mass, volume and strength were measured by histological analysis, micro-CT and grip strength, respectively. Locomotor activity was measured using the open field test. KEY RESULTS Triptolide (10-100 fM) up-regulated protein synthesis signals (IGF-1/p-IGF-1R/IRS-1/p-Akt/p-mTOR) and down-regulated protein degradation signal atrogin-1 in C2C12 myotubes. In LPS (100 ng·ml-1 )-treated C2C12 myotubes, triptolide up-regulated MyHC, IGF-1, p-IGF-1R, IRS-1 and p-Akt. Triptolide also down-regulated ubiquitin-proteasome molecules (n-FoxO3a/atrogin-1/MuRF1), proteasome activity, autophagy-lysosomal molecules (LC3-II/LC3-I and Bnip3) and inflammatory mediators (NF-κB, Cox-2, NLRP3, IL-1β and TNF-α). However, AG1024, an IGF-1R inhibitor, suppressed triptolide-mediated effects on MyHC, myotube diameter, MuRF1 and p62 in LPS-treated C2C12 myotubes. In LPS (1 mg·kg-1 , i.p.)-challenged mice, triptolide (5 and 20 μg·kg-1 ·day-1 , i.p.) decreased plasma TNF-α levels and it increased skeletal muscle volume, cross-sectional area of myofibers, weights of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles, forelimb grip strength and locomotion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings reveal that triptolide prevented LPS-induced inflammation and skeletal muscle atrophy and have implications for the discovery of novel agents for preventing muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tzu-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chih Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wen Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) triggers homeostatic responses against a plethora of environmental or endogenous deviations in redox metabolism, inflammation, proteostasis, etc. Therefore, pharmacological activation of NRF2 is a promising therapeutic strategy for several chronic diseases that are underlined by low-grade oxidative inflammation and dysregulation of redox metabolism, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. While NRF2 activation is useful in inhibiting carcinogenesis, its inhibition is needed in constituted tumors where NRF2 provides a survival advantage in the challenging tumor niche. This review describes the electrophilic and non-electrophilic NRF2 activators with clinical projection in various chronic diseases. We also analyze the status of NRF2 inhibitors, which are for the moment in a proof-of-concept stage. Advanced in silico screening and medicinal chemistry are expected to provide new or repurposing small molecules with increased potential for fostering the development of targeted NRF2 modulators. The nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NRF2) is rapidly degraded by proteasomes under a basal condition in a Keap1-dependent manner. ROS oxidatively modifies Keap1 to release NRF2 and allow its nuclear translocation. Here it binds to the antioxidant response element to regulate gene transcription. An alternative mechanism controlling NRF2 stability is glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)-induced phosphorylation. Indicated in blue are NRF2-activating and NRF2-inhibiting drugs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang L, Wang L, Xiao H, Gan H, Chen H, Zheng S, Jian D, Zhai X, Jiang N, Jing Z, Liang P. Tyrosine kinase Fyn promotes apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats by activating Drp1 signaling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:359-371. [PMID: 33409551 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase Fyn is a member of the Src kinase family, which is involved in neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Its role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is not fully understood. In this study, we found that Fyn was significantly elevated in human brain tissue after ICH. Accordingly, we investigated the role of Fyn in a rat ICH model, which was constructed by injecting blood into the right basal ganglia. In this model, Fyn expression was significantly upregulated in brain tissue adjacent to the hematoma. SiRNA-induced Fyn knockdown was neuroprotective for secondary cerebral damage, as demonstrated by reduced brain edema, suppression of the modified neurological severity score, and mitigation of blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal damage. Fyn downregulation reduced apoptosis following ICH, as indicated by downregulation of apoptosis-related proteins AIF, Cyt.c, caspase 3, and Bax; upregulation of anti-apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2; and decreased tunnel staining. Mdivi-1, a Drp1 inhibitor, reversed Fyn overexpression induced pro-apoptosis. However, Fyn did not significantly affect inflammation-related proteins NF-κB, TNF-α, caspase 1, MPO, IL-1β, or IL-18 after ICH. Fyn activated Drp1 signaling by phosphorylating Drp1 at serine 616, which increased apoptosis after ICH in rats. This study clarifies the relationship between Fyn, apoptosis, and inflammation following ICH and provides a new strategy for exploring the prevention and treatment of ICH. KEY MESSAGES: ICH induced an increase in Fyn expression in human and rat cerebral tissues. Knockdown of Fyn prevented cerebral damage following ICH. Inhibition of Fyn had no significant effects on inflammatory responses. However, the downregulation of Fyn exerted neuroprotective effects on apoptosis. Fyn perturbed ICH-induced cell apoptosis by interacting with and phosphorylating (Ser616) Drp1 in a rat ICH model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyue Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Jing
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang J, Zhu M, Zhang S, Xie S, Gao Y, Wang Y. Triptolide attenuates renal damage by limiting inflammatory responses in DOCA-salt hypertension. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107035. [PMID: 33045566 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triptolide (TP), a principal bioactive component of traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., has been shown to have immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory actions in vitro. Moreover, it is well established that inflammatory mechanisms contribute to the progression of hypertension-induced renal injury. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the protective effects of TP on renal injury in salt-sensitive hypertension and to identify the possible mechanisms for TP-induced protection. METHODS Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to uninephrectomy and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treatment with or without intraperitoneal administration of various concentrations of TP. RESULTS Five weeks after the treatment, systolic blood pressure measured by tail-cuff plethysmography increased in DOCA-salt-treated mice, but no difference was found between DOCA-salt-treated mice with or without TP treatment. Treatment with TP dose-dependently attenuated increments in urinary albumin and 8-isoprostane excretion, and glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis in DOCA-salt-treated mice. Moreover, our data showed that treatment with TP dose-dependently inhibited DOCA-salt-induced interstitial monocyte/macrophage infiltration associated with decreases in renal levels of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine and adhesion molecule, as well as renal activated NF-κB concentrations. Our results also demonstrated that suppression of inflammatory responses with dexamethasone, an immunosuppressive agent, alleviated DOCA-salt hypertension-induced renal injury. CONCLUSIONS TP treatment induced renal protection associated with inhibition of monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses without lowering blood pressure. Thus, our data for the first time indicate that TP treatment ameliorates renal injury possibly via attenuating inflammatory responses in salt-sensitive hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Mingjun Zhu
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shiyang Xie
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Youping Wang
- Central Laboratory and Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu C, Zhang J, Li X, Liu J, Niu Y. Astragaloside IV-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation ameliorates lead-related cognitive impairments in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118853. [PMID: 32941941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathogenesis of metal-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, antioxidant therapy is considered as a promising strategy for treating lead-related cognitive impairment. Here, we tested the hypothesis that astragaloside IV (AS-IV) ameliorates lead-associated cognitive deficits through Nrf2-dependent antioxidant mechanisms. Male Nrf2-KO and WT mice received drinking water with 2000 ppm lead and/or AS-IV by gavage for 8 weeks starting at 4 weeks of age. Morris water maze test and biochemical assays were employed to study cognition-enhancing and antioxidant effects of AS-IV. The signaling pathways involved were analyzed using RT-PCR and western blot technology. Significantly, AS-IV attenuated Morris water maze-based cognitive impairment in lead-intoxicated mice. Importantly, cognition-enhancing effect of AS-IV was lost in Nrf2-KO mice. In parallel, AS-IV suppressed lead acetate (PbAc)-induced oxidative stress, as measured by MDA. Mechanistically, AS-IV can up-regulate the expressions of the GCLc and HO-1 at the level of transcription and translation, but not SOD, TrxR activity, GCLm, Trx1, and NQO1 expression. Interestingly, AS-IV induced accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus, whereas Nrf2 mRNA levels were unchanged. Furthermore, AS-IV treatment resulted in elevated levels of phosphorylated Akt (active form) and phosphorylated GSK-3β (inactive forms) but decreased level of phosphorylated Fyn. Collectively, our findings indicate that AS-IV may target Nrf2 to attenuate lead-triggered oxidative stress and subsequent cognitive impairments, suggesting that AS-IV is a potential candidate for the treatment of lead-associated cognitive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Yu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jicheng Liu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yingcai Niu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Unravelling the Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Alzheimer's Disease-Related Epileptic Seizures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103676. [PMID: 32456185 PMCID: PMC7279454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. An increasing body of evidence describes an elevated incidence of epilepsy in patients with AD, and many transgenic animal models of AD also exhibit seizures and susceptibility to epilepsy. However, the biological mechanisms that underlie the occurrence of seizure or increased susceptibility to seizures in AD is unknown. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates various cellular signaling pathways, and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. It has been suggested that GSK-3 might be a key factor that drives epileptogenesis in AD by interacting with the pathological hallmarks of AD, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau. Furthermore, seizures may also contribute to the progression of AD through GSK-3. In this way, GSK-3 might be involved in initiating a vicious cycle between AD and seizures. This review aims to summarise the possible role of GSK-3 in the link between AD and seizures. Understanding the role of GSK-3 in AD-associated seizures and epilepsy may help researchers develop new therapeutic approach that can manage seizure and epilepsy in AD patients as well as decelerate the progression of AD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Triptolide suppresses IDH1-mutated malignancy via Nrf2-driven glutathione metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9964-9972. [PMID: 32312817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913633117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation is a common genetic abnormality in human malignancies characterized by remarkable metabolic reprogramming. Our present study demonstrated that IDH1-mutated cells showed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and higher demands on Nrf2-guided glutathione de novo synthesis. Our findings showed that triptolide, a diterpenoid epoxide from Tripterygium wilfordii, served as a potent Nrf2 inhibitor, which exhibited selective cytotoxicity to patient-derived IDH1-mutated glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, triptolide compromised the expression of GCLC, GCLM, and SLC7A11, which disrupted glutathione metabolism and established synthetic lethality with reactive oxygen species derived from IDH1 mutant neomorphic activity. Our findings highlight triptolide as a valuable therapeutic approach for IDH1-mutated malignancies by targeting the Nrf2-driven glutathione synthesis pathway.
Collapse
|